f‚wgKv
Lv`¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avwgl AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Mevw` cï, nuvm-gyiMx, wWg, `ya I
gvQ cÖvwYR Avwg‡li cÖavb Drm| DbœZ †`‡k Mevw` cï I nuvm-gyiMx cvj‡bi e¨vcK
e¨e¯’v _vKvq Gme cï-cvwL †_‡KB †mme †`‡ki gvbyl ch©vß Avwgl Lv`¨ †c‡q
_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k Mevw` cï-cvwLi Lvgvi GL‡bv †Zgb M‡o I‡Vwb| ZvQvov G‡`‡k
Gme m¤ú‡`i †Zgb DbœqbI N‡Uwb| d‡j Avwgl Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ Avgiv cÖavbZ gv‡Qi
DciB wbf©ikxj|
Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨ Avgv‡`i †`n MV‡b, e„wׇZ Ges kw³ †hvMv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvB
Lv‡`¨ Avwg‡li Afve _vK‡j my¯^v‡¯’¨i AwaKvix nIqv hvq bv|
gvQ Avgv‡`i Avwgl RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cÖavb Drm Ges RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G BDwb‡U gvQ Pvl m¤^‡Ü wKQy Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
Abvw`Kvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq gvQ Acwinvh© mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| Avgiv †h cwigvY cÖvwYR Avwgl MÖnY Kwi Zvi cÖvq kZKiv
80 fvM Av‡m gvQ †_‡K| ZvQvov RvZxq Av‡qi kZKiv cÖvq 4.7 fvM Ges ißvbx
Av‡qi kZKiv cÖvq 12 fvM Av‡m grm¨ m¤ú` †_‡K| GK weivU msL¨K Rbkw³
gvQ †_‡K Avq
cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e gvQ Pvl, gvQ AvniY, wecYb BZ¨vw` Kg©Kv‡Ð m‡½ RwoZ|
ZvB grm¨ m¤ú` I gvQ Pvl evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖw¶‡Z mgvR I A_©bxwZ Dfq †¶‡ÎB
mgvbfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Av‡Q|
Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq fv‡Zi c‡iB Avwgl Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e gv‡Qi Ae¯’vb| Avgiv
gv_vwcQy ˆ`wbK M‡o gvÎ 20 MÖvg gvQ cvB, hv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq LyeB mvgvb¨|
my¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ Gi cwigvY cÖwZw`b AšÍZ 40 MÖvg nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
grm Drcv`‡bi Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖwZ eQi wK cwigvY gvQ Drcvw`Z nq Zvi mwVK cwimsL¨vb †bB|
cwigvY G e¨vcv‡i †h me Z_¨ cvIqv hvq Zv A‡bK mgq ci¯úi-we‡ivax| m¤úÖwZ GK
wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ eQi gvQ I wPswo Drcv`‡bi cwigvY cÖvq
12.64 j¶ †gwUªK Ub| Gi g‡a¨ Avf¨šÍixY Rjvkq †_‡K Av‡m 9.85 j¶ †g.U.
Ges mgy`ª †_‡K msM„nxZ nq 2.79 j¶ †g.U.| Avgv‡`i Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq †gvU
AvnwiZ gv‡Qi cwigvY wbZvšÍ Kg|
Avgiv GL‡bv Avgv‡`i Rjvk‡q cÖvK…wZKfv‡e †h me gvQ Rb¥vq ZvB AvniY K‡i
evRviRvZ Kwi| DbœZ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvQ Pvl K‡i gv‡Qi Drcv`b e„w×i ZrciZv
`xN©w`b G‡`‡k wQj bv| d‡j gy³ Rjvk‡qi Drcv`b I AvniY eûjvs‡k K‡g †M‡Q|
ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`vq gvQ GLb GK `yj©f m¤ú`| ZvB GB AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨
m¤ú` Pv‡li gva¨‡g evov‡bv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
AvR †_‡K wek-wÎk eQi Av‡M G‡`‡k †h cwigvY gvQ Drcvw`Z n‡Zv GLb Avi Zv
nq bv| †h me Lvj-we‡j GK mgq gv‡Qi mgv‡ek wQj cÖPzi †m me ¯’v‡b GLb
Zv‡`i msL¨v n«vm †c‡q‡Q gvivZ¥Kfv‡e| ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †evSv hvq G‡`‡k grm¨
m¤ú‡`i AebwZ N‡U‡Q cÖavbZ `ywU Kvi‡Y| Gi GKwU cÖvK…wZK KviY, AciwU
gvby‡li wb‡RiB m„ó|
