TENSES

1. Simple Present
Simple present menyatakan kegiatan atau aktifitas yang menjadi aktifitas
sekarang (habitual atau kebiasaan).
Time Signal : Every, every day, every week etc

Formula: Plural Subject 🡪 I, You, They, We

S + V1 +O
S + do not + V1 + O
Do +S + V1 + O
Example:
- They watch television every night.
- They don’t watch television every night
- Do they watch television every night?

+ We study every day

- We don’t study every day
? Do we study every day?

Singular Subject 🡪He, She, It, Name of person

S + V1 + es / s +O
S + does not + V1 +O
Does + S + V1 +O
Example:
- He watches television every night.
- He does not watch television every night
- Does he watch television every night?

● Tom studies every day.

● Tom does not study everyday
 ● Does Tom study every day?

Note: Apabila Subject Singular (orang ketiga tunggal) berakhiran dengan huruf “S, Ss,
Sh, Ch, O, maka kata kerjanya diakhir ditambah “es“
Example:
- Wash 🡪 washes
- Go 🡪 goes
- Watch 🡪 watches
Apabila ada verb yang berakhiran dengan huruf “Y“ diganti dengan “i “
kemudian ditambah es.
- Fry 🡪 fries
- Study 🡪studies

She helps mother

She doesn’t help mother
Does she help mother?

2. Present Progressive Tense

Present Progressive Tense adalah tenses yang menjelaskan pekerjaan yang
sedang terjadi saat ini. Dikatakan Present karena terjadi saat ini dan dikatakan
progressive karena pekerjaannya sedang dilakukan (Progress).

Formula:
❖ Tenses ini mempunyai ciri-ciri yaitu menggunakan kata kerja -ing.
Sebelum kata kerja harus ada "to be" (is, am, are).
(+) S + is/am/are + Verb-ing + O
Example:
I am working right now
He is working right now
You are working right now
 (-) S + is/am/are + not + Verb-ing + O
Example:
I am not working right now
He is not working right now
You are not working right now
(?) Is/am/are + S + Verb-ing + O
Example:
Am I working right now?
Is he working right now?
Are you working right now?

Fungsi Simple Progressive Tense

1. Untuk menunjukkan aktivitas yang sedang dilakukan.
Example:
● I am reading my grammar book right now.
● The baby is sleeping right now.
2. Untuk menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan dalam waktu dekat
(rencana).
Example:
● I am spending my holiday on Kartini beach next year.
Note
● Tenses ini hanya bisa digunakan untuk kata kerja yang memungkinkan untuk
dilakukan dengan cara "sedang" (dynamic verb). Sementara yang tidak bisa
dilakukan secara progress/sedang (stative verb) maka harus dibentuk dalam
Simple Present Tense.
● Keterangan waktu yang bisa digunakan untuk tenses ini diantaranya: Now. Right
Now, Still, etc.
3. Simple Past
Simple past menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau.
Pada simple past, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last ,two days ago) atau periode
waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara
spesifik.

Formula:
❖ Tense ini dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) berupa kata kerja biasa
atau verb “to be”. Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb)
dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau
bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb, sedangkan pada verb “to
be”, verb-2 berupa was dan were.
❖ Regular dan Irregular Verb
Plural 🡪 Were (You, They, We, Compound subject dengan kata
hubung “and” { you and I, Andi and Susi})
Singular 🡪 Was (I, She, He, It, Name of person)

(+) S + Verb-2 + O
S + be (was/were) + Adj.
Example:
The teacher came
I was a stamp collector

(-) S + did + not + Verb-1 + O

S + be (was/were) + not + Adj.
Example:
The teacher didn’t come
I wasn’t a stamp collector

(?) did +S + Verb1 + O

be (was/were) +S + Adj.
 Example:
Did the teacher come?
Was I a stamp collector?

Time Expressions
● yesterday (kemarin)
● last night/week/month/year/time
● this morning
● one hour/day/week/month/year ago
● when + S + verb-2 (when he arrived, when I was stuck in traffic
jam)

Examples:
● A friend of mine was here yesterday.
● He ignored my call last week.
● I met my client this morning.
● My sister was born in 1999
● The water heater stopped working on Saturday.
● I rolled down the window and took a breath when I was stuck in the
heavy traffic jam.

Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense

1. Simple past tense untuk membicarakan aksi yang terjadi dengan durasi
waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Preposition “for” dapat digunakan untuk
menyatakan periode waktu kejadian.
Ex:
● Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago
● Did he come on time yesterday?
● The party started at 10.00 a.m.
● Did you sleep enough last night?
● I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years.
 2. Simple past tense untuk membicarakan kebiasaan pada masa
lampau. Subordinate conjunction “when” biasanya digunakan pada situasi
ini.
Ex:
● I often did exercises in the gym when I lived in Bandung.
When I was a senior high school student, I always got up at 4 am to study.
3. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense)
yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense)
sedang berlangsung.
Ex:
● I was reading a journal in the library when someone burped out loud.
4. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (simple past tense) langsung
mengikuti aksi yang telah selesai (past perfect tense).
Ex:
● I had already finished my breakfast when he picked me up.
5. Simple past tense digunakan pada conditional sentence type 2.
Ex:
● If she studied hard, she would be pass.
● I would buy a sport car if I had much money

4. Past Progressive
Past progressive menunjukan tindakan berkelanjutan, atau sesuatu peristiwa di
masa lalu dan masih terus dan sedang berlangsung pada waktu itu.
Formula:
(+) S + be (was/were) + V-ing + O
Dessy was traveling

The workers were queuing

(-) S + be (was/were) + not + V-ing
Dessy was not traveling

The workers were not queuing 

 (?) be (was/were) + S + V-ing
Was Dessy traveling?

