SEBUAH ALTERNATIF
PERHITUNGAN BIAYA
PRODUKSI
113
Measurement Systems
Terdapat dua measurement
Normal costing
systems yaitu actual
membebankan biaya
costing dan normal costing.
bahan lansgung dan upah
langsung sesungguhnya
Actual costing membebankan
ke produk; sedangkan
biaya bahan langsung, upah
biaya overhead
langsung, dan biaya overhead
dibebankan dengan
yang sesungguhnya terjadi ke
menggunakan tarip yang
produk.
ditentukan di muka
(predetermined rates).
114
Mengapa menggunakan Tarip
Overhead yang Ditentukan di Muka
Biaya overhead aktual periode itu belum dapat
diketahui sampai akhir periode.
115
Measurement Systems
Tarip biaya overhead
rate dihitung dengan
rumus:
116
Unit
Teoritis
Praktis
Aktual yang
diharapkan
Normal
Waktu
117
PEMICU BIAYA (COST DRIVER)
118
Contoh Unit-Level Drivers
Unit diproduksi
Biaya Bahan Langsung
Upah Langsung
Jam Mesin
Jam Kerja Langsung
119
Penghitungan Biaya berdasar Fungsi: Tarip Tunggal
Overhead Cost
Budget overhead
$360,000
Aktivitas harapan (DLH)
100,000
Aktivitas aktual (DLH)
100,000
121
Belring, Inc. (continued)
Cordless Regular
• Units produced 10,000 100,000
• Prime costs $78,000 $738,000
• Direct labor hours 10,000 90,000
122
Belring, Inc.
Budget (estimasi) cost
Tarip Overhead =
Estimasi aktivitas
$360,000
Tarip Overhead = 100,000 DLH
123
Biaya overhead yang
dibebankan ke produksi
disebut applied overhead.
Tarip Overhead
Applied
= x
overhead
Aktivitas
aktual
124
Belring, Inc.
Applied Tarip Overhead x Activitas Aktual
=
overhead
= $360,000
125
Cost Per Unit
Belring, Inc.
Cordless Regular
Biaya Prima $ 78,000 $ 738,000
Biaya Overhead:
$3.60 x 10,000 36,000 ---
$3.60 x 90,000 --- 324,000
Total biaya manufakturing $114,000 $1,062,000
Unit diproduksi 10,000 100,000
Cost per Unit $ 11.40 $ 10.62
126
Functional-Based Costing Department Rates
Overhead Costs
Allocation
Direct Tracing
Pembebanan Cost Driver Tracing
127
Data Departmen
Belring, Inc.
Fabrikasi Asembling
Budgeted overhead $252,000
$108,000
Expected and actual usage (dlh):
Cordless 7,000
3,000
Regular 13,000
Expected and77,000
actual usage (mh.):
Cordless 20,000
4,000
80,000
1,000
Regular 36,000
9,000 128
Belring, Inc. – Tarip Departmental
Tarip Overhead:
Tarip Fabrikasi = Budget OH / Ekspektasi MH
= $252,000/40,000
= $6.30 per MH
129
Belring, Inc.
Cost Per Unit: Tarip Departmental
Cordless
Regular
Biaya Prima $ 78,000
$ 738,000
Biaya Overhead:
($6.30 x 4,000) + ($1.35 x 3,000)
29,250 ---
($6.30 x 36,000) + (1.35 x 77,000) ---
330,750
130
Total biaya manufakturing $107,250
Keterbatasan Sistem Traditional
Costing
Tarip tunggal
sederhana tetapi
mengabaikan
alokasi biaya
departmental.
131
Keterbatasan Sistem Traditional
Costing
Tarip departmental
menyediakan data biaya yang
lebih rinci, khususnya bila
department menyajikan
aktivitas yang berbeda-beda.
132
LINGKUNGAN MANUFAKTURING
MAJU
• Persaingan Global
• Teknologi Maju
• Otomatisasi dan
Komputerisasi
• Overhead Tinggi- Upah
Langsung rendah
• Diversitas Produk
• Kompleksitas dalam
proses produksi
133
Diversitas produk artinya produk
mengkonsumsi aktivitas overhead
dalam proporsi yang berbeda.