cÖvK…wZK KviY cÖvK…wZK KviY¸‡jvi cÖavb w`K n‡jv cÖwZ eQi cwj c‡o b`-b`x¸‡jv fivU n‡q
hvIqv| A‡bK †¶‡Î b`x Zvi MwZc_ cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q| Gme Kvi‡Y gv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK
cwi‡ek I Zv‡`i wePiY I cÖRbb †¶Î¸‡jv Zv‡`i AbyK~‡j †bB| AwbqwgZ FZz
cwieZ©b, †hgb AvMvg el©v ev †`ix‡Z el©v Avmvi d‡j A‡bK gv‡Qi cÖRb‡b weNœ
N‡U|
gv‡Qi Drcv`b n«v‡mi wcQ‡b G‡`‡ki gvbyl eûjvs‡k `vqx| †hme Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ gvbyl
`vqx Zv n‡jv:
†`‡ki gy³ Rjvkq¸‡jv‡Z gvQ msi¶‡Yi †Kvb e¨e¯’v bv K‡i wbwe©Pv‡i gvQ
gvby‡li m„ó KviY
aiv| wWgIqvjv gvQ I †cvbv gvQmn AZ¨vwaK grm¨ AvPiYRwbZ Pv‡ci d‡j
gvQ m¤ú‡`i `ªæZ AebwZ N‡U‡Q|
G‡`‡k AmsL¨ `xwN, cyKzi, bvjv, †Wvev _vKv m‡Ë¡I †ewki fvM Rjvk‡q †Kvb
gvQ Pvl nq bv| Ae‡njvi `iæY ms¯‹viwenxb _vKvq c~‡e© cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g †h
cwigvY gvQ Drcv`b n‡Zv GLb Zv nq bv|
†ewk dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Lvj wej ïwK‡q †mLv‡b avb ev Ab¨ k‡m¨i
Pvl-Avev` Kiv n‡”Q| d‡j Gme RvqMvq GK mgq gvQ Drcbœ n‡jI GLb Avi
Zv n‡”Q bv|
AwaK djbkxj avb Pv‡li Rb¨ cÖPzi cvwb cÖ‡qvRb nIqvq Avf¨šÍixY Rjvkq
†_‡K †m‡Pi cvwb msMÖn Ki‡Z wM‡q †mme Rjvkq ïwK‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z gv‡Qi
Drcv`b K‡g Avm‡Q|
DcKzjxq euva Ges eb¨v wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †h me euva ˆZwi n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvI gv‡Qi
cÖRbb †¶‡Î hvZvqv‡Zi AšÍivq m„wó K‡i Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK Rxeb-Pµ‡K e¨vnZ
K‡i‡Q|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 237
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
b`x-bvjv, Lvj-we‡j, †eov-Rv‡j, Kv‡i›U Rvj BZ¨vw`i mvnv‡h¨ gvQ aivq †cvbv
gvQ ch©šÍ †invB cv‡”Q bv|
KxUbvkK Jla I ivmvqwbK mvi e„wói cvwb‡Z ay‡q A‡bK mgq Rjvk‡q G‡m
c‡o| G‡Z gv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK Lv`¨ bó nq Ges gv‡Qi cwi‡ek‡K Zxeªfv‡e KjywlZ
K‡i|
KjKviLvbvi cwiZ¨³ ivmvqwbK eR©¨ I wewfbœ Rjhvb †_‡K wbM©Z †Zj b`xi
cvwb‡Z wg‡k `~lY NUvq| G‡Z gv‡Qi †ivM, g„Zz¨ A_ev Lv`¨P‡µ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv
m„wó K‡i|
cÖwZKvi
miKvix I †emiKvix Dfq ch©v‡q Kg©ZrciZv Pvjv‡j gvQ Drcv`‡bi A‡bK AšÍivq
`~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| gvQ Pv‡li ¸iæZ¡, G‡`i msi¶Y I Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, G‡`i
Rxeb-Pµ BZ¨vw` m¤^‡Ü mvaviY Ávb gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡j G e¨vcv‡i
A‡bK mydj cvIqv hv‡e|
gy³ Rjvkq †_‡K wWgIqvjv I †cvbv gvQ bv a‡i Zv‡`i wWg cvo‡Z I eo †Rvi
my‡hvM w`‡j gv‡Qi Drcv`b wbtm‡›`‡n †e‡o hv‡e|
m¤ú~Y© †m‡P Ges euva w`‡q gvQ aiv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| nvRv I gRv cyKzi¸‡jv ms¯‹vi
K‡i gvQ Pv‡li e¨e¯’v Ki‡j gv‡Qi Drcv`b e„w× cv‡e|
b`x‡Z ev DcK‚‡j euva wbg©v‡Yi c~‡e© cwiKíbv Ggbfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z gvQ
m¤ú‡`i Dci †Kvb weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó bv K‡i| Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e eyw×nxb
cwiKíbv RvZxq Rxe‡b A‡bK `yM©wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
gvQ GKwU RvZxq I AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú`| wb‡R‡`i g½‡ji Rb¨B Gi mvwe©K
DbœwZ weav‡b gvbyl‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡e©vcwi, Avgv‡`i grm¨ msi¶Y ABb
