CH 2 OH O2
H2O
Lipid atau glukosa untuk
energi?
H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 OH
=O
-H
-H
H - C - ( C )n - C - OH
-H
-H
Gugus
Gugus karboksil
Gugus
metil karbon
(C)
Asam Lemak (Fatty acid = FA)
Asam lemak alami:
Mengandung jumlah karbon genap
H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 OH
Penamaan asam lemak
Menurut jumlah ikatan rangkap
C18:0
H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H2 OH
Nama
Nama yang
yang umum:
umum:
Asam
Asam stearat
stearat
Penamaan asam lemak
Menurut jumlah ikatan rangkap
C18:1
H2 H2 H2 H H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H2 H2 H2 H H2 H2 H2 OH
Nama
Nama yang
yang umum:
umum:
Asam
Asam Oleat
Oleat
Penamaan Asam Lemak
Menurut jumlah ikatan rangkap
C18:2
H2 H2 H H H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H2 H H2 H H2 H2 H2 OH
Nama
Nama yang
yang umum:
umum:
Asam
Asam linoleat
linoleat
Penamaan Asam Lemak
Menurut jumlah ikatan rangkap
C18:3
H H2 H H H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H H H2 H H2 H2 H2 OH
Nama
Nama yang
yang umum:
umum:
Asam
Asam linolenat
linolenat
Penamaan Asam Lemak
Dinamai dari lokasi ikatan rangkap dari
sisi methyl
omega 3, 3)
n–system (e.g., n–3)
H H2 H H H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H H H2 H H2 H2 H2 OH
Penamaan Asam Lemak
H2 H2 H2 H H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H2 H2 H2 H H2 H2 H2 OH
Omega 9 or n–9 fatty acid
H2 H2 H H H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H2 H H2 H H2 H2 H2 OH
Omega 6 or n–6 fatty acid
H H2 H H H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C C C C C O
C C C C C C C C C
H2 H H H2 H H2 H2 H2 OH
Omega 3 or n–3 fatty acid
Fatty Acid Synthesis Issues
Ω-3 Ω-6 Ω-9
C-C-C=C-C-C=C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-COOH
H H2 H2 H2 O
C C C C C
H C C C C
C OH
H2 H2 H2 H2
H2 C
C H2
H2 C
C H2
H2 C
C H2
C C
3 H2
H
Isomer
Geometrical isomers due to double bond
Cis
occurs naturally
Trans
Not as common
ruminants!!
Straight acyl chains
Isomer
Chain branching
Straight
Branched
Synthesized by bacteria
Asam Lemak Cis
Titik Cair
Dipengaruhi panjang rantai
Omega-6-FA
Omega-3-FA
Fungsi Asam Lemak
Essensial
Komponen fosfolipid membran sel
Precursor for prostaglandins:
arachidonic acid
Important metabolic regulator
Contraction of smooth muscle
Aggregation of platelets
Inflammation
Arachidonic Acid
Prostaglandins
Thrombocyclin
Prostacyclin
Leukotrenes
Neurotransmitters
Cychrome P450
Synthesized in liver
elongates linoleic acid (C18:2)
Essential Fatty Acids
Since dietary poly-unsaturated fatty
acids are hydrogenated to saturated
fatty acids in the rumen by the
microbes, how do ruminants meet their
essential fatty acid requirement?
By-pass (rumen protected) lipids
Microbial lipid synthesis
Microbes don’t utilize lipids for energy, but they
do synthesize them for their cell membranes
Essential Fatty Acids
Deficiency of essential fatty acid
intakes:
Growth retardation
Problems with reproduction
Skin lesions
Kidney and liver disorders
Simple Lipids
Neutral fats and oils
Monoacyl glycerols (monoglycerides)
Diacyl glycerols (diglycerides)
Diglycerides found in plant leaves
One fatty acid is replaced by a sugar (galactose)
Triacyl glycerols (triglycerides)
Triglycerides found in seeds and
animal adipose tissue
Triacyl glycerols (triglycerides)
Lipid storage form
Where in the body? Adipocytes!!
Most lipids consumed are triglycerides
Trigliserida
Most common structure in dietary lipids
Composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
connected by an ester bond (bond between an alcohol
and organic acid)
Fatty acids may be same or mixed
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
Fatty Acid
Triglyceride Structure
Fatty acid composition of triglyceride varies
according to function
Membrane lipids must be fluid at all temperatures
Contain more unsaturated fatty acids
Lipids in tissues subjected to cooling
(e.g., hibernators or tissues in extremities)
Contain more unsaturated FAs
Butterfat (milk fat) is fairly fluid
in spite of containing mostly saturated FAs
Why? Chain length!!
Most Common Fatty Acids in Di-
and Triglycerides
Fatty acid Carbon:Double bonds Double bonds
Myristic 14:0
Palmitic 16:0
Palmitoleic 16:1 Cis-9
Stearic 18:0
Oleic 18:1 Cis-9
Linoleic 18:2 Cis-9,12
Linolenic 18:3 Cis-9,12,15
Arachidonic 20:4 Cis-5,8,11,14
Eicosapentaenoic 20:5 Cis-5,8,11,14,17
Docosahexaenoic 22:6 Cis-4,7,10,13,16,19
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Complex Lipids - Phospholipids
Two primary types:
Glycerophosphatides
Core structure is glycerol
Part of cell membranes, chylomicrons,
lipoproteins
Sphingophosphatides
Core structure is sphingosine
Part of sphingomyelin
Complex Lipids - Phospholipids
Glycerophosphatides resemble triglyceride in
structure except one of the fatty acids is
replaced by a compound containing a
phosphate group, or occasionally, nitrogen
Most prevalent is lecithin
Phospholipids
Significant use in feed industry as
emulsifiers
Lipids form emulsion in water
Phospholipid sources:
Liver, egg yolk,
Soybeans, wheat germ
Peanuts
Complex Lipids - Glycolipids
Carbohydrate component in structure
Cerebrosides & gangliosides
Medullary sheaths of nerves; white matter
of brain
Derived Lipids
Prostaglandins
Synthesized from arachidonic acid
Several metabolic functions
Steroids
Cholesterol, ergosterol, bile acids
Terpenes
Made by plants
Carotenoids, xanthophylls
Sterols
Compounds with multi-ring structure
Insoluble in water
Present both in plant and animal foods
Major sterol is cholesterol
However, cholesterol is found only in animal products
(manufactured in liver)
High content in organ meats and egg yolk
Senyawa Sterol yang umum
(banyak dijumpai)
Vitamin D3
(cholecalciferol)
Cholesterol
(a sterol)
Testosterone