KATA PENGANTAR

Segala puji bagi Allah Tuhan Semesta Alam karena atas izin-Nyalah
penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah Case Report Session yang berjudul
Congestive Heart Failure, Congestive Hepatopathy, Kardiomiopati, dan
Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 ini dengan sebagaimana mestinya.
Makalah Case Report Session ini merupakan salah satu tugas kepaniteraan
klinik di Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Dalam RSUD Solok.
Makalah Case Report Session ini disusun berdasarkan tinjauan pustaka
dari berbagai sumber dan referensi yang terpercaya. Makalah Case Report Session
ini menyajikan analisis laporan kasus mengenai Congestive heart failure,
Congestive Hepatopathy, dan Diabetes Melitus tipe 2. Penulis mengucapkan
terima kasih kepada pembimbing dr. Elvi Fitraneti, Sp.PD yang telah memberikan
pengarahan dalam menyelesaikan makalah Case Report Session ini.
Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan makalah ini masih terdapat
kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat
membangun dari para pembaca. Atas perhatiannya penulis mengucapkan terima
kasih.
Solok, Januari 2016

Penulis

DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................i
DAFTAR ISI......................................................................................................ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR.........................................................................................iv
DAFTAR TABEL..............................................................................................v
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang..............................................................................................1
1.2 Tujuan ...........................................................................................................2
1.3 Manfaat.........................................................................................................2
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Congestive Heart Failure...............................................................................3
2.1.1 Definsi.....................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Epidemiologi...........................................................................................3
2.1.3 Etiologi....................................................................................................4
2.1.4 Klasifikasi...............................................................................................5
2.1.5 Patofisiologi............................................................................................6
2.1.6 Diagnosis.................................................................................................9
2.1.7 Penatalaksanaan......................................................................................12
2.1.8 Prognosis.................................................................................................18
2.2 Hepatopathy Congestive...............................................................................18
2.2.1 Definisi....................................................................................................18
2.2.2 Patofisiologi............................................................................................19
2.2.3 Diagnosis.................................................................................................21
2.2.4 Diagnosa Banding...................................................................................24
2.2.5 Tatalaksana..............................................................................................24
2.2.6 Prognosa..................................................................................................25
2.3 Kardiomiopati...............................................................................................25
2.3.1 Kardiomiopati Dilatasi...............................................................................26
2.3.1.1 Definisi....................................................................................................26
2.3.1.2 Etiologi....................................................................................................27
2.3.1.3 Gejala Klinis............................................................................................27
2.3.1.4 Pemeriksaan Fisik...................................................................................28
2.3.1.5 Pemeriksaan Penunjang..........................................................................28
2.3.1.6 Pengobatan..............................................................................................29
2.3.1.7 Prognosis.................................................................................................30

2.3.2 Kardiomiopati Peripartum..........................................................................31

2.4 Diabetes Melitus............................................................................................32
2.4.1 Definisi ......................................................................................................32
2.4.2 Epidemiologi .............................................................................................32
2.4.3 Etiologi dan Klasifikasi..............................................................................33
2.4.4 Diagnosis ...................................................................................................34
2.4.5 Penatalaksanaan.........................................................................................37
2.4.6 Komplikasi.................................................................................................46
BAB III LAPORAN KASUS
3.1 Identitas pasien.............................................................................................50
3.2 Anamnesis ...................................................................................................50
3.3 Pemeriksaan fisik.........................................................................................52
3.4 Pemeriksaan penunjang................................................................................55
3.5 Diagnosis kerja.............................................................................................62
3.6 Diagnosis banding........................................................................................62
3.7 Penatalaksanaan...........................................................................................62
3.8 Follow up.....................................................................................................63
ANALISIS KASUS...........................................................................................66
BAB IV PENUTUP
4.1 Kesimpulan................................................................................................. . .69
4.2 Saran..............................................................................................................69
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

DAFTAR GAMBAR
1. Gambar 2.1 Patofisiologi dan Simptomatologi CHF....................... 9
2. Gambar 2.2 Langkah-langkah Diagnostik Diabetes Melitus dan Toleransi
Glukosa Terganggu....................................................................... 36
3. Gambar 2.3 Algoritma Pengelolaan Diabetes Melitus Tanpa
Dekompensasi..............................................................................

45

DAFTAR TABEL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Tabel 2.1 Klasifikasi Etiologi Diabetes Melitu.....................

Tabel 2.2 Kriteria Diagnosis DM..........................................
Tabel 2.3 Perbandingan Golongan OHO...............................
Tabel 2.4 Obat Hipoglikemik Oral.......................................
Tabel 2.5 Farmakokinetik Insulin..........................................
Tabel 2.6 Target Pengendalian Penderita Diabetes Melitus..

34
35
40
41
43
46