†g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1
A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|
2. evsjv‡`‡k GLb cÖwZ eQi Avf¨šÍixY Rjvkq †_‡K †gvU grm¨ Drcv`‡bi
cwigvY−
K. 12.64 j¶ †g.U.
L. 2.79 j¶ †g.U.
M. 9.85 j¶ †g.U.
N. 10 j¶ †g.U.|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| M, 3| K, 4| M|
D‡Ïk¨
Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k DbœZZi cÖhyw³, cwiPh©v I e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g †cvbv ch©vq †_‡K
gvQ‡K eo K‡i †Zvjvi mye¨e¯’v‡KB gvQ Pvl ejv nq| mvaviYfv‡e gv‡Qi eske„w×,
msMÖn I cvjb‡K gvQ Pvl ejv hvq|
msÁv
cÂvk †_‡K Avwk `kK ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k mvwe©Kfv‡e gv‡Qi Drcv`b K‡g‡Q| AwZ
m¤úÖwZ gv‡Qi Drcv`b wKQyUv evo‡jI µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq GB Drcv`b
†gv‡UI h‡_ó bq| AZx‡Z cyKz‡i gvQ Pvl †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb| Zvi Ab¨Zg KviY
ZLb RbmsL¨v wQj Kg Ges gy³ Rjvgkq †_‡K Abvqv‡m cÖPzi cwigv‡Y gvQ msMÖn
Kiv †hZ| d‡j RbMY cyKz‡i gvQ Pvl Ki‡Z †Zgb AvMÖn ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe
K‡iwb| wKš‘ GLb Ae¯’v m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| gv‡Qi `y®úÖvc¨Zv A‡bK‡KB GLb gvQ Pv‡l
DØy× K‡i‡Q|
cyKz‡i Pvl‡hvM¨ cÖvq cÂvk cÖRvwZi gvQ Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ AwaKvskB †QvU-eo
Avgv‡`i †`kx gvQ| weMZ `yB wZb `k‡K cyKz‡i Pv‡lvc‡hvMx A‡bK we‡`kx gvQ I
G‡`‡k Avbv n‡q‡Q|
GKK I wgkª Pvl GKwU cÖRvwZi gvQ GKKfv‡e A_ev GKvwaK cÖRvwZi gvQ wgkªfv‡e czKz‡i Pvl Kiv
hvq| ˆK, wks, gv¸i, Avwd«Kvb gv¸i, cve`v, ¸jkv, cv½vk, bvB‡jvwUKv BZ¨vw`
mvaviYZ GKKfv‡e Pvl Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K iæB, KvZjv, g„‡Mj, Kvj evDm, MÖvm
Kvc©, wmjfvi Kvc© BZ¨vw` wgkªfv‡e Pvl KivB myweavRbK|
cyKz‡i Pv‡li Rb¨ gvQ wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© wb‡P D‡jøwLZ ˆewk󨸇jv we‡ePbvq Avbv fvj:
cyKz‡ii cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i|
`ªæZ ea©bkxj|
cÖvK…wZK I m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y m¶g I iv¶z‡m ¯^fve gy³|
Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ‡hvMx bq|
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfRbK|
BDwbU- 12 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 240
Bangladesh Open University
Avgv‡`i †`‡k hZ iKg gvQ Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ Kvc© ev iæB RvZxq gv‡Qi Pvl †ek
mnR I jvfRbK| Kvc© ej‡Z Avgiv iæB, KvZjv, g„‡Mj, Kvj evDm BZ¨vw` gvQ
eywS| b`x-bvjvq evm Ki‡jI cyKz‡i Pvl Kivi Rb¨ Gme gvQ we‡kl Dc‡hvMx|
AvKv‡iI Giv †hgb eo nq, †Zgwb Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k Gme gv‡Qi kvixwiK e„w×I
