Nama Mahasiswa : Sri Mulyani

NPM Mahasiswa : 200110190060

Kelas Mahasiswa :D

RESUME JURNAL INTERNASIONAL

PRODUKSI DOMBA DAN KAMBING

Keyword : Manajemen Pemeliharaan Domba

The Ontario Sheep Health Program : A structured health management program for

intensively reared flocks

Industri domba Ontario telah berada dalam fase pertumbuhan yang kuat

selama hampir dua dekade, terutama karena pasar yang sangat baik dan beragam

untuk semua kelas domba dan kambing yang tersedia untuk wilayah pasar

utamanya. Metode tradisional dalam mengelola produksi domba adalah pemasaran

domba musim semi dan musim gugur tahunan untuk daging domba berat untuk

disembelih.

Hal ini memungkinkan produsen untuk memanfaatkan musim kawin alami

dengan beranak musim semi (Mei) dan pakan berlimpah dalam bentuk padang

rumput. Di Kanada, metode produksi ini memiliki beberapa kekurangan yaitu

domba harus diberi makan pakan yang disimpan selama 4-6 bulan setiap tahun

karena tutupan salju dan musim tanam yang terbatas.

Pada akhir 1990-an, program kesehtan yang disebut Program Kesehatan

Domba Ontario (OSHP) dikembangkan untuk membantu pemeliharaan domba dari

domba betina yang produktif ini. Program ini menekankan manajemen kesehatan

daripada mengobati penyakit.

Manajemen pemeliharaan yanng dilakukan adalah :

1. Penilaian manajemen ksehetan kawanan

2. Penilaian biosecurity

3. Penilaian produktivitas kawanan

4. Program peningkatan kawanan domba

5. Praktik pertanian aman makanan domba dan domba Kanada

6. Program identifikasi domba Kanada

7. Program status kawanan Ontario Maedi-Visna

8. Program sertifikasi kawanan

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Menzies, P. I. (2006). The Ontario Sheep Health Program: A structured health

management program for intensively reared flocks. Small Ruminant

Research, 62(1-2 SPEC. ISS.), 95–99.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.07.033
 Small Ruminant Research 62 (2006) 95–99

The Ontario Sheep Health Program: A structured health

management program for intensively reared flocks夽
P.I. Menzies
Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1

Available online 29 September 2005

Abstract

The Ontario Sheep Health Program was developed to address basic flock health management practices for intensively managed
flocks, to promote a veterinary-client–patient relationship, to educate the producer on biosecurity issues and to encourage analysis
of health and productivity data while setting goals. It is designed to work in conjunction with other Canadian flock programs,
such as the Ontario Sheep Flock Improvement Program (a genetic evaluation program managed by the Ontario provincial
government), the Canadian National Identification Program, the Canadian Sheep and Lamb Food Safe Farm Practices Program
(managed by the Canadian Sheep Federation and overseen by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency), the Canadian Voluntary
Scrapie Certification Program and the Ontario Maedi Visna Flock Status Program. These programs help sheep producers to
manage the health and productivity of their flock and to help protect the health of the consumer.
© 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Sheep; Flock management; Health programs; Sheep production

1. Introduction specific cultural appetite for lamb – have supported the

The Ontario sheep industry has been in a strong
growth phase for almost two decades, mainly because
of excellent and diverse markets for all classes of
lamb and mutton available to it. Its main market area,
Toronto, is one of the most ethnically diverse commu-
nities in the world, with an area population of over
4 million people representing 90 ethnic groups. First,
second and third generation Canadians – many with
夽 This paper is part of a special issue entitled Keynote Lectures of
the 6th International Sheep Veterinary Congress—Guest Edited by
Dr. George C. Fthenakis and Prof. Quintin A. McKellar.
E-mail address: pmenzies@ovc.guelph.ca.
domestic lamb market with excellent prices. However,
the province only produces approximately half of what
it consumes. One of the biggest constraints on market-
ing Canadian lamb is lack of sufficient supply of lamb
year-round.
The traditional method of managing sheep produc-
tion is annual spring lambing and fall marketing of
heavy lamb for slaughter. This allows the producer to
exploit the natural breeding season with spring (May)
lambing and plentiful feed in the form of pasture. In
Canada, this method of production has some draw-
backs. Sheep must be fed stored feeds for 4–6 months
annually, because of snow cover and a limited grow-
ing season. During winter, sheep must also be offered

