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Rekayasa Web dengan Semantic Web

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REKAYASA WEB DENGAN SEMANTIC WEB

Budi Susanto
Gloria Virginia
Umi Proboyekti

DUTA WACANA UNIVERSITY PRESS

YOGYAKARTA
2018

i
Rekayasa Web dengan Semantic Web

Budi Susanto
Gloria Virginia
Umi Proboyekti

Penata Naskah dan Sampul

Untung

Duta Wacana University Press Yogyakarta

2018.
123 hlm.; 176 mm x 250 mm

1. Buku Ajar 2. Rekayasa Web dengan Semantic Web I. Judul

II. Budi Susanto III. Gloria Virginia IV. Umi Proboyekti

ii
Kata Pengantar

Buku ini ditulis berdasarkan pengalaman penulis sebagai praktisi di bidang

Teknologi Informasi dan peneliti di bidang Semantic Web, sehingga materi yang
dijelaskan dalam buku ini bersifat praktis dan teoritis. Penjelasan secara teoritis
diperlukan untuk memberikan pemahaman lebih mendalam terhadap penjelasan
yang bersifat praktis. Setelah membaca buku ini, pembaca akan mendapatkan
pengetahuan tentang pembangunan sebuah aplikasi web dengan arsitektur
Semantic Web.

Buku ini berguna bagi mereka yang tertarik untuk membangun sebuah aplikasi web
dengan teknologi Web 3.0. Pembaca diharapkan memiliki pengetahuan umum
tentang teknologi web, bahasa markup language, dan bidang studi Artificial
Intelligence. Pengalaman praktis terhadap hal tersebut akan sangat membantu
dalam memahami materi yang ditawarkan dalam buku ini.

Buku "Rekayasa Web dengan Semantic Web" disusun sebagai buku ajar. Di setiap
awal bab terdapat penjelasan tentang isi dan tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari bab
tersebut, sedangkan di akhir bab, penulis menyediakan beberapa soal latihan untuk
evaluasi diri tentang pemahaman terhadap materi yang dijelaskan. Daftar pustaka
yang berisi rujukan yang digunakan dalam penjelasan juga disediakan untuk setiap
bab sehingga pembaca dapat menelusuri lebih jauh tentang topik yang dibicarakan.

Bagian awal buku ini menjelaskan tentang teknologi web secara umum,
perkembangannya, pentingnya meta data, dan kedudukan Semantic Web terhadap
perkembangan teknologi web. Sebelum masuk ke hal teknis tentang arsitektur
Semantic Web, penjelasan terkait format dokumen XML dijabarkan cukup
mendalam, yaitu tentang spesifikasi standar XML, DTD, XML Schema, Xpath, serta
XSLT. Penjelasan ini dirasa penting karena dalam sistem terdistribusi, XML
berfungsi sebagai format dokumen dan format pertukaran data.

Penjelasan tentang arsitektur Semantic Web tersedia di Bab 3. Pada bab ini,
metadata dalam bentuk Microdata dan RDFa dijelaskan secara detil sehingga
pembaca memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup terkait peran dan format metadata
untuk memperkaya deskripsi suatu sumber daya atau objek di web.

Berangkat dari uraian tentang Metadata yang memperhatikan adanya kandungan

semantik terhadap isi halaman web, pada Bab 4 diuraikan lebih jauh tentang
pemodelan data yang bersifat terbuka dengan menggunakan kerangka RDF

iii
(Resource Description Framework). Dengan kerangka ini dapat dikembangkan suatu
model representasi pengetahuan sederhana dari suatu domain pengetahuan yang
akan disediakan melalui standar Semantic Web. Pemanfaatan RDFS juga menjadi
penekanan di sini.

Bab 5 adalah bab terakhir yang mengulas tentang bagaimana menerapkan query dan
protokol pertukaran data dengan standar SPARQL. Uraian tentang sintak query dan
protokol disampaikan berdasar contoh dengan harapan dapat lebih mempermudah
pembaca dalam memahami sintak dan kebutuhan akan pengambilan fakta dari
triple set yang tersimpan dalam SPARQL end-point. Pada bab ini juga diberikan
contoh tentang pemrograman dengan PHP untuk mengakses SPARQL end-point
tersebut.

Selesainya buku ini tidak dapat lepas dari pimpinan dan tuntunan Tuhan yang Maha
Kasih. Hanya karena anugerah dan berkat dari Tuhan sendiri yang memampukan
penulis untuk menyelesaikan buku ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih
kepada RISTEK DIKTI yang telah mendanai penelitian tim penulis untuk tahun 2018
berdasar Surat Kontrak Penelitian Nomor 109/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2018. Penulis juga
mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada rekan-rekan mahasiswa dari FTI UKDW
yang bergabung dalam penelitian ini.