N‡U †ek ZvwoZvwo|
iæB RvZxq gv‡Qi ¯^fve: Kvc© RvZxq gvQ Z…Y‡fvRx, Giv G‡K Aci‡K Lvq bv|
cyKz‡ii wewfbœ ¯Í‡i evm K‡i e‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ wbevm I Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv LyeB
Kg| KvZjv gvQ _v‡K cvwbi Dci ¯Í‡i, iæB gvQ gv‡Si ¯Í‡i, Avi g„‡Mj I Kvj
evDm wbgœ¯Í‡i| d‡j G PviwU gvQ GK‡Î cyKz‡i Pvl Ki‡j cyKz‡ii me ¯Íii LveviB
cy‡ivcywi e¨eüZ nq| ZvovZvwo ev‡o e‡j A‡b‡K GKKfv‡e KvZjv gvQ Pvl Ki‡Z
cQ›` K‡ib| G‡Z AwaKvsk mgq fvj dj nq bv| KviY Ab¨ ¯Í‡ii Lv`¨ Ae¨eüZ
_vKvq Zv c‡P cyKz‡ii cwi‡ek bó K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
cyKz‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
mvdj¨RbKfv‡e gvQ Pv‡li Rb¨ Dchy³ cyKzi AZ¨vek¨K| gvQ Pv‡l cyK‡ii e¨envi
Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡f‡` cyKzi‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq:
1. AuvZzi cyKzi ev bvm©vix cyKzi
2. Pviv cyKzi ev †cvbv gv‡Qi cyKzi Ges
3. gRy` cyKzi|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 241
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
AuvZzi cyKzi AvqZ‡b 1 †_‡K 2 KvVv nIqv evÃbxq Ges MfxiZv 1−1.5 wgUvi n‡j
fvj nq| MÖx®§Kvjxb Gme cyKzi ïwK‡q †dj‡Z nq| Gici KvVvcÖwZ 3−4 †KwR Pzb
cyKz‡ii Zjvq wQwU‡q †kvab K‡i wb‡Z nq| Pzb †`evi GK mßvn ci KvVv cÖwZ
25−35 †KwR †Mvei I 2−3 †KwR ˆLj w`‡Z nq| e„wói cvwb‡Z cyKzi f‡i †M‡j
†iYy †cvbv Qvo‡Z nq| AuvZzi cyKz‡i †cvbvi Pvl ¯^í †gqv`x| GK †_‡K †`o gv‡mi
g‡a¨ †cvbv 7−10 †m.wg. j¤^v †gqv`x| Gmgq †mLvb †_‡K †cvbv gv‡Qi cyKz‡i
¯’vbvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z nq A_ev wewµi Rb¨ evRviRvZ Ki‡Z nq| Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e cwigvY
gZ PvD‡ji Kuyov ev M‡gi f‚wg mieivn Ki‡Z nq|
G RvZxq cyKzi AvKv‡i A‡c¶vK…Z eo| AvqZb Avav weNv †_‡K GK weNv Ges
MfxiZvq 1.5−2.0 wgUvi nIqv fvj| †cvbv gv‡Qi cyKz‡i gvm wZ‡b‡Ki g‡a¨B
†cvbv j¤^vq 12−15 †m.wg. nq| weNv cÖwZ 200 †KwR †Mvei, 200 †KwR cuPv‡bv
KPzixcvbv, 10 †KwR ˆLj e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GLb †_‡K †cvbv evQvB K‡i eo
cyKz‡i Qvov nq A_ev mivmwi wewµi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
gRy` cyKzi ev eo cyKzi AvqZ‡b GK weNv †_‡K K‡qK GKi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Gme
cyKzi MfxiZvq 2−3 wgUvi n‡j fvj nq| GKwU Av`k© cyKz‡ii wb¤œwjwLZ ¸Yv¸Y
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb:
cyKz‡ii cvo DPz nIqv cÖ‡qvRb †hb el©vi cvwb evB‡i †_‡K bv XzK‡Z cv‡i| cyKz‡ii
cv‡o eo eo MvQ _vKv fvj bq| eo MvQ cyKz‡i m~‡h©i Av‡jv co‡Z evav †`q|
cyKz‡i Lv`¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ m~‡h©i Av‡jv cÖ‡qvRb|
