PATOFISIOLOGI
DIAGNOSIS
PENATALAKSANAAN
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
capillary
Pulmonary arteri
Lung
Left atrium
DIASTOLIK
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
AFTER LOAD
AFTERLOAD
Tekanan yang harus dilakukan oleh ventrikel untuk
memompakan darah (fase sistolik)
Pengosongan ventrikel
Kontraktilitas ventrikel
1. Resistensi pembuluh darah vaskular :
katup aorta
resistensi arteri
2. Ukuran atau ketebalan otot jantung :
semakin besar rongga ventrikel, maka semakin berat
kerja ventrikel untuk berkontraksi (LaPlace’s law)
CIRCULATORY OF HEART
Inferior v. cafa Superior v. cafa
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
capillary
Pulmonary arteri
Lung
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Afterload dan tekanan darah
TD = CO x SVR
Cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance
KRONOTROPIK
Substansi yang mempengaruhi kerja jantung (denyut jantung)
Positif = meningkatkan denyut jantung
Negatif = menurunkan denyut jantung
Penyebab utama:
Ischemic heart disease
Kardiomiopati
Hipertensi
ETIOLOGI GAGAL JANTUNG
Penyebab lain
Valvular heart disease
Congenital heart disease
Alcohol and drugs
Hyperdynamic circulation:
(anaemia, thyrotoxicosis, haemochromatosis, Paget's)
Right heart failure (RV infarct, pulmonary hypertension,
pulmonary embolism, cor pulmonale( COPD)
Aritmia
Pericardial disease.
ETIOLOGI GAGAL JANTUNG
1. Disfungsi miokard (kegagalan miokard)
Miokard tidak mampu berkontraksi dengan sempurna →
stroke volume dan cardiac output menurun.
Disebabkan oleh :
a) Primer
1. Aterosklerosis : iskemia miokard, infark miokard
2. Kardiomiopati, miokarditis, presbikardia
3. Defisiensi vitamin ( gangguan nutrisi )
b) Sekunder :
seringkali terjadi bersama-sama atau sebagai akibat kenaikan
beban tekanan, beban volume dan kebutuhan metabolisme
yang meningkat atau gangguan pengisian jantung
2. Beban ventrikel yang berlebihan
(ventricular overload)
2.1. Beban tekanan berlebihan
(abnormal pressure overload)
Bendungan paru
Pulmonary wedge pressure ↑
TANDA KLINIS
takikardia > 90 X/menit
TD < 90 mmHg atau > 180 mmHg
abnormal apex beat
- displaced
- sustained
- dyskinetic
- enlarged
BJ III ( protodiastolic gallop)
ronki basah halus tak nyaring di bagian basal paru
pulsus alternans
B.2.2. GAGAL JANTUNG KANAN
Gangguan fungsi pompa ventrikel kanan
Bendungan sistemis
GEJALA
edema tumit dan tungkai bawah
hepatomegali, lunak dan nyeri tekan
bendungan pada vena perifer (vena jugularis)
gangguan gastrointestinal (perut kembung, anoreksia dan
nausea)
asites
TANDA KLINIS
edema kaki
asites
peningkatan tekanan vena jugularis
hepatomegali
hepatojugular refluks
New York Heart Association (NYHA)
Classification of heart failure
Class I No limitation. Normal physical exercise
does not cause fatigue, dyspnoea or
palpitations
Class II Mild limitation. Comfortable at rest but
normal physical activity produces fatigue,
dyspnoea or palpitations
Class III Marked limitation. Comfortable at rest
but less gentle physical activity produces
marked symptoms of heart failure
Class IV Symptoms of heart failure occur at rest
and are exacerbated by any physical activity
Framingham Criteria for Diagnosis
of Congestive Heart Failure
Source : Adapted from Tresch DD, McGouh MF: Heart failure with normal systolic function: a common disorder in
older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:1035, 1995; and Vasan RS et al: Prevalence, clinical features, and prognosis of
diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1565, 1995.
PERBEDAAN KLINIS
GAGAL JANTUNG SISTOLIK DAN DIASTOLIK
GJ sistolik dan GJ diastolik :
sukar dibedakan ---> Ejection Fraction ?
