p7 Geologi Fisik Batuan Sedimen

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Geologi Fisik
(Batuan Sedimen)
Oleh :
Irvani
Referensi :
Thomson, G. R. and Turk, J. 1991. Modern Physical Geology. Saunder
College Publishing, USA.
Lutgens, F. K., Tarbuck, E. J. and Tasa, D. 2012. Essentials of Geology,
11th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Freeman, T. 2004. Environmental Geology Laboratory. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., USA.
Monroe, J. S. and Wicander, R. 2009. The Changing Earth: Exploring
Geology and Evolution. 5th Edition. Pre-Press PMG, USA.
Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C. and Hammersley, L. 2011. Physical Geology
: Earth Revealed. 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1987. Glossary Geology. 3th Edition.
American Geological Institute Elexandria, Virginia.
Williams, L. 2004. Earth Science Demystified. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Frisch, W., Meschede, M. And Blakey, R., 2011. Plate Tectonics :
Continental Drift and Mountain Building. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
German.
DLL
Materi :
- Pendahuluan (P.1)
- Sejarah, Struktur & Komposisi Bumi (P.2)
- Proses-Proses Geologi & Tektonik Lempeng (P.3-4)
- Pengenalan Unsur, Mineral & Batuan (P.5-8) :
- Unsur & Mineral
- Batuan Beku
- Batuan Sedimen
- Batuan Metamorf
- Prinsip Stratigrafi, Paleontologi & Umur Geologi (P.9)
- Pengenalan Struktur Geologi (P.10-11)
- Pengenalan Hidrogeologi & Geomorfologi (P.12)
- Pengenalan Kebencanaan Geologi (P.13)
- Pengenalan Peta, Kompas, Navigasi dan Peralatan
Geologi (P.14)
- Kuliah Lapangan (Situasional)
Lutgens et al. (2012).

Carlson et al. (2011)

Pengertian Batuan Sedimen
Merupakan batuan yang terjadi akibat litifikasi

dari hancuran batuan lain (detritus) / litifikasi
hasil reaksi kimia tertentu.
THE ROCK CYCLE
Carlson, et al. 2011

SEDIMENT
Sediment is the collective name for loose, solid particles
of mineral that originate from:
1. Weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks (detrital
sediments).
2. Precipitation from solution, including secretion by
organisms in water (chemical sediments).
Sediment includes such particles as sand on beaches,

mud on a lake bottom, boulders frozen into glaciers,
pebbles in streams, and dust particles settling out of the
air. An accumulation of clam shells on the sea bottom
offshore is sediment, as are coral fragments broken from
a reef by large storm waves.
Sedimentation
Sediment is the collective name for loose, solid

particles of mineral that originate from:
1. Weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks (detrital
sediments).
2. Precipitation from solution, including secretion by
organisms in water (chemical sediments).

Sediment

..... Sediment
Cross-sectional (profile) view of sorting sediment by a river.

Wilson (2010)
Wilson (2010)
...... Sediment
Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Transportation
Most sediment is transported some distance by

gravity, wind, water, or ice before coming to rest
and settling into layers. During transportation,
sediment continues to weather and change in
character in proportion to the distance the sediment is
moved.

Deposition
When transported material settles or comes to rest,

deposition occurs. Sediment is deposited when
running water, glacial ice, waves, or wind loses
energy and can no longer transport its load.

Lithification
Lithification is the general term for the processes
that convert loose sediment into sedimentary rock.
Most sedimentary rocks are lithified by a combination
of compaction, which packs loose sediment grains
tightly together, and cementation, in which the
precipitation of cement around sediment grains binds
them into a firm, coherent rock.


Sifat-Sifat Utama Batuan sedimen :
1. Adanya bidang perlapisan

2. Sifat klastik/ fragmen
3. Sifat jejak/ bekas zat hidup
4. Jika bersifat hablur selalu monomineralik

Pemerian / deskripsi batuan sedimen secara

megaskopis perlu memperhatikan :
1. Komposisi mineral
2. Tekstur
3. struktur
Berdasarkan cara terjadinya batuan

sedimen dibagi atas :
1. Batuan sediemen klastik : oleh
pengendapan kembali dari batuan
detritus/ pecahan batuan asal
2. Batuan sedimen non-klastik : hasil dari
reaksi kimia atau kegiatan organisme
Batuan sedimen klastik

Pemerian :
1. Komposisi
a. Fragmen : mineral, batuan atau fosil
b. Matriks
c. Semen :
1. Silikat : Kalsedon, kwarsa
2. Karbonat : kalsit, dolomit
3. Oksida besi : Hematit, limonit
2. Tekstur :
a. Ukuran butir (grain size) menggunakan
skala Wenworth
b. Derajat pemilahan / sortasi :
1. Well sorted
2. Moderately sorted
3. Poorly sorted
Grain size
Boggs (2009).
Sortasi
Boggs (2009).
c. Derajat kebundaran / Roundness

Nilai membulat atau meruncingnya fragmen
pembentuk batuan.
Dibagi :
1. Anguler
2. Sub-anguler
3. Sub-Rounded
4. Rounded
5. Weel Rounded
Grain shape
Boggs (2009).