GKwU gRy` cyKz‡i wK cwigvY †cvbv wK Abycv‡Z Qvov †h‡Z cv‡i Zv cyKz‡ii
AvqZb, cwi‡ek, cvwb I gvwUi ivmvqwbK ¸Yv¸Y BZ¨vw`i Dci wbf©i K‡i| GRb¨
†cvbv gRy‡`i cwigv‡Yi †Kvb w¯’i msL¨v †bB| Z‡e AvqZb Abyhvqx wn‡m‡e K‡i
†cvbv bv Qvo‡j m‡šÍvlRbK dj cvIqv hvq bv|
†cvbvi msL¨v weNv cÖwZ Kvc© gv‡Qi †cvbvi Dchy³ msL¨v AbycvZ: 400 KvZjv, 400 iæB I 200
g„‡Mj ev KvjevDm (4:4:2)| Z‡e 500 KvZjv, 300 iæB Ges 200 g„‡Mj ev
KvjevDmI (5:3:2) e¨envi Kiv hvq| g‡b ivL‡eb, †cvbvi msL¨v Kg n‡j
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Avw_©K ¶wZ nq| †cvbvi msL¨v †ewk n‡j Avkªq¯’j I Lv`¨ wb‡q
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZØw›ØZv ïiæ nq| G‡Z †`‡ni e„w× Kg nq I Drcv`b K‡g hvq|
†cvbv gy³ Kivi c×wZ nuvwo †_‡K cyKz‡i †cvbv gy³ Kivi mgq j¶¨ ivL‡eb nuvwoi cvwb Ges cyKz‡ii cvwbi
ZvcgvÎvq †hb GKwU mgZv _v‡K| nVvr K‡i cyKz‡i †cvbv bv †Q‡o †cvbvmn nuvwo
cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z AšÍZt Ava N›Uv Wzwe‡q ivLv fvj| G‡Z nvwoi cvwb I cyKz‡ii cvwbi
Zvc GK iKg n‡e| Gici 5−10 wgwbU ci ci nuvwo †_‡K wKQy cvwb †d‡j w`‡Z
n‡e| hZUv cvwb †d‡j †`qv nq ZZUv cvwb cyKzi †_‡K wb‡q nuvwo‡Z †X‡j w`‡Z
n‡e| K‡qKevi Giƒc Kivi ci nuvwo KvZ K‡i gvQ‡K Ggbfv‡e gy³ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb
Zviv Avcb B”Qvq SuvK a‡i cyKz‡i †ei n‡q hvq|
cyKz‡i †cvbv Qvovi ci cieZ©x 72 N›Uv ch©šÍ †cvbvi Pjv‡div I g„Zz¨ msL¨v
ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| g„Z †cvbvi cwie‡Z© mgmsL¨K cÖRvZIqvix †cvbv
cybtgRy` Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbqwgZ Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| cÖvK…wZK Lv‡`¨i cvkvcvwk m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ gv‡Qi IRb
e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i|
gv‡S gv‡S Rvj Uvb‡j gvQ QyUvQywU Ki‡e| G‡Z G‡`i RoZv KvU‡e Ges †m
m‡½ cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi gvÎv e„w× cv‡e|
cyKz‡ii g‡a¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b Ava dvwj euvk cuy‡Z †`qv cÖ‡qvRb| gv‡Qi †`‡n ciRxex
cÖvYx jvM‡j euv‡ki mv‡_ Mv N‡l Zv Qvwo‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov euv‡ki Mv‡q
Rb¥v‡bv †kIjv Zviv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e †L‡Z cv‡i|
iv¶z‡m gvQ, K”Qc, D` ev Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx gv‡Qi †hb ¶wZ bv Ki‡Z cv‡i †mw`‡K
mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
wZb gvm ci ci Rvj w`‡q wKQy gvQ a‡i Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ Ges e„w× cix¶v Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤ú~iK Lv`¨mn Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gfv‡e cyKz‡i gvQ Pvl Ki‡j GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B GK †_‡K †`o †KwR Ges `yB
eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 3 †_‡K 4 †KwR IR‡bi nq| cyKz‡i GKevi gvQ †Q‡o eo nevi Avkvq
wZb-Pvi eQi †`ix Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| cÖwZ eQiB gv‡S gv‡S cyKzi †_‡K wKQy gvQ
AvniY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges bZzb †cvbv Avevi Qvo‡Z n‡e| GwU n‡e GKwU Aweij
cÖwµqv| gvQ Pvl‡K Av‡iv weÁvb m¤§Z Ki‡Z n‡j gv‡S gv‡S cyKz‡ii cvwbi ˆRe I
A‰Re Dcv`vb¸‡jv cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b Dchy³ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e|
†cvbv cwienY
†cvbv Lye †fv‡i AvniY Kiv DwPZ| Ab¨_vq †cvbvi euvPvi nvi K‡g hvq|
gvQ Pv‡l †cvbv cwienY LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †Kbbv GKgvÎ my¯’ mej
†cvbv gvQ Pv‡l mdjZv Avb‡Z cv‡i| †cvbv cwien‡Y `ywU wRwbm j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e:
cwienY c×wZ
Avgv‡`i †`‡k wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z †cvbv cwienY Kiv nq| cÖPwjZ c×wZ¸‡jv cÖavb
`ywU fv‡M Kiv hvq| †hgb- mbvZb c×wZ I AvaywbK c×wZ|
mbvZb c×wZ
G c×wZ †Zgb weÁvb m¤§Z bq| G c×wZ‡Z gvwUi nuvwo, Wªvg, ev A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi
cvÎ e¨envi Kiv nq| c‡bi-wek wjUvi cvwb a‡i Ggb Wªv‡g ev gvwUi cv‡Î 250-
300 wU 2-3 Bw gv‡ci †cvbv A_ev Avav Bw gv‡ci 1.200-1500 †cvbv cwienY
Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î †cvbv cwien‡Yi Av‡M Aek¨B †cvbv‡K †UKmB K‡i wb‡Z nq
Ges cv‡Îi cvwb me©`v bvovPvov Ki‡Z nq †hb cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi Afve bv N‡U|
AwaK `‚i‡Z¡i †¶‡Î gv‡S gv‡S cv‡Îi cvwb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| G c×wZ‡Z †iYy
†cvbv cwienY KóKi I e¨qmv‡c¶|
AvaywbK c×wZ
G Ae¯’vq cwienY cv‡Îi gyL m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c evqy‡ivaK K‡i †cvbv cwienY Kiv nq| G
c×wZ wbivc` I Sv‡gjvgy³| cwienY cvÎ wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ cwjw_b e¨vM e¨envi
Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î cwjw_b e¨v‡Mi wZbfv‡Mi `yB fvM †cvbvmn cvwb Ges evwK
GKfvM Aw·‡Rb w`‡q fwZ© Ki‡Z nq| cwienYKv‡j e¨vM Aek¨B Qvqvhy³ ¯’v‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e| G c×wZ‡Z 12-13 N›Uv ch©šÍ †cvbv gvQ‡K my¯’ mej †i‡L `~i `~ivšÍ
cvVv‡bv m¤¢e| KL‡bv KL‡bv avZzi ˆZwi eo cwienY cv‡Î Aw·‡R‡bi wmwjÛvi
ms‡hvM K‡i †`qv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2
A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|
2. cyKz‡i iæB KvZjv I g„‡Mj gvQ Pv‡li Rb¨ G‡`i Dchy³ AbycvZ †KvbwU?