Test : Ekokardiografi, Radionuklir, Angiografi ventrikuler
Disfungsi sistolik :
EF < 45%
dilatasi cavity, dinding tipis
Disfungsi diastolik :
EF normal, cavity normal, dinding sering tebal
diastolic filling period melambat
Doppler : E < A, kecepatan pengisian puncak menurun
DIAGNOSIS KLINIS GAGAL JANTUNG
Prosedur standard
- Anamnesa
- Pemeriksaan fisik
- Foto RÖ Toraks
- Elektrokardiografi
- Laboratorium klinis
- Echo-doppler-cardiografi
Menurunkan preload
Diet rendah garam
Diuretik
Vasodilator vena
Menurunkan afterload:
Vasodilator vena
Vasodilator arteriol
DIURETIK
DIURETIK
Biasa digunakan furosemid 40-80 mg (IV) pada
keadaan awal dan bila kondisi pasien stabil
dilanjutkan dengan furosemida peroral
Efek samping dapat berupa :
Hipokalemia: dapat diatasi dengan suplai
garam kalium, seperti Kalium
Suplementation Release (KSR)
Penggunaan penghambat ACE bersama
diuretik hemat kalium atau suplemen
kalium, harus hati-hati karena bisa
menimbulkan hiperkalemi
DIURETIK
Diuretik lain yang bisa digunakan adalah:
antagonis aldosteron yang bekerja pada
sistem Renin Angiotensin Aldosteron (RAAS),
yaitu spironolakton.
Manfaat lain dari spironolakton:
Memperbaiki remodelling ventrikel, sehingga
ventrikel tidak bertambah besar
Efek samping
Hiperkalemia, sehingga pemberiannya harus hati-
hati pada pasien gagal ginjal
VASODILATOR
Vasodilator Vena
Nitrate
Nitrogliserin 0,2-2 μg/kgBB/menit iv, atau 0,4-0,6 mg
sublingual
Isosobidinitrate
Penghambat Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE
Inhibitor):
Captopril 2×6,25 mg sampai 2x50 mg
Lisinopril 50-100 mg/hari
5-10 mg/hari
ramipril
Penghambat Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB):
Losartan, ibersartan, candesartan and valsartan
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Inhibitor
ACEI lower systemic vascular resistance and
venous pressure, and reduce levels of circulating
catecholamines, thus improving myocardial
performance.
These drugs should be carefully introduced in
patients with heart failure because of the risk of
first-dose hypotension.
ACEI are contraindicated in patients with
bilateral renal artery stenosis.
Between 10% and 15% of patients develop a
cough, owing to the inhibition of bradykinin
metabolism.
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker
(ARB)
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA)
(e.g. losartan, ibersartan, candesartan and
valsartan) have similar haemodynamic
effects to ACEI, but as they do not affect
bradykinin metabolism, they do not produce
a cough.
Arterial vasodilator
Revascularization
Cardiac transplantation
CLINICAL SYNDROMES OF HEART
FAILURE
Clinical Syndromes of Heart Failure
Diagnosis
Initial investigations performed in the emergency
room should include:
■ a 12-lead ECG for acute coronary syndromes, left
ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation
■ a chest X-ray (cardiomegaly, pulmonary oedema,
pleural effusion, non-cardiac disease)
■ blood investigations (serum creatinine and
electrolytes, full blood count, blood glucose,
cardiac enzymes and troponin, CRP and D-
dimer)
Diagnosis
Plasma BNP or NTproBNP (BNP > 100 pg/ml or
NTproBNP > 300 pg/ml) indicates heart failure
Transthoracic echocardiography should be
performed without delay to confirm the
diagnosis of heart failure and possibly identify
the cause.
Acute Heart FAILURE
Clinical features
Patients with alveolar oedema are acutely
breathless, wheezing, anxious and perspiring
profusely.
Cough productive of frothy, blood-tinged
(pink) sputum, which can be copious with
tachypnea and peripheral circulatory
shutdown.
Pulmonary Oedema
Clinical features
Tachycardia, a raised venous pressure and a
gallop rhythm.
Crackles and wheezes are heard throughout
the chest.
The arterial Po2 falls and initially the Paco2
also falls, owing to overbreathing. Later, the
Paco2 increases because of impaired gas
exchange.
The chest X-ray shows diffuse haziness,
owing to alveolar fluid, and the Kerley B lines
of interstitial oedema.
Pulmonary Oedema