134
Indicators of Need for
ABC
Direct labor is a Product-line profit
small percentage margins are hard
of total costs. to explain.
136
Klasifikasi Aktivitas
138
Klasifikasi Activitas
139
Klasifikasi Activitas
140
ABC: Dua tahap Pembebanan
Sumber Daya
Driver Driver
Pembebanan biaya
Tracing Tracing
Aktivitas
Driver
Pembebanan Biaya
Tracing
Produk
141
Belring, Inc.
Product-Costing Data
Cordless Regular Total
Units produced per year 10,000 100,000 110,000
Prime costs $78,000 $738,000 $816,000
Direct labor hours 10,000 90,000 100,000
Machine hours 5,000 45,000 50,000
Production runs 20 10 30
Number of moves 60 30 90
Activity Usage
Measures
142
Belring, Inc.
Product-Costing Data
Aktivitas Biaya aktivitas
Setup $120,000
Material handling 60,000
Machining 100,000
Testing 80,000
Total $360,000
Overhead Activities
143
AKTIVITAS DAN PEMICUNYA
AKTIVITAS PEMICU AKTIVITAS
• SETUP • PRODUCTION RUN
• MATERIAL • NUMBER OF
HANDLING MOVEMENT
• MACHINING • MACHINE HOURS
• TESTING • DIRECT LABOR
HOURS
144
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of
moves c c
Machining d
0.10 0.90
d Machine hours
Testing
a 20/30 (cordless) 0.10 0.90
and 10/30 (regular) Direct labor
hours
145
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of
moves c c
Machining d
0.10 0.90
d Machine hours
Testing
b 60/90 (cordless) 0.10 0.90
and 30/90 (regular) Direct labor
hours
146
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of
moves c c
Machining d
0.10 0.90
d Machine hours
Testing 0.10 and 45,000/50,000
c 5,000/50,000 (cordless) 0.90 Direct labor
(regular)
hours
147
Belring, Inc.
Product Diversity: Consumption Ratios
Overhead Cordless Regular Activity
Activity Phone Phone Driver
a a
Setups 0.67 0.33 Production runs
Material
b b
handling 0.67 0.33 Number of
moves c c
Machining d
0.10 0.90
d Machine hours
Testing
d 10,000/100,0000.10 0.90 Direct
(cordless) and 90,000/100,000 labor
(regular)
hours
148
Belring, Inc.
Activity Rates
149
Belring, Inc.
Activity Rates
Cordless
$4,000 Regular
$4,000
Prime costs x78,000
$$667 x
$$667
738,000
20
x 10
x
Overhead costs: $2 $2
60
x80,000 30
x40,000
Setups $0.80 $0.80
5,000
x40,000 45,000
x20,000
Material handling
10,000 90,000
Machining 10,000 90,000
Testing 8,000 72,000
Total manufacturing costs $216,000 $ 960,000
Units produced 10,000 100,000
Unit cost (total costs/units) $ 21.60 $ 9.60
150
FIRST-STAGE PROCEDURE:
ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING- Pool Rate
Batch-level Pool rate:
Setup = $120,000
Material handling = $ 60,000
Total costs = $180,000
Pool-rate = $180,000 / 30 = $ 6,000 per run
Unit-level Pool rate
Machining = $100,000
Testing = $ 80,000
Total costs =$180,000
Pool rate = $180,000 / 50,000 = $ 3.60 per MH
151
UNIT-COST COMPUTATION:
ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING -Pool rate
Cordless Regular
Prime Costs $ 78,000 $738,000
Overhead Costs:
Batch-Level pool:
($6,000 x 20) 120,000
($6,000 x 10) 60,000
Unit Level pool:
($3.60 x 5,000) 18,000
($3.60 x 45,000) _______ 162,000
Total manufacturing costs $216,000 $960,000
Unit of production 10,000 100,000
Unit cost $ 21.60 $ 9.60
152
Belring, Inc.
Comparison of Unit Costs
Cordless Regular
Plantwide rate $11.40$10.62
Departmental rate 10.7310.69
Activity rate 21.609.60
Pool rate 21.609.60
153