Bambang Yulistiyanto

Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan

Fak. Teknik - UGM
 Klasifikasi Aliran

 Steady / Unsteady Flow

Uniform / Non Uniform Flow
1,2,3 Dimensional Flow
Laminer / Turbulent Flow
Subcritical, Critical , Supercritical Flow

3/22/2018
 Uniform Flow
 Parameter aliran konstan terhadap
tempat

Se
h1 SW
Q h2

S0
 Non-Uniform Flow

 Parameter aliran fungsi terhadap tempat

Se
h1
Q h2 SW

S0
 Steady Flow
 Parameter aliran konstan terhadap
waktu

turbulen laminer

waktu
Steady Flow Equations

Energy (momentum) Equation:

( αQ2/A)
+ gA( h - So + S f ) = 0
x x
Continuity Equation:

Q = VA
Persamaan Manning :

1 2 / 3 1/ 2 1 1/ 6
V R S C R
n n
Penampang Unsur –unsur geometris

T
A  by T b
y
3
b
P  b  2y Z  by 2
Persegi panjang
by
R D y
b  2y

T
A  (b  my) y T  b  2my
3
[(b  my) y ] 2
P  b  2y 1 m
y
2
Z
b
b  2my
Trapesium
(b  my) y
R (b  my) y
b  2 y 1  m2 D
b  2my
Penampang Unsur –unsur geometris

T A  my 2
D 1 y
2
P  2 y 1  m2 T  2my
y

Segitiga
my 2
R Z
2 5
my 2
2 1  m2 2

1   sin 
A 1  (  sin  )   2 D  ( ) 
8 sin 1 2 
T
8

P  1    T  (sin 1 2  )
.Ø
yn

Lingkaran
2
Sin  2 (  sin  ) 2
Z 
R  1  (1  ) 
5
1
32  (sin 1 2  )

2
4
Gate Structures
 Unsteady Flow
 Parameter aliran fungsi terhadap waktu

turbulen laminer

waktu
Rapidly Varied Unsteady Flow
 Terbentuknya loncat hidraulis
 Tidal Bore
 Pembukaan dan penutupan pintu air
Gradually Varied Unsteady
Flow in Channels
Breaking Wave
 Tidal/estuary fluctuation
 Off-channel storage
 Dam break routing
 Channels with flat slopes
 Levee overtopping
 Hydraulic structures affected by changing
backwater
 Large amounts of storage behind roads or
culverts
Unsteady Flow Equations

Momentum Equation:

Q  ( α 2
Q /A)  gA( h   )  0
t x x S o S f
Continuity Equation:

Q + A = 0
x t
1 Dimensional Flow

Kecepatan
seragam pada
arah vertikal
maupun
transversal
 2 Dimensional Flow
2D-vertikal 2D-Horizontal

SUNGAI LEBAR Estuari, Laut

3 Dimensional Flow

Kecepatan
terdistribusi:
- arah vertikal
- arah transversal
Hydrology
Diagram Showing Two
Catchments
A. ANALISIS HIDROGRAF

a. Upaya menekan debit maksimum

(musim hujan)
b. Upaya meningkatkan debit mini-
mum (kemarau)

SESAAT/HARIAN/BULANAN
B. WATER BALANCE PERMUKAAN

1000
Curah hujan (mm)

100
defisit air

10

1
J P M A M J J A S O N D
CH ETP

P = Is + If + Roff + Evapo
C. WATER BALANCE AIR TANAH
G1

G1

G2

G4

G3
G1 = PERKOLASI; G2 = AIR REMBESAN DALAM
G3 = AIR TEKANAN DALAM; G4 = AIR KELUAR
AIR TANAH DALAM BENTUK TANAH JENUH
D. GROUND WATER
Hujan

Tutupan Vegetasi
Run off
Sub surface run off
Infiltrasi
Perkolasi
Base flow
 4. TEORI INPUT OUTPUT

PROSES OUTPUT
INPUT 1. DEBIT
CURAH DAS 2. SEDIMEN
HUJAN (LAND USE) 3. PRODUKSI
4. LIMBAH
T = f (i, r, w, o)

SISIO SISTEM & TEKNOSISTEM

CP
 (1) Rainfall
Streamflow Excess

(cfs)
Runoff

Groundwater
Time (hr)
Skema sungai perenial (perenial stream)

40
Skema sungai intermiten (intermitten streams)

41
Skema sungai epimeral (ephimeral streams)

42
Hydraulic variables
Flood Inundation
Floodplain Delineation
 hidrograf aliran dari hulu
 Pengaruh pasang surut air laut
 Basin lag time
Peak flow

Discharge (m3/s) 3

Overland
2 flow
mm
4 Through flow
1 3

2
Base flow

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 3

2
Debit (m3/s)

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Waktu (jam)
 Rainfall shown in mm, as
a bar graph
Discharge (m3/s) 3

2
mm
4

1 3

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 Discharge in m3/s, as a
line graph
Discharge (m3/s) 3

2
mm
4

1 3

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 The rising flood water in
the river
Discharge (m3/s) 3

2
mm
4

1 3

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 Peak flow

Peak flow Maximum discharge in

the river
Discharge (m3/s) 3

2
mm
4

1 3

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 Peak flow Falling flood water in the
river
Discharge (m3/s) 3

2
mm
4

1 3

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 Basin lag time
Basin lag time
Peak flow Time difference
between the peak of the
3 rain storm and the peak
flow of the river
Discharge (m3/s)

2
mm
4

1 3

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 Base flow
Basin lag time
Peak flow Normal discharge of
the river
Discharge (m3/s) 3

2
mm
4

1 3

2
Base flow

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 Overland flow
Basin lag time
Peak flow +
3 Through flow

=
Discharge (m3/s)

Overland
2 flow Storm Flow
mm
4 Through flow
1 3

2
Base flow

0 12 24 36 48 30 72
Hours from start of rain storm
 Overland flow Through flow

Volume of water reaching Volume of water reaching the river

the river from surface run through the soil and underlying
off rock layers
Analysis

©Microsoft Word clipart

Faktor yang mempengaruhi
hidrograf banjir
• Area • Land Use
• Shape • Drainage Density
• Slope • Precipitation / Temp
• Rock Type • Tidal Conditions
• Soil

©Microsoft Word clipart

 Interpretation of Storm
Hydrographs Basin lag time
You need to refer to: Peak flow
3

•Rising Limb Overland

Discharge (m3/s)
2
flow
mm

•Recession Limb 1
4
3
Through flow

•Lag time 2
Base flow

•Rainfall Intensity
0 12 24 36 48 30 72

Hours from start of rain storm

•Peak flow compared to Base flow

•Recovery rate, back to Base flow
Area
Semakin besar luas DAS :
menerima hujan lebih banyak, sehingga run-off nya makin
besar
Run off akan mencapai sungai lebih lama, shg lag-time
lebih panjang

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Shape

DAS yang memanjang menghasilkan debit puncak lebih

rendah dan lag time yang lebih panjang, dibandingkan dengan
DAS dengan bentuk melebar

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Slope

Aliran pada sungai yang lebih curam akan sampai ke hilir

lebih cepat, sehingga :
rising limb lebih curam
lag time lebih pendek

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Rock Type
Batuan/tanah yang semaknin permeabel:
Mempercepat/mmperbanyak infiltrasi
Run-off lebih kecil, shg rising limb lebih landai

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Soil
Tanah yang semakin porus menghasilkan :
infiltrasi yg semakin besar
Lag-time lebih panjang
Rising lamb lebih landai

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Land Use
Urbanisation - concrete and tarmac form impermeable surfaces, creating a steep
