Kesehatan Lingkungan

Dr. H. Arif Sumantri, S.K.M., M.Kes.

Edisi Ketiga, Penerbit Kencana Prenada Media Group

DAFTAR ISI
Pengantar Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, M.A .....................................................................................................v
Pengantar Prof. Dr. (HC). Dr. M.K. Tajudin, Sp.And.(K). .............................................................................ix
Pengantar Prof. Dr. Azyumardi Azra, M.A. ..............................................................................................xiii
Pengantar drg. Usman sumantri, MARS. ..................................................................................................xix
Pengantar Penulis ...................................................................................................................................xxv
Daftar Isi ................................................................................................................................................xxvii
BAB I Perkembangan Ilmu Kesehatan Lingkungan...................................................................................1
A. Sejarah Singkat “Ilmu” Kesehatan Lingkungan ............................................................................1
B. Ilmu Kesehatan Lingkungan dalam Prespektif Ekologi dan Sanitasi..............................................2
C. Masalah Kesehatan Lingkungan di Indonesia................................................................................8
D. Tujuan dan Ruang Lingkup Kesehatan Lingkungan......................................................................10
E. Paradigma “Ilmu” Kesehatan Lingkungan ..................................................................................12

BAB II Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air......................................................................................................19

A. Air dan Penyakit............................................................................................................................20
B. Karakteristik Air............................................................................................................................23
C. Klasifikasi dan Sumber Air.............................................................................................................26
D. Kesadahan Air...............................................................................................................................31
E. Siklus Hidrologi.............................................................................................................................32
F. Neraca Air.....................................................................................................................................35
G. Pengolahan Air Bersih ..................................................................................................................38

BAB III Pengelolaan Sampah Padat ........................................................................................................61

A. Pengertian Sampah Padat.............................................................................................................62
B. Penggolongan Sampah Menurut Sumbernya...............................................................................63
C. Jenis Sampah Padat......................................................................................................................64
D. Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Jumlah Sampah.....................................................................66
E. Komposisi Sampah Padat..............................................................................................................67
F. Pengelolaan Sampah Padat..........................................................................................................70
G. Teknologi Pengolahan Sampah ...................................................................................................75
H. Ukuran Pengelolaan Sampah .......................................................................................................81
I. Manajemen Sampah.....................................................................................................................83
BAB IV Pengelolaan Air Limbah..............................................................................................................85
A. Sumber Air Limbah.......................................................................................................................85
B. Dampak Buruk Air Limbah............................................................................................................87
C. Parameter dalam Air Limbah........................................................................................................90
D. Baku Mutu Limbah Cair.................................................................................................................92
E. Pengolahan Air Limbah.................................................................................................................93
H. Komposisi Air Limbah Domestik..................................................................................................100
I. Aspek yang Memengaruhi Pengelolaan Air Limbah....................................................................102
J. Pengelolaan Excreta....................................................................................................................105
K. Proses Pengolahan Kimia............................................................................................................106

BAB V Pengendalian Vektor..................................................................................................................111

A. Pengertian..................................................................................................................................111
B. Bionomik Vektor.........................................................................................................................115
C. Ekologi Vektor ............................................................................................................................120
D. Epidemiologi Vektor...................................................................................................................124
E. Strategi Pengendalian.................................................................................................................139
F. Taksonomi Insektisida.................................................................................................................149
G. Manajemen Pengendalian Vektor..............................................................................................154
L. Konsep Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ..............................................................................157

BAB VI Sanitasi Makanan......................................................................................................................159

A. Keadaan Bahan Makanan...........................................................................................................161

B. Cara Penyimpanan Bahan Makanan...........................................................................................162
C. Proses Pengolahan......................................................................................................................165
M. Cara Pengangkutan Makanan yang Telah Masak........................................................................166
N. Cara Penyimpanan Makanan Masak...........................................................................................166
O. Cara Penyajian Makanan Masak.................................................................................................168
P. Gangguan Kesehatan Akibat Makanan.......................................................................................169
Q. Penyakit-Penyakit Gizi................................................................................................................170
R. HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) ..........................................................................171

BAB VII Kesehatan Lingkungan Kerja......................................................................................................183

A. Pengenalan Lingkungan Kerja (Recognition)...............................................................................184

B. Evaluasi Lingkungan Kerja (Evaluation).......................................................................................185
C. Pengendalian Lingkungan Kerja (Control)...................................................................................188
S. Pengendalian Lingkungan (Envioremmental control Measures) ................................................190
T. Pengendalian Perorangan (Personal Control Measures) ............................................................191
U. Keselamatan Kerja dan Pencegahan Kecelakaan........................................................................193

BAB VIII Pencemaran Lingkungan ........................................................................................................195

A. Pencemaran Udara.....................................................................................................................197
B. Pencemaran Air..........................................................................................................................220
 C. Pencemaran Tanah ....................................................................................................................238

BAB IX Instrumentasi Kualitas Lingkungan ..........................................................................................243

A. Teknik Spektro Fotometri...........................................................................................................244

B. Teknik Kromatografi...................................................................................................................252
C. Spektrometri Massa (MS)...........................................................................................................255
V. Elektrokimia................................................................................................................................255
W. Instrumen-Instrumen Lain..........................................................................................................257

BAB X Kesalehan Lingkungan................................................................................................................259

A. Cara Membentuk Kesalehan Lingkungan....................................................................................260

B. Prinsip-Prinsip Kesalehan Lingkungan ........................................................................................262
C. Faktor Kesalehan Lingkungan.....................................................................................................270

BAB XI Islam dan Lingkungan Hidup.....................................................................................................275

A. Penciptaan Lingkungan Hidup....................................................................................................275

B. Islam dan Penyelamatan Lingkungan .........................................................................................276
C. Konsep Islam dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan............................................................................279
X. Pemanfaatan Sumber Alam........................................................................................................281
Y. Pencemaran Lingkungan.............................................................................................................288
Z. Peranan Manusia dalam Melestarikan Lingkungan....................................................................290

BAB XII Perspektif Islam pada Lingkungan............................................................................................293

A. Islam dan Etika Lingkungan.........................................................................................................294

B. Sikap Ramah Lingkungan............................................................................................................297
C. Pengelolaan Pelestarian Lingkungan...........................................................................................301
D. Prinsip-prinsip untuk Memelihara Lingkungan...........................................................................307

BAB XI Kesehatan Perspektif Islam.......................................................................................................309

A. Makna dan Nilai Kesehatan........................................................................................................309

B. Sehat dan Sakit dalam Pandangan Islam Filosofi Sehat dalam Agama .......................................311
C. Sakit dalam Pandangan Islam.....................................................................................................315
D. Upaya Promotif dan Preventif dalam Kesehatan........................................................................319
E. Takdir Allah dan Penyembuhan..................................................................................................322

Refrensi...................................................................................................................................................325

Tentang Penulis.......................................................................................................................................331