BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang
Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa Internasional. Dengan menguasai bahasa Inggris dengan
baik, maka kita akan dapat berkomunikasi dengan bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia ini. Di
samping itu, kita pun akan dapat menambah wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan kita
demi kemajuan bangsa dan negara kita, karena kita akan dapat membaca literatur-
literatur bahasa Inggris, mendengarkan siaran-siaran radio luar negeri, serta
menontong film-film ilmu pengetahuan yang lainnya. Dengan demikian, pada
akhirnya kita dapat menguasai pengetahuan-pengetahuan di segala bidang.
Setiap bahasa tentunya mempunyai kaidah-kaidah atau sering kita sebut dengan istilah
tata bahasanya masing-masing, begitupun dengan bahasa Inggris, banyak sekali
kaidah-kaidah yang harus diperhatikan dalam penggunaannya, terutama dalam bidang
writingnya. Oleh karena itu, penulis mencoba menyajikan empat kaidah dari sekian
banyak kaidah bahasa Inggris, selain untuk memenuhi tugas kuliah juga bertujuan
semoga tulisan sesingkat ini dapat menambah wawasan kita tentang bahasa Inggris.
Keempat kaidah yang kami maksud adalah: Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect
Continuous Tense, Direct and Indirect Speech, Preposition. Yang pembahasanya akan
dipaparkan pada bab selanjutnya.
B. Identifikasi Masalah
1. Apa yang dimaksud Past Perfect Tense, rumus serta bagaimana contohnya?
2. Bagaimana pengertian Present Perfect Continuous Tense, seperti apa rumusnya,
pembagiannya serta contohnya?
3. Apa Direct and Indirect Speech (kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung) itu?
4. Preposition

C. Tujuan
Dari identifikasi masalah di atas, maka penulis tentunya bertujuan untuk menjelaskan
atau memaparkan point-point tersebut, sesuai dengan pengetahuan yang kami peroleh,
baik dari buku sumber maupun dari guru-guru kami. Semoga semuanya memberikan
manfaat bagi kita. Bila ada kesalahan tulisan atau kata-kata di dalam makalah ini,
penulis mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya.

BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. Simple Present Tense

although present mean now (sekarang) but matter of in don't be interpreted that the
action done at the moment. this tenses is used to express something that have the
character of remain to, real truth or habit. Because often concerning occurence of past
time, now and will come. This Tense at least having selected time description. English
sentences generally must have subject (S) and Predicate (P). Because that, all tenses
formulatived like that.
Formulas of Present Tense:
(positive) : S + V1 / S + V1 + O
(Negative) : S + do (es) not + V1
(Interrogative) : Do (es) + S + V1 ?
If in the sentence have not another verb, so we use verb to be.
Affirmative (+): S + Be (am, is, are)
Affirmative (-) : S + Be (am, is, are) + not
Affirmative (?): Be (am, is, are) + S
Examples:
(Positive) :
• I drink milk.
• A postman delivers letters.
• A Man walks with his feet.
(Negative) :
• I do not drink milk.
• A Postman do not delivers letters.
• The Man do not walks with his feet.
(Interrogative) :
• Do You drink milk?
• Does Postman delivers letters?
• Does The Man walk with his feet?
(Affirmative) :
(+) : I am busy.
(-) : I am not busy
(?) : Are you busy?
B. Present Continuous Tense
This Tense is used to express something really action is doing in this time.
sentences in this tense a more regular weared than present tense.
Formulas of Present Continuous Tense:
(positive) : S + Be (am, is are) + V ing (present participle)
(Negative) : S + Be (am, is are) + not + V ing
(Interrogative) : Be (am, is, are) + S + V?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• I am sitting on a chair.
• It is raining now.
• We are studying English
(Negative) :
• I am not sitting on a chair.
• It is not (isn’t) raining now.
• We are not (aren’t) studying English.
(Interrogative) :
• Is it raining now?
• Are you studying English?
Interrogative word “When” (kapan) don’t be used in Present Contionuous Tense if
except is meant express to action which immediately and surely (immediatc future).
Example:
• When are you coming back?
There are some selected verb which may not be used in Present Continuous Tense
though actions is really done nowadays and is instead weared sentence in Present
Tense. the verbs for example are see, hear, smell, forget, remember, know,
understand, like want, hate, care, etcetera. Examples:
• “I know the lesson now” Not “I am knowing the lesson”
• “Do you understand now?” Not “Are you understanding now?”
C. Present Perfect Tense
This is Tense which was generally assumed most was difficult to comprehended.
To overcome this matter is we have to recognize marking of Tense this. Present
Perfect Tense Of dot weigh against at "It have or have its" an action "is not at time
doing" action. or equally Present Perfect Tense don't make account of when the
happening of an action but the haveness of action done. Therefore this Tense have
never followed by time description.
Examples:
False : I have read this book yesterday.
True : I have read this book already (Present Perfect Tense)
Or : I read this book yesterday (Simple Past Tense)
Ad for possibly cause this Tense is confused with Past Tense.
Formulas of Present Perfect Tense:
(positive) : S + have (has) + V3 (past participle)
(Negative) : S + have (has) + not + V3
(Interrogative) : Have (has) + S + V3?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• You have told me before.
• She has never seen a tiger.
• They have been to Japan many times.
(Negative) :
• You have not told me about it.
• She has not seen that film yet.
• They have not been to Japan.
(Interrogative) :
• Have you told me before?
• Has she met you before?
• Have they been to Japan?