Concept of textural maturity
Boggs (2009).
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

3. Struktur Sedimen
Faktor yang mempengaruhi kenampakan
perlapisan pada sediemen :
1. Perbedaan warna
2. Perbedaan ukuran butir
3. Perubahan struktur sedimen
4. Perbedaan komposisi kimia
5. Perubahan macam batuan
6. Perbedaan kekompakan
Sedimentary Structures
Bedding
Boggs (2009).
Laminated bedding
Boggs (2009).
Graded bedding
Boggs (2009).
Boggs (2009).
Massive bedding
Boggs (2009).
Cross-bedding
Boggs (2009).
Ripple cross-lamination
Boggs (2009).
Flaser and lenticular bedding
Boggs (2009).
Hummocky cross-stratification
Boggs (2009).
Batuan Sedimen Non-Klastik

1. Batuan sedimen Organik
Contoh : Batugamping terumbu, diatomea
- Terlihat struktur organisme dengan jelas
- Sisa dari tempat tinggal organisme
2. Batuan Sedimen Kimia

- Dihasilkan oleh penguapan terutama pada
daerah aride
- Contoh : Gypsum, halit
- Biasanya monomineral

Koesoemadinata (1979), menggolongkan

batuan sedimen menjadi 5 golongan :
1. Golongan Detritus
2. Golongan karbonat
3. Golongan evavorit
4. Golongan sedimen silika
5. Golongan batubara
1. Golongan detritus
Berdasarkan ukuran butir dibedakan menjadi 2 :
a. Golongan detritus halus,
b. Golongan detritus kasar,
DETRITAL ROCKS
Detrital sedimentary rocks are formed from the

weathered and eroded remains (detritus) of bedrock.
Detrital rocks are also often referred to as terrigenous
clastic rocks because they are composed of clasts
(broken pieces) of mineral derived from the erosion of
the land.

Breccia and Conglomerate

Breccia is a coarse-grained sedimentary rock formed by
the cementation of coarse, angular fragments of rubble.
Conglomerate is a coarse-grained sedimentary rock
formed by the cementation of rounded gravel.

Sandstone
Sandstone is formed by the cementation of sand grains


The Fine-Grained Rocks

Rocks consisting of fine-grained silt and clay are
called shale, siltstone, claystone, and mudstone.
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock notable for
its ability to split into layers (called fissility).
Claystone is a rock composed predominately of clay-

sized particles but lacking the fissility of shale.
Mudstone contains both silt and clay, having the same
grain size and smooth feel of shale but lacking shales
laminations and fissility. Mudstone is massive and
blocky, while shale is visibly layered and fissile.


2. Golongan karbonat
Terutama disusun oleh kelompok mineral karbonat
(kalsit, dolomit dan aragonit) dan cangkang
binatang. Dapat terbentuk dari hasil :
- Sedimentasi mekanis : Batugamping bioklastika
dan oolit
- Sedimentasi organis : Batugamping terumbu
- Sedimentasi kimiawi : Batugamping kristalin,
dolomit

Carbonate Rocks
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mostly
of calcite (CaCO3).



3. Golongan evavorit
- Umumnya monomineralik
- Terjadi oleh proses evavorasi air laut
- Contoh : gypsum, anhidrit dan halite
4. Golongan sedimen silika

- Bersifat monomineralik
- Umumnya tersusun oleh mineral silika
- Terbentuk oleh :
a. Sedimentasi kimiawi : Rijang
b. Sedimentasi organik : Radiolaria dan Diatomea
5. Golongan batubara
Terbentuk oleh akumulasi zat-zat organik yang
kaya unsur karbon.
- Contoh : Gambut, Bituminous dan antrasit.
Successive stages in
the formation of coal.

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Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens et al. (2012).

Carlson et al. (2011)

Pengertian Batuan Sedimen

Merupakan batuan yang terjadi akibat litifikasi

THE ROCK CYCLE

Carlson, et al. 2011

Sediment includes such particles as sand on beaches,

Sediment is the collective name for loose, solid

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

Cross-sectional (profile) view of sorting sediment by a river.

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Most sediment is transported some distance by

Carlson et al. (2011)

When transported material settles or comes to rest,

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

Sifat-Sifat Utama Batuan sedimen :

1. Adanya bidang perlapisan

Lutgens et al. (2012).

Pemerian / deskripsi batuan sedimen secara

Berdasarkan cara terjadinya batuan

Batuan sedimen klastik

c. Derajat kebundaran / Roundness

Lutgens et al. (2012).

Concept of textural maturity

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks

Lutgens et al. (2012).

Flaser and lenticular bedding

Batuan Sedimen Non-Klastik

2. Batuan Sedimen Kimia

Carlson et al. (2011)

Koesoemadinata (1979), menggolongkan

Detrital sedimentary rocks are formed from the

Carlson et al. (2011)

Breccia and Conglomerate

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

The Fine-Grained Rocks

Claystone is a rock composed predominately of clay-

Carlson et al. (2011)

Lutgens et al. (2012).

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

Carlson et al. (2011)

4. Golongan sedimen silika

Lutgens et al. (2012).

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