Ekonomi Islam
1. Allamah Shabrina Iskandar (01)
2. Evelia Arradhin (11)
3. Jehan Reza Ananda (18)
4. Salsabila Rahmadina (35)
5. Siti Masithoh (36)
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Mu’amalah
Pengertian
KBBI
01
Hal-hal yang termasuk urusan
kemasyarakatan (pergaulan, perdata, dan
sebagainya)
02 Fiqh islam
Tukar-menukar barang atau sesuatu yang
memberi mafaat dengan cara yang
ditempuhnya, seperti jual-beli, utang-
piutang, sewa-menyewa, upah-mengupah,
pinjam-meminjam, urusan bercocok
tangan, dan usaha lainnya..
Larangan dalam Transaksi
Ekonomi Islam
Tidak boleh Tidak boleh
mempergunakan cara- mempermainkan
cara yang batil. takaran, timbangan,
kualitas, dan kehalalan.
Syirkah Jual-beli
Mu’amalah
Pinjam- Utang-
meminjam piutang
Sewa-menyewa
Jual-beli
a) Pengertian
Jual-beli menurut syariat agama ialah kesepakatan tukar-menukar benda untuk
memiliki benda tersebut selamanya. Melakukan jual-beli dibenarkan, sesuai dengan
firman Allah Swt. berikut ini:
…ۚ َوأَ َح َّل هَّللا ُ ْالبَ ْي َع َو َح َّر َم ال ِّربَا
Artinya:”... dan Allah Swt. telah menghalalkan jual beli dan mengharamkan riba...”
(Q.S. al-Baqarah/2: 275).
Apabila jual-beli itu menyangkut suatu barang yang sangat besar nilainya, dan agar
tidak terjadi kekurangan di belakang hari, al-Qur’an menyarankan agar dicatat, dan
ada saksi.
Jual-beli
b) Rukun
• Penjual
• Pembeli
• Barang yang akan dijual
• Alat untuk membeli
• Ijab qabul (serah terima)
Jual-beli
c) Syarat sah
1) Penjual dan pembelinya haruslah:
• Baligh
• berakal sehat
• atas kehendak sendiri.
Macam-Macam Khiyar
a) Khiyar Majelis, adalah selama penjual dan pembeli masih berada di tempat
berlangsungnya transaksi/tawar-menawar. Keduanya berhak memutuskan
meneruskan atau membatalkan jual-beli.
b) Khiyar Syarat, adalah khiyar yang dijadikan syarat dalam jual-beli.
c) Khiyar Aibi (cacat), adalah pembeli boleh mengembalikan barang yang dibelinya
jika terdapat cacat yang dapat mengurangi kualitas atau nilai barang tersebut,
namun hendaknya dilakukan sesegera mungkin.
Jual-beli
e) Riba
Pengertian Riba
Riba adalah bunga uang atau nilai lebih atas penukaran barang.
a) Riba Fadli, adalah pertukaran barang sejenis yang tidak sama timbangannya.
b) Riba Qordi, adalah pinjammeminjam dengan syarat harus memberi kelebihan
saat mengembalikannya
c) Riba Yadi, adalah akad jual-beli barang sejenis dan sama timbangannya, namun
penjual dan pembeli berpisah sebelum melakukan serah terima.
d) Riba Nasi’ah, adalah akad jual-beli dengan penyerahan barang beberapa waktu
kemudian.
Utang-piutang
a) Pengertian
Utang-piutang adalah menyerahkan harta dan benda kepada seseorang dengan catatan
akan dikembalikan pada waktu kemudian.
b) Rukun
1) Yang berpiutang dan yang berutang,
2) Ada harta atau barang,
3) Lafadz kesepakatan.
Utang-piutang
Untuk menghindari keributan di kemudian hari, Allah Swt. menyarankan agar kita
mencatat dengan baik utang-piutang yang kita lakukan. Jika orang yang berutang
tidak dapat melunasi tepat pada waktunya karena kesulitan, Allah Swt.
menganjurkan memberinya kelonggaran.
َ YYY ْن َتYََ ٰلى َم ْي َس َر ٍة ۚ َوأYYنَ ِظ َرةٌ ِإYYY َان ُذو ُع ْس َر ٍة َفY ْن َكYَِوإ
َ ْعلَ ُمYYY َتY ْنتُ ْمY ْن ُكYِ ۖ إY ُك ْمY َص َّدقُوا َخ ْي ٌر ل
ون
Artinya: “Dan jika (orang berutang itu) dalam kesulitan, maka berilah tenggang
waktu sampai dia memperoleh kelapangan. Dan jika kamu menyedekahkan, itu
lebih baik bagimu, jika kamu mengetahui..” (Q.S. al-Baqarah/2: 280)
Utang-piutang
Apabila orang membayar utangnya dengan memberikan kelebihan atas
kemauannya sendiri tanpa perjanjian sebelumnya, kelebihan tersebut halal bagi
yang berpiutang, dan merupakan suatu kebaikan bagi yang berutang.
Rasulullah saw. bersabda:
“Sesungguhnya sebaik-baik kamu, ialah yang sebaik-baiknya ketika membayar
utang.” (sepakat ahli hadis). Abu Hurairah ra. berkata, ”Rasulullah saw. telah
berutang hewan, kemudian beliau bayar dengan hewan yang lebih besar dari hewan
yang beliau utang itu, dan Rasulullah saw. bersabda, ”Orang yang paling baik di
antara kamu ialah orang yang dapat membayar utangnya dengan yang lebih baik.”
(HR. Ahmad dan Tirmidzi).
Utang-piutang
Bila orang yang berpiutang meminta tambahan pengembalian dari orang yang
melunasi utang dan telah disepakati bersama sebelumnya, hukumnya tidak boleh.
Tambahan pelunasan tersebut tidak halal sebab termasuk riba.
Rasulullah saw. berkata :
“Tiap-tiap piutang yang mengambil manfaat maka ia semacam dari beberapa
macam riba.” (HR. Baihaqi)
Sewa-menyewa
a) Pengertian Sewa-menyewa
Sewa-menyewa dalam fiqh Islam disebut ijarah, artinya imbalan yang harus
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