K. 6 t 3 t 2
L. 5 t 5 t 2
M. 7 t 3 t 3
N. 4 t 4 t 2|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| L, 3| L, 4| M|
D‡Ïk¨
evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î Qwo‡q Av‡Q AmsL¨ cyKzi, `xwN, †Wvev I bvbv ai‡bi †QvU eo
Rjvkq| G m‡ei AwaKvskB e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb A_ev miKvix| BwZg‡a¨ miKvix I
†emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M †`‡k A‡bK Pvl‡hvM¨ cyKzi ev Lvgvi M‡o D‡V‡Q| cÖvK…wZK
Rjvk‡q grm¨ m¤ú‡`i AebwZ I †m m‡½ gv‡Qi Pvwn`v evovi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB
cyKz‡i gvQ Pv‡li Rb¨ DrmvwnZ n‡q‡Qb| mgevq, `jMZ I GKK ch©v‡q gvQ Pv‡li
mvdj¨RbK NUbv G‡`‡k weij bq|
mdjfv‡e gvQ Pv‡li Rb¨ PvB GKwU Dchy³ cyKzi| Pv‡li Dc‡hvMx bv n‡j ev Pv‡li
c~‡e© cyKzi‡K h_vh_fv‡e ˆZwi bv K‡i wb‡j jv‡fi †P‡q Avw_©K ¶wZi m¤¢vebvB
_v‡K †ewk| †QvU eo me ai‡bi cyKziB gvQ Pv‡li Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq| Avi Zv
Ki‡Z n‡j gvQ Pvl Kiv n‡”Q Ggb cyKzi ev Lvgvi cyKzi cwi`k©b I ch©‡e¶Y Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| gvQ Pv‡l AwfÁ e¨w³‡`i mv‡_ Pvl msµvšÍ wel‡q Avjvc Av‡jvPbv gvQ
Pv‡li Rb¨ mnvqK nq|
cyKz‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
†`‡k †QvU eo, Mfxi, AMfxi, AvqvZvKvi ev †MvjvKvi bvbv ai‡bi cyKzi i‡q‡Q|
eY©bvi myweav‡_© ev e¨env‡ii ZviZg¨‡f‡` Gme Rjvkq‡K bvbvfv‡e †kªwYwefvM Kiv
nq| gvQ Pvl Kivi Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi cyKz‡ii Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq|
†m¸‡jv n‡jv:
AvZzi cKzi
†cvbv gv‡Qi cyKzi Ges
gRy` cyKzi|
cvV-2 G G m¤^‡Ü wKQy ejv n‡q‡Q|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 247
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
AuvZzi cyKzi
Gme cyKzi †QvU, AMfxi| AvqZ‡b `yB KvVvi †ewk nq bv| MfxiZvq 1-1.5 wgUvi|
G ai‡bi cyKz‡i †iYy †cvbv †Q‡o GKUz eo n‡j (2-5 †m.wg.) Zv msMÖn K‡i wewµ
Kiv nq A_ev †cvbv gv‡Qi cyKz‡i ev Pviv cyKz‡i †Q‡o Av‡iv eo Kiv nq| AuvZzi
cyKz‡i †cvbv gvQ cvjb ¯^í †gqv`x, mvaviYZ 25-30 w`b ch©šÍ|
†cvbv gv‡Qi cyKzi ev Pviv cyKzi
G RvZxq cyKzi AvKv‡i A‡c¶vK…Z eo| AvqZ‡b Avav weNv †_‡K GK weNv ch©šÍ
n‡Z cv‡i| MfxiZv 1-2 wgUvi| G ai‡bi cyKz‡i †cvbv 2-3 gvm cÖwZcvjb K‡i
10-15 †m.wg. j¤^v n‡j Zv msMÖn Kiv nq| msM„nxZ †cvbv evQvB K‡i gRy` cyKz‡i
Qvov nq A_ev mivmwi wewµI Kiv hvq|
gRy` cyKzi
G RvZxq cyKzi gvQ Pv‡li cÖavb cyKzi| AvqZ‡b GK weNv †_‡K K‡qK GKi n‡Z
cv‡i| MfxiZv nq 2-2.5 wgUvi| GLv‡b gvQ LvIqvi Dc‡hvMx ev evRv‡i wewµ
Kivi Dc‡hvMx AvKv‡ii bv nIqv ch©šÍ cÖwZcvjb Kiv nq|
n¨vPvwi G Qvov Avgiv n¨vPvwi, wgwb cyKzi BZ¨vw` bvg¸‡jv ï‡b _vwK| n¨vPvwi n‡”Q †h †Kvb
AvKvi ev AvK…wZi Rjvavi, †PŠev”Pv ev cvÎ †hLv‡b gv‡Qi wWg †dvUv‡bv nq Ges
Av½yjx †cvbv ch©šÍ cÖwZcvjb Kiv nq| c‡i GLvb †_‡K Zv‡`i AuvZzi cyKz‡i ¯’vbvšÍi
Kiv nq| bvbv ai‡bi n¨vPvwi Av‡Q| my‡hvM _vK‡j GKwU n¨vPvwi cwi`k©b Kiæb Ges
G m¤^‡Ü Av‡iv †R‡b wbb|
wgwb cyKzi †h †Kvb ai‡bi K…wÎg ev cÖvK…wZK †QvU Rjvkq‡K wgwb cyKzi e‡j| MZ©, †Wvev, Lv`,
