1.

3 INPUT/OUTPUT
IN COMPUTER
SYSTEM
 I/O module
Modul I/O adalah interface atau central switch untuk mengendalikan satu atau
lebih peripheral atau peranti input output.
I/O module fungsi logik untuk komunikasi antara bus dan peripheral.
Tidak hanya sekadar modul penghubung, tetapi sebuah peranti logik dalam
melakukan fungsi komunikasi antara peripheral dan bus computer.

Modul I/O adalah komponen dalam system computer:

 Bertanggung jawab atas pengontrolan sebuah peranti luar
 Bertanggung jawab atas pertukaran data diantara peranti luar dengaan
memori utama ataupun dengan register-register CPU
 Antarmuka internal dengan computer (CPU dengan memori utama)
 Antarmuka internal dengan panti external untuk menjalankan fungsi-fungsi
control system
 1.3.1 Define I/O module
• In addition to the processor and a set of
memory modules, the third key element
of a computer system is a set of I/O
modules. Generic Model
of I/O Module
• Each module interface to the system bus
or central switch an controls one or more
peripheral devices.
• An I/O modules is not simply a set of
mechanical connectors that wire a device
into system bus.
• Rather, the I/O module contains logic for
performing a communication function
between the peripheral and the bus.
 1.3.1 Define I/O module
Why does not connect peripherals directly to the system bus?
• There are wide variety of peripherals with various methods
of operation. It would be imparactical to incorporate the
necesary logic within the processor to control a range of
devices.
• The data transfer rate of peripherals is often much slower
than that of the memory or processor. Thus, it is impractical
to use the high-speed system bus to communicate directly
with a peripheral.
• The data transfer rate of some peripherals is faster that of
the memory or processor. Again, the mismatch would lead to
inefficiencies if not managed properly.
• Peripherals often use differant data formats and word
lengths that the computer to which the are attached.
• Thus, the I/O module is required.
Fungsi utama modul I/O:
1) Sebagaai peranti antarmuka ke CPU dan
memori ke bus system
2) Sebagaai peranti antarmuka dengan peralatan
periperaal yang lain dengaan menggunakan link
data tertentu
 Fungsi lain modul I/O:
• Control dan timing
• Komunikasi CPU
- sebagai media komunikasi dari CPU ke external device
• Komunikasi peranti
-sebagai media komunikasi dari external device menuju CPU
• Data Buffering
-berfungsi sebagai penampung data sementara dari CPU/memori
mahupun dari peripheral

• Error detect
-berfungsi sebagai error detection program yang dilakukan oleh
device
I/O MODULE DIAGRAM: Function of I/O
modules

1) Control and Timing.

2) CPU Communicating.
3) Device Communication.
4) Data Buffering.
5) Error Detection.
 Control & Timing :
• The data transfer will typically involve the
following steps:
a) CPU checks I/O module device status
b) I/O module returns status
c) If ready, CPU requests data transfer
d) I/O module gets data from device
e) I/O module transfers data from CPU
f) I/O module sends data to device
 Control and Timing

Coordination of traffic between internal resources and

external devices

Example transaction:
• — Processor interrogates status of I/O module
• — Module returns device status
• — Device indicates ready to transmit; processor requests
data transfer by means of a command to the module
• — I/O module obtains a byte of data from the device
• — Data are transferred to the processor
• – Typically requires one or more bus arbitrations
 CPU Communicator:
— Command decoding
– Commands sent as signals on control bus with parameters on data bus
E.g. disk: Read Sector, Write Sector, Seek, …

Involves the following steps:

a) Command decoding: typically word commands are sent through the
bus to the I/O module.
b) Data: exchanged between CPU and I/O module through the bus.
c) Status reporting: because peripherals are slow the CPU must know the
status of the I/O module – is it ready to receive one more data unit?
d) Address recognition: I/O modules are accessed quite in the same way
as memory locations
 Device Communicator

• On the other side the I/O module has to

communicate with the device
— Commands
— Status information
— Data
 Data Buffering
To cope with the different transfer rates between memory
and peripheral devices.
• Handles the speed mismatch between memory and the
device

Error Detection and reporting to the processor

Mechanical and Electrical malfunction
— Ex. Out of paper, paper jam, bad disk sector • Data
communication errors
— Typically detected with parity bits
 1.3.2 I/O MODULE BLOCK
DIAGRAM

1. CPU checks I/O module device status

2. I/O module returns status
3. If ready, CPU requests data transfer
4. I/O module gets data from device
5. I/O module transfers data to CPU

6. Variations for output, DMA, etc.

 1.3.2 I/O MODULE BLOCK
DIAGRAM
 This module connect to the rest of the computer through a set of signal
lines. (eg. System bus lines)
 Data transferred to and from the module are buffered in one or more data
registers.
 There may be also be one or more status register that provide current
status information.
 A status register may also function as a control register, to accept
detailed control information from the processor.
 The logic within the module interacts with the processor via a set of
control lines.
 The processor uses the control lines to issue commands to the I/O module
p/s: A buffer is something that prevents something else from being harmed
or that prevents two things from harming each other.
 1.3.3 List the I/O devices
• Human readable communicating with the computer
user
• Printer, keyboard, video display terminals (VDTs)
• Machine readable communicating with equipment
• Magnetic disk, tape systems, sensors.
• Communication communicating with remote device
• Terminal, machine readable device or even another
computer
1.3.3 List the I/O devices
 Input/Output Interface
• Input/Output Interface provides a method for transferring
information between internal storage and external I/O
devices.
• Peripheral connected to a computer need special
communication link for interfacing them with the central
processing unit.
 Revision

1. Draw the diagram of i/o bus

to i/o device
2. Define what is the i/o module
3. List the function of i/o module
1.3.4 Describe the I/O bus and interface modules

The I/O bus consists of data lines, address lines, and

control lines.

The I/O bus from the processor is attached to all

peripheral interfaces. To communicate with a particular
device, the processor place a device address to the
address line. Each Interface attached to the I/O bus
contains an address decoder that monitors the address
line.
 1.3.4 Describe the I/O bus and interface modules

A typical communication link between processor and several

peripheral is show in the figure above.
 I/O bus and interface modules
• The input-output bus fro the processor is attached to all peripheral interfaces.
• The input-output bus three lines:
1. Data line-Data line of input-output bus carry the data to and from the
peripherals.
2. Address line- Address line contain the address of data and instructions.
3. Control line- It contain control instructions in the form of function and
input-output command. These command control instruction are of four types:-
• 1.Control Command
• 2.Status Command
• 3.Data output Command
• 4. Data input Command
 I/O bus and interface modules
The processor of computer is communicate with several peripheral
devices such as keyboard, VDU, Printer, magnetic disk, magnetic
tape, etc.
Each peripheral device has its own interface . Each interface
communicate with i/o bus.
The communication link between processor and peripherals.
Each interface decode addresses and control receive from input-
output bus and interpret them for peripherals and provide
signal for peripheral controller . It synchronize data flow at
supervise the transfer between peripherals and CPU. Each
peripheral has its own controller.

For example:- Printer controller control the paper motion , the

printing time and selection of printing characters.