0921-4488/$ – see front matter © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.07.033
96 P.I. Menzies / Small Ruminant Research 62 (2006) 95–99
some kind of shelter from inclement weather. If lamb-
ing occurs earlier than mid-May, then shelter must be
available to prevent newborn lambs from succumbing
to hypothermia. The requirement for stored feed and
shelter add greatly to the expense of sheep production.
The cost of land in Canada can be high, with most
expensive farmland also being the land closest to the
best markets, thus making pasture feeding expensive
as well. Finally, market prices tend to be lowest in the
fall, when pastures have been fully grazed and highest
at Christmas, Easter and early spring, i.e. when fewest
lambs are available.
To overcome these production constraints, a large
proportion of producers have adopted practices that
both increase productivity and target lamb production
for the best markets. They have implemented out-of-
season breeding, so that lambs are available for market
all year-round. Many also practice some sort of acceler-
ated or frequent breeding program, in which ewes have
the opportunity to lamb more than once per year. The
most popular program requires that ewes lamb every 8
months. Under this system, lambs are born each Jan-
uary, May and September. Breeding exposures are short
and lactation is not longer than 60 days. Lambs may be
marketed as young as 2 months (50–70 lb lambs), but
generally not older than 4 months (80–110 lb). Because
the cost of maintaining a producing ewe all year is high,
producers have favoured more prolific breeds, the most
popular being the Rideau Arcott-breed, often crossed
with a terminal sire, such as Suffolk-breed or Texel-
breed.
This intensive production cycle requires a very
high level of management, in order to maintain the
health of the ewe so that she is able to lamb fre-
quently, and to prevent disease outbreaks in housed
situations, where density of lambs tends to be high.
In the late 1990s, a health program called the
Ontario Sheep Health Program (OSHP) was devel-
oped to aid producers and veterinarians to control
diseases and improve reproductive and lamb rear-
ing performance of these prolific ewes. The pro-
gram stresses health management as opposed to treat-
ment of disease. It also encourages producers to
focus on biosecurity, on-farm food safety and mon-
itoring of productivity. It is compatible with other
Ontario and Canadian sheep management programs
such as the Ontario Sheep Flock Improvement Pro-
gram (SFIP) a genetic evaluation program run by
the Ontario provincial government and used in the
provinces Ontario and Quebec, the Canadian Sheep and
Lamb Food-Safe Farm Practices Program, Ewe Byte
Sheep Management Software Program, the Ontario
Maedi Visna Flock Status Program, the Canadian
Sheep Identification Program and the Canadian Vol-
untary Scrapie Certification Program. The structure
and rationale of OSHP, along with components of
the complementary sheep programs, are presented
here.
2. Background of the program
The OSHP was developed as part of a larger research
project, the Ontario Lamb Improvement Breeding
Strategy (OLIBS). The goal of OLIBS was to support
research for the development of high health, genetically
superior replacement sheep that will perform reliably
in an accelerated lambing system under Ontario condi-
tions. The sheep that were developed for this project
were F1 crosses of the Rideau- and Polled Dorset-
breeds. Rams and ewes from both breeds were selected
based on number and total bodyweight of lambs born
and weaned (Rideau-breed) and lambing interval less
than 365 days as a surrogate of out-of-season fertil-
ity (Polled Dorset-breed). Embryos from these genet-
ically superior animals were implanted into recipient
ewes of known, high health status. Resultant OLIBS
lambs were sold to producers that signed a declara-
tion of their intent to preserve health status and genetic
evaluation.
Preserving health status required a two-step
approach. While much attention was directed towards
monitoring health status with respect to Maedi-
Visna, caseous lymphadenitis, ovine enzootic (chlamy-
dial) abortion, ovine paratuberculosis (Johne’s dis-
ease), contagious ovine footrot, scrapie and contagious
ecthyma, it was determined that a program which
stressed general good health management needed to
be developed firstly.
Meetings with producers and other veterinarians led
to the development of OSHP. It was evaluated in OLIBS
replicator flocks and is now under a review, 5 years after
its release. The impetus for the review is the release of
the Canadian on-farm food safety program for sheep.
Quality assurance sections of the OSHP could now be