Were the workers queuing?

5. Present Perfect
Present perfect tense adalah tenses yang menjelaskan sesuatu yang sudah
dilakukan sekarang. Present perfect berguna untuk menekankan pada lawan
bicara, bahwa suatu hal sudah selesai dikerjakan dimasa sekarang.
Present perfect menekankan pada kepastian terselesaikannya sesuatu hal,
tanpa mementingkan kapan selesainya. Sedangkan Simple past Tense
menekankan pada terjadinya suatu hal dimasa lalu, dengan waktu sebagai point
penting.

Formula:
(+) S + have / has + Verb-3
Ex:
She has worked in the hospital for six years
I have fixed my computer
(-) S + have / has + not + Verb-3
Ex:
She hasn’t worked in the hospital.
I have not fixed my computer.
(?) Have / has + S + Verb-3
Ex: s
Has she worked in the hospital forix years?

6. Present Perfect Progressive

Present Perfect Progressive Tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang
digunakan untuk menyatakan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu
atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Aksi
 pada present perfect progressive tense biasanya berdurasi waktu tertentu dan
ada relevansinya dengan kondisi sekarang.

Formula:
(+) S + have/has + been + -V-ing
Ex:
● She has been driving
● You have been answering all the questions now you may take a
break

(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Ex:
● She has not been driving
● Tamara has not been gathering her junior high school friends
together 

(?) have/has + S + been + V-ing

Ex:
● Have I been baking the cake for 30 minutes?
● Have they been admiring him since 2012?

7. Past Perfect
Past perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan bahwa suatu aktivitas telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu
sebelum aktivitas lainnya terjadi. Aktivitas yang telah selesai di masa lampau itu
dapat terjadi berulang kali maupun hanya sekali.
Formula:
(+) S + had + Verb-3
Ex:
● They had studied
● He had believed you since our journey started
 (-) S + had + not + Verb-3
Ex:
● They had not studied
● He hadn’t believed you since our journey started

(?) Had + S + Verb-3

Ex:
● Had they studied?
● Had he believed you since our journey started?

8. Past Perfect Progressive

Past perfect progressive tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan
untuk mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai
pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu.
Formula:

(+) S + had + been + V-ing

Ex:
● Lia had been walking
● The labors had been working

(-) S + had + not + been + V-ing

Ex:

● Lia had not been walking

● The labors hadn’t been working

(?) Had + S + been + V-ing

Ex:
● Had Lia been walking?
● Had the labors been working?
9. Simple Future

Simple future tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau
terencana.
Formula:

❖ Will 🡪 prediksi, keinginan, membuat janji

(+) S + Will + Verb-1+ O

Ex:

● I will leave it

(-) S + Will + not + Verb-1+ O

Ex:

● I will not leave it

(?) Will + S + Verb-1

Ex:

● Will I leave it?

❖ Be going to 🡪 prediksi, niat/prioritas, kejadian yang akan

segera terjadi

(+) S + be + going to + Verb-1

Ex:

● I am going to leave it

(-) S + be + not + going to + Verb-1

Ex:

● I am not going to leave it

(?) be + S + going to + Verb-1

Ex:

● Am I going to leave it?

10. Future Progressive

Future progressive tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan aktivitas yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa
depan. Akivitas tersebut telah dimulai tapi belum selesai pada saat itu. (Progress
di masa depan)
Formula:

(+) S + Will be + V-ing

Ex:

● He will be sleeping at 10 p.m.

● They will be strolling at the park tomorrow morning

(-) S + Will + not + be + V-ing

Ex:

● He will not be sleeping at 10 p.m.

● They won’t be strolling at the park tomorrow morning

(?) Will + S + be + V-ing

Ex:

● Will he be sleeping at 10 p.m.?

● Will they be strolling at the park tomorrow morning?

11. Future Perfect

Future perfect adalah tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan
atau peristiwa yang akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik di masa depan dan akan
sudah selesai atau terjadi sebelum aktivitas lain dilakukan di masa depan.
(proses yang sudah terjadi sebelum proses mendatang)
Formula:

(+) S + Will have + V3

 Ex:

● I will have left.

● I will have arrived.

(-) S + Will + not + have + V3

Ex:

● I will not have left.

● I will not have arrived.

(?) Will + S + have + V3

Ex:

● Will I have left?

● Will I have arrived?

12. Future Perfect Progressive

Future perfect progressive tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk
mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aktivitas akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian
lama pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan.
Formula:

(+) S + will + have been + V-ing

Ex:

● They will have been playing

● The cat will have been sleeping

(-) S + will + not + have Been + V-ing

Ex:

● They will not have been playing

● The cat won’t have been sleeping

(+) Will + S + have been + V-ing

Ex:

● Will they have been playing?

● Will the cat have been sleeping?

S+v2+O I went to market

S had V3 I had gone to market