Yogyakarta, Oktober 2018

Tim Penulis

iv
Daftar Isi

Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................................ iii

Bab 1. Pendahuluan .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Aplikasi Web .......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Dari WWW ke Web Data ....................................................................................... 2
1.3. Semantic Web ....................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Metadata pada Situs Web ..................................................................................... 8
1.4.1. Definisi Metadata .......................................................................................... 8
1.4.2. Format Metadata untuk Web........................................................................ 9
1.4.3. Semantic Web dan Linked Open Data ......................................................... 11
1.5. Web 3.0 ............................................................................................................... 13
1.6. Penutup ............................................................................................................... 15
1.7. Latihan ................................................................................................................. 15
1.8. Daftar Pustaka ..................................................................................................... 16
Bab 2. Format Dokumen XML ......................................................................................... 19
2.1. Dokumen XML ..................................................................................................... 19
2.2. DOCTYPE XML (DTD)............................................................................................ 22
2.2.1. Bentuk Deklarasi DTD .................................................................................. 22
2.2.2. Aturan Umum Deklarasi DTD ...................................................................... 25
2.3. XML Schema ........................................................................................................ 28
2.3.1. Namespace .................................................................................................. 29
2.3.2. Deklarasi Elemen ......................................................................................... 30
2.4. XPath ................................................................................................................... 38
2.5. XSLT Dasar ........................................................................................................... 40
2.6. Contoh XML Jamu Tradisional ............................................................................. 45
2.7. Latihan ................................................................................................................. 48
2.8. Daftar Pustaka ..................................................................................................... 49
Bab 3. Metadata dan Arsitektur Semantic Web ............................................................. 51
3.1. Semiotic Triangle ................................................................................................. 51
3.2. Identitas Objek pada Web ................................................................................... 53
3.3. Microdata dan RDFa ............................................................................................ 57
3.4. Arsitektur Semantic Web .................................................................................... 62
3.5. Penutup ............................................................................................................... 65
3.6. Latihan ................................................................................................................. 66
3.7. Daftar Pustaka ..................................................................................................... 66
Bab 4. Representasi Pengetahuan Dasar ........................................................................ 69
4.1. Representasi Pengetahuan.................................................................................. 70
4.2. Bahasa RDF/RDFS ................................................................................................ 71
4.2.1. Blank Node................................................................................................... 76
4.2.2. List ................................................................................................................ 79
4.2.3. Reification .................................................................................................... 83
4.3. Bahasa RDF Schema (RDFS) ................................................................................. 85
4.3.1. Class dan Property ....................................................................................... 86

v
 4.3.2. Intersection Class dan Property ................................................................... 89
4.3.3. Union Class dan Property ............................................................................ 89
4.3.4. RDFS+ ........................................................................................................... 90
4.4. Bahasa DAML+OIL ............................................................................................... 93
4.5. Protégé ................................................................................................................ 95
4.6. Latihan ................................................................................................................. 99
4.7. Daftar Pustaka ................................................................................................... 101
Bab 5. SPARQL ............................................................................................................... 103
5.1. Prinsip Dasar SPARQL ........................................................................................ 103
5.2. Protokol SPARQL ............................................................................................... 104
5.3. Perintah Query Dasar SPARQL .......................................................................... 106
5.4. Pemrograman PHP Dasar untuk Akses SPARQL ................................................ 112
5.5. Latihan ............................................................................................................... 117
5.6. Daftar Pustaka ................................................................................................... 118
Daftar Pustaka .............................................................................................................. 119
Indeks ............................................................................................................................ 123

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 Indeks

Agent-driven Content Negotiation SPARQL, 104

Content Negotiation, 56 RDF, 11
blank node, 76 RDF Schema. See RDFS
constraint faced, 31 RDF Triple Store, 65
Content Negotiation, 55 RDFa, 61
DAML + OIL, 94 RDFS
DELETE Schema, 85
SPARQL, 110 RSS, 6
designatum, 54 Schema, 59, 85
Document Type Declaration, 22 SELECT
Dublin Core, 10 SPARQL, 111
FILTER Semantic Web, 4, 6
SPARQL, 112 Semantik, 51
folksonomy, 12 Semiotic Triangle, 51
INSERT Simple Knowledge Organization System, 64
SPARQL, 108 Sintak, 52
Knowledge Representation, 70 SPARQL, 103
Kontek, 52 sparqllib.php, 113
Linked Data, 6 Taksonomi, 11
mash-up, 13 Uniform Resource Locator, 53
Metadata, 8 Uniform Resource Name, 54
microdata, 10 URI, 53
Microdata, 57 Web 3.0. See Semantic Web
Microformat, 10 Web Service, 2
Namespace, 21, 30 WHERE
Ontology Web Language, 90 SPARQL, 111
Open Linked Data, 11 XML, 19
OPTIONAL XML Schema, 29
SPARQL, 112 XPath, 38
pragmatik, 52 XSD. See XML Schema
Protokol SPARQL XSL Transformation, 40

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