removed. This prompted a review of the entire program
 P.I. Menzies / Small Ruminant Research 62 (2006) 95–99
and redevelopment has taken place during the fall of
2004 and winter of 2005. The re-drafted program is
presented here—along with components of the com-
plementary programs listed above.
3. Overview of the program
The goal of the OSHP (Kyle, 2003) is to promote
better flock health, a valid veterinary-client–patient
relationship and to encourage producers to analyse
flock productivity and set goals. The OSHP is com-
prised of the following three sections.
• Flock health management assessment form, which
includes a flock health status report and a recom-
mendations form.
• Biosecurity assessment form, which includes a
biosecurity status report.
• Flock productivity calculation and goal setting form.
The Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency (OSMA) is
the producer organization that oversees enrolment and
status assignment. In order to enrol in the program, the
producer contacts OSMA, fills out an application form
and remits a fee. A binder with the required forms is
forwarded to the producer. Then, he contacts the flock
veterinarian to set up the initial visit for completing the
requirements. The requirements to have status in the
program are as follows.
• Year 1: Completion of the flock health management
section with the flock veterinarian. Completion of
the biosecurity status report. Setting goals for those
productivity parameters that are required, although
for the first visit it is not necessary to calculate cur-
rent productivity. Annual veterinary visits must be
done to maintain status.
• Years 2 and subsequently: As for year 1, also
with estimation of flock productivity for parameters
required.
4. Detailed description
4.1. Flock health management assessment
This form is divided into nine sections, which cover
most of the common issues: reproductive management,
97
peri-parturient diseases of ewes, improving survival of
lambs, nutritional diseases; parasitic diseases, predator
losses, diseases causing lameness, control of diseases
which cause wasting in adult sheep, sheep management
tools such as handling facilities and record keeping.
Each section has prompting questions that the vet-
erinarian can use to guide discussion. A section is
provided for notes. At the end of the review, veteri-
narians can use the summary of specific flock health
recommendations, in order to leave written instructions
for the client. The client may also wish a summary
of risk level for the different diseases, as assessed by
the veterinarian. Risk is divided into low (no disease
present/control measures excellent), moderate (dis-
ease present/control measures instituted but improve-
ment required) and high (disease present and not
controlled).
4.2. Biosecurity assessment
Except for flocks also enrolled in the Maedi-
Visna Flock Status Program, there are no biosecu-
rity requirements for the OSHP. The intention of
this section is to make producers aware of prac-
tices that may introduce disease and/or spread dis-
ease around in a flock. The assessment is divided
into the following sections: (i) risk from animals
which includes risk from introduction or contact with
sheep of unknown health status, as well as risk from
other ruminants, deadstock, manure and non-food ani-
mals (e.g. cats, vermin) and (ii) risk from people
and equipment which includes risk from veterinari-
ans, shearers, livestock vehicles and feed and water.
If the owner and veterinarian wish, scores can be
assigned to each section—with risk from animals
counting twice as much as the risk from humans
and equipment. For each of 14 sections, a score of
0 (low risk), 1 (moderate risk) or 2 (high risk) is
assigned. The higher scores are associated with riskier
biosecurity.
4.3. Flock productivity assessment
For this section, producers may use the paper forms
to calculate annual productivity or they may use an
Excel (Microsoft) spreadsheet that has been specif-
ically designed for the OSHP. Producers that use
Ewe Byte sheep management software can produce
98 P.I. Menzies / Small Ruminant Research 62 (2006) 95–99
a report that calculates the same productivity mea-
sures. The parameters that must be calculated by the
end of the first year are: annual adult mortality and
cull rates, annual lambing rates, lambs born/exposure
to the ewe, lambs born/lambing, length of lambing
period, stillbirth and pre-weaning mortality rates and
lambs weaned per exposure and per lambing. For
each of these parameters, the producer must also
set a goal. There are many more optional param-
eters that the producer may calculate—both on an
annual or breeding group basis, for those that have