D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

If an action started past time but still is doing till now hence us use sentence in the
form of Present Perfect Continuous Tense. This Tense is weared if Verb is including
Static Nature (bersifat tetap).
Such as: Stand, Sleep, Lie, Study ,etc. that verbs usually used in Present Perfect
Tense. Comparing:
• I have read this book (Saya sudah membaca buku ini). which intended to you may
borrow him or interrogate me concerning the book content because I have read its.
Unlike:
• I have been reading this book for a month. with the meaning I have read this book
during one unfinished months but and still I will continue.
Formula of Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
S + have (has) been + V ing
PAST TENSE
1. Simple Past Tense
is used to express an old world action that happened. Way past tense form depend
on type of second Verb. first way added d or of ed at second verb (regular verb).
Second way in generally change the vowel sounds (irregular verb).
Formula of Simple Past Tense:
(Positive) : S + V2 (preterite)
(Negative) : S + did not (didn’t) + V1
(Interrogative) : Did + S + V1 ?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• I walked to school yesterday
• The girl ate much ice cream this morning
• They had a car last year
(Negative) :
• I didn’t walk to school yesterday
• The girl didn’t eat much ice cream this morning
• They didn’t have a car last year.
(Interrogative) :
• Did you walk to school this morning?
• Did she eat much ice cream this morning?
• Did They have a car last year?
2. Past Continuous Tense
This Tenses is used to express an action which is happened in past time. and at the
same time happened other action. This Tense emphasize is the happening of the action
not its have.
Formulas of Past Continuos Tense:
(Positive) : S + was/were + V ing (present participle)
(Negative) : S + was/were + not + V ing
(Interrogative) : was/where + S + V ing?

Examples:
(Positive) :
• I was reading a newspaper
• The sun was shining brightly
• The children were playing football
(Negative) :
• I wasn’t reading a newspaper
• The sun wasn’t shining brightly
• The children weren’t playing football
(Interrogative) :
• Was I reading a newspaper?
• Was the sun shining brightly?
• Where the children playing football?

E. Past Perfect Tense

It is the same with Past Continuos Tense nor selfsupporting as simple sentence but
have to provide with Past Tense sentence. this used to express an action which have
been done in past time.
Formulas of Past Perfect Tense:
(Positive) : S + had + V3
(Negative) : S + had + not + V3
(Interrogative) : Had + S + V3?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• I had seen the film
• The man had been sick
• They had met her
(Negative) :
• I hadn’t seen the film
• The man hadn’t been sick
• They hadn’t met her
(Interrogative) :
• Had you seen the film?
• Had The man been sick?
• Had they met her?