cvMvi BZ¨vw`I wgwb cyKz‡ii AšÍfz©³| K…wÎg wgwb cyKzi A‡bK mgq GKwU
emZevwoi Avw½bv‡ZI _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges A‡b‡K GLb mL K‡i ˆZwiI K‡ib| K…wÎg
wgwb cyKzi j¤^vq 5-6 wgUvi Ges cv‡k 4-5 wgUvi| MfxiZv 1 wgUvi ch©šÍ nq| Z‡e
G cwigv‡ci †P‡q †QvU eoI n‡Z cv‡i| Zj‡`‡k cvwbi †Pvqvwb eÜ Kivi Rb¨
cøvwóK, cwjw_b kxU A_ev wm‡g‡›Ui Av¯Íi †`qv c‡Ui PU A‡bK mgq e¨envi Kiv
nq|
ch©‡e¶‡Yi DcKiY
GKwU †QvU cøvwó‡Ki evjwZ A_ev ¯^”Q cwjw_b e¨vM
GKwU †cwUª wWk (Petridish)
GKwU AvZm KvP (Magnifying lens)
GKwU _v‡g©vwgUvi
gvcvi †Uc
m¤¢e n‡j, enb‡hvM¨ PH wgUvi
†bvU eB, †cwÝj BZ¨vw`|
BDwbU- 12 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 248
Bangladesh Open University
ch©‡e¶Y c×wZ
cyKz‡ii gvwjK A_ev †h e¨w³ cyKziwU ZË¡veavb K‡ib Zvi KvQ †_‡K cyKzi m¤^‡Ü
we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbyb| Avcbvi ch©‡e¶Y Ges msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ wb‡¤œi QKwU c~iY
Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b m‡½i DcKiY e¨envi K‡i cvwbi iO, DòZv, PH, AvqZb BZ¨vw`
wjwce× Kiæb|
* GKK ev wgkª Pvl †hwUB †nvK bv †Kb, PvlK…Z gvQ¸‡jvi bvg †R‡b wbb|
** †cwUªwW‡k LvwbKUv cvwb w`‡q AvZm Kv‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ cvwbi iO Ges cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨
(cøvsK‡Uvb) Av‡Q wKbv ch©‡e¶Y Kiæb|
j¶¨ Kiæb, GKwU Av`k© cyKz‡ii †hme ¸Yv¸Y _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv Av‡Q wK bv (cvV 2-
Gi welqwU A‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|) wb‡R †`‡L ev †R‡b wb‡q wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Kiæb:
QK:
1. cyKz‡ii cvo DuPz K‡i evav wKbv|
2. el©v ev eb¨vq cyKz‡i cvwb †Xv‡K wKbv|
3. cyKzi cv‡o eo eo MvQ Av‡Q wKbv|
4. cyKz‡i ch©vß m~‡h©i Av‡jv †cuŠQvq wKbv|
5. cyKz‡i AvMvQv Av‡Q wKbv, _vK‡j wK ai‡bi, bvg wjLyb|
6. cyKz‡i iv¶z‡m gvQ Av‡Q wKbv|
7. cyKz‡i m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ †`qv nq wKbv|
8. cyKz‡ii cvwb‡Z Aw·‡Rb, BZ¨vw` mwVK gvÎvq Av‡Q wKbv
m¤¢e n‡j K‡qKwU cyKzi ch©‡e¶Y Kiæb Ges ch©‡e¶‡Yi wfwˇZ GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b
ˆZwi Kiæb| e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb I miKvix cyKzi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ j¶¨ Ki‡j Zv
wK ai‡bi, D‡jøL Kiæb| Avcbvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b GKwU Av`k© cyKz‡ii wPÎ ms‡hvRb
Kiæb|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 249
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3
A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|
3. gvQ Pvl Kivi c~‡e© GKwU Av`k© cyKzi ch©‡e¶Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb KviY−
K. Av`k© cyKz‡i gvQ Pvl myweavRbK
L. gvQ Kg gviv hvq
M. me ai‡bi gvQ Pvl Kiv hvq
N. gvQ Pvl msµvšÍ AwfÁ e¨w³‡`i civgk© gvQ Pv‡l mnvqK nq|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| K, 3| N|
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| K, 3| L, 4| L|