more than one lambing (e.g. accelerated lambing
programs).
4.4. Sheep Flock Improvement Program
This program run by the Ontario Ministry of Agri-
culture, Food and Rural Affairs, assesses the genetic
value of sheep and also offers some productivity calcu-
lations, although it does not include information from
ewes that do not lamb (Kennedy, 2002). This program
offers genetic indexes, as well as maternal and sire
Expected Progeny Differences. It is currently free to
Ontario producers.
4.5. Canadian sheep and lamb food safe farm
practices
This program is a national on-farm food safety pro-
gram that attempts to minimize risks to the consumer
from physical hazards (e.g. broken needles), chemi-
cal hazards (e.g. drug residues) and biological hazards
(e.g. Salmonella) (Canadian Sheep Federation, 2005).
Record keeping with respect to drug use and inven-
tory records is the cornerstone of this program along
with annual audits. Currently, one of the options being
investigated is to have the flock veterinarian administer
both programs at the same visit, thus trying to minimize
costs.
4.6. Canadian Sheep Identification Program
Since January 2004, producers are required to iden-
tify all sheep leaving their premises with a specific
national identification tag (Canadian Sheep Federation,
2004). The producer may use an inexpensive metal tag,
a dangle tag, which contains the national number and
a barcode, and/or a radio frequency identification but-
ton tag for electronic identification. Records tracing
the movement of mature breeding sheep must be kept
to allow for tracing of diseased sheep back to the farm
of origin.
4.7. Ontario Maedi-Visna Flock Status Program
There are currently three Maedi-Visna (MV) con-
trol programs in Canada; all are voluntary and similar
in approach (test and remove + biosecurity) (Menzies,
2001). The Quebec and Ontario programs use an
ELISA developed by the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency, the Western Flock Health Program uses a
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis ELISA. MV is a com-
mon disease in central Canada, although currently,
because of this program, a nidus of MV low risk seed-
stock producers exists, particularly those with maternal
genetics.
4.8. Canadian Voluntary Scrapie Flock
Certification Program
This program offers three pathways to achieve cer-
tified status for Scrapie (Greenwood, 2004). Path-
way 1 requires national identification of the sheep,
an annual inventory and testing of all mature dead
sheep for scrapie and it takes a minimum of 5 years
to reach certified status. Pathway 2 has the same
requirements as for the previous, but on the initial
visit all ewes are genetically tested at codon 171
and all QQ ewes are then tested for scrapie using
the third eyelid test (minimum 50 ewes). Pathway 3
also has similar surveillance requirements as pathway
1, but offers a shorter course if the producer genet-
ically tests either the entire flock or just the rams,
and then breeds for resistance to scrapie. The pro-
gram was released in late autumn 2004 and is cur-
rently being evaluated using a pilot project across
Canada.
5. Discussion
The sheep industry in Ontario is recovering from
the loss of markets because of BSE in cattle. Ewe
lamb retention numbers are increasing as market prices
return to pre-2003 levels. Sheep producers have not tra-
ditionally been intensive users of veterinary services,
 P.I. Menzies / Small Ruminant Research 62 (2006) 95–99
possibly to the detriment of flock health and food
safety. The OSHP offers an accessible structured pro-
gram that will help the producer to implement practices
that will not only reduce disease, but also improve
productivity.
Acknowledgements
Beth Kyle and Anna Formusiak, Project Managers
of the Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency, The Ontario
Ministry of Agriculture and Food, The Gartshore
Memorial Sheep Research Trust Fund and The Uni-
versity of Guelph.
99
References
Canadian Sheep Federation, 2004. The Canadian Sheep Identifica-
tion Program (http://www.cansheep.ca/english/id e.htm).
Canadian Sheep Federation, 2005. Canadian Food Safe Farm Prac-
tices (http://www.cansheep.ca/english/coffs practices.htm).
Greenwood, P., 2004. Voluntary Scrapie Flock Certification Program.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency (http://www.inspection.gc.ca/
english/anima/heasan/man/scrtre/scrtre-a6e.shtml).
Kennedy, D., 2002. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.
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Health Program (http://www.ontariosheep.org/OSHP.HTML).
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(http://www.uoguelph.ca/∼pmenzies/mv/).