F. Past Perfect Continuos Tense

Present participle of Past this Perfect like action which still take place past time
when an other occurence cut.
Formulas of Past Perfect Continuos Tense:
(Positive) : S + had been + V ing
(Negative) : S + had not + been + V ing
(Interrogative) : Had + S + been + V ing?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• They had been living in France
• She had been sleeping
• They had been meeting
(Negative) :
• I hadn’t been living in France
• She hadn’t been sleeping
• They hadn’t been meeting
(Interrogative) :
• Had They been living in France?
• Had She had been sleeping?
• Had They been meeting?
FUTURE TENSE
1. Simple Future Tense
This Tense is used to express an action to happen in the future.
Formulas of Simple Future Tense:
(Positive) : S + shall/will + V1
(Negative) : S + shall/will + not + V1
(Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + V1
Examples:
(Positive) :
• I shall see you tonight
• He will speaks English well soon
• They will do their homework tomorrow
(Negative) :
• I will not see you toninght
• He will not speaks English well soon
• They will not do their homework
(Interrogative) :
• Will you see her tonight?
• Will he speaks English well soon?
• Will they do their homework?
A lot have a notion that Future Tense can be expressed by "be going to". This not
entirely correctness, because "going to" usually not express future the purification but
containing certainty or intention the speaker. Examples:
• He is going to do his homework
• I am going to marry you

Comparing with:
• He will do his homework as soon as his mother asks him
• I will marry you if I have enough money
Future by "going to" seldom accompany another Clause (anak kalimat). because if
that way, no longger show someone desire. While Future with shall/will often
respective another clauses.
2. Future Continuous Tense
This Tense is used to express estimated to action underway at the time of selected
is future or there is happened other action.
Formulas of Future Continuous Tense:
(Positive) : S + shall/will be + V ing
(Negative) : S + shall/will + not + be + V ing
(Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + Be + V ing?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• I will be sleeping at 12 o’clock tonight
(Negative) :
• I will not be sleeping toninght
(Interrogative) :
• Will you be sleeping tonight?

3. Furure Perfect Tense

This Tense is used to express an estimated action have been done at the selected
time in future or if there are any other action.
Formulas of Future Perfect Tense:
(Positive) : S + shall/will have + V3
(Negative) : S + shall/will + not + have + V3
(Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + have + V3?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• You will have spoken English well.
(Negative) :
• You will not have spoken English well.
(Interrogative) :
• Will You have spoken English well?
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This Tense is weared to express an estimated action will come in selected future
period or if there are any happened other action. This Tense seldom wear.
Formulas of Future Perfect Tense:
(Positive) : S + shall/will have been + V ing
(Negative) : S + shall/will + not + have been + V ing
(Interrogative) : Shall/will + S + have been + V ing?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• He will have been teaching for 30 years next January.
(Negative) :
• He will not have teaching for 30 years next January.
(Interrogative) :
• Will He have been teaching for 30 years next January?

PAST FUTURE TENSE

1. Past Future Tense
This Tense generally only used in Conditional (Kalimat Pengandaian) or Reported
Speech (Kalimat tidak langsung).
Formulas of Past Future Tense:
(Positive) : S + should/would + V1
(Negative) : S + should/would not + V1
(Interrogative) : Should/would + S + V1?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• If I were you, I should marry her. (Conditional)
• He said that He would go abroad this week (Reported Speech)
(Negative) :
• I should not marry her.
(Interrogative) :
• Would you marry her?
2. Past Future Continuous Tense
This Tense is weared very rare and if there are any, only met in Reported Speech.
Formulas of Past Future Continuous Tense:
(Positive) : S + should/would be + V ing
(Negative) : S + should/would not be + V ing
(Interrogative) : Should/would + S + be + V ing?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• They told us that they would be having dinner.
(Negative) :
• They would not be having dinner.
(Interrogative) :
• Would they be having dinner?

3. Past Future Perfect Tense

This Tense intrinsically only weared in Conditional (kalimat Pengandaian) as main
clause for expressing unreal past (lampau tak nyata).
Formulas of Past Future Perfect Tense:
(Positive) : S + should/would have + V3
(Negative) : S + should/would + have + not +V3
(Interrogative) : Should/would + S + have + V3?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• You would have met a lot of friends if you attended the party last night.
(Negative) :
• You would have not met a lot of friends.
(Interrogative) :
• Would you have met a lot friends?
4. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This Tense is used very rare even in Reported Speech even if.
Formulas of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
(Positive) : S + should/would have been + V ing
(Negative) : S + should/would + have not + been +V ing
(Interrogative) : Should/would + S + have been + V ing?
Examples:
(Positive) :
• Her baby would have been sleeping for hours when she arrived home.
(Negative) :
• Her baby would have not been sleeping for hour when she arrived home.
(Interrogative) :
• Would Her baby have been sleeping for hour when she arrived home?

BAB III
KESIMPULAN

Berdasarkan Makalah tersebut, dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut. Present Tense atau
Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan,
aktivitas dan sebagainya yang terjadi saat ini. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu Fakta, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa KINI. Ingat,
PRESENT artinya adalah kini, sekarang.
Present Progressive Tense atau dulu lebih dikenal sebagai Present Continuous Tense
biasanya digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung. Inti
dari Past Tense adalah untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah “Lampau”. Lampau
disini tak harus sudah lama-lama amat juga, pokoknya sudah berlalu, sudah lewat.
Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang SEDANG
TERJADI juga, tetapi sedang terjadi sekarang, melainkan sedang terjadi tetapi
DULU, tetapi sudah lewat. Future Tense atau Simple Future digunakan untuk
menyatakan peristiwa yang Akan Terjadi. Future tense adalah tentang Nanti. Sesuatu
arti katanya Future yaitu “Masa Depan”. Karena itu dalam Future Tense penggunaan
kata Will, Shall yang artinya akan pastilah mendominasi.
Tense yang satu ini berbicara tentang suatu peristiwa yang “Sedang Terjadi” juga
sebagaimana Present Continuous Tense, tetapi bedanya dalam Future Continuous
Tense maka “Sedang” nya itu bukan sekarang melainkan besok, akan datang, nanti.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense Tenses yang satu ini digunakan untuk menyatakan
suatu kejadian, peristiwa atau apalah namanya, yang SUDAH terjadi dan MASIH
berlangsung bahkan sangat mungkin AKAN berlanjut.
Present Perfect Tense menekankan pada PERFECT nya itu. Perfect kan artinya
“sempurna”. Bukan sempurna karena cantik seperti Gita Gutawa, tetapi sempurna
yang berarti “selesai, sudah, beres, baru saja usai, dsb”. Jadi, kalau Anda menekankan
pada “SUDAH” nya itu maka gunakanlah Present Perfect Tense ini. Past Perfect
Continuous Tense dalam pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Grammar digunakan untuk
menyatakan hal atau peristiwa yang sesuatu yang TELAH dan SEDANG terjadi
dimasa LAMPAU.
Past Perfect Tense mirip dengan Present Perfect Tense hanya saja beda di waktunya
saja. Penekannya pada PERFECT-nya itu, usainya itu. Future Perfect Tense
digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang “Sudah terjadi, tetapi AKAN”. Akan
sudah gitu loh. Kalau Anda buka lagi pelajaran bahasa Inggris tentang Future
Continuous Tense maka Future Perfect Tense ini pun akan sangat mudah difahami.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang: akan,
telah dan masih berlangung di masa datang.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Nahdy.(2012).Tenses (Online)
nahdy.student.umm.ac.id/files/2010/02/Tenses.doc Diakses pada hari Rabu Tanggal
18 Januari 2012.pukul 08.30 WIB
Annonimus.(2012).Tenses (Online)
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/tenses diakses pada hari Rabu pada
tanggal 18 Januari 2012.pukul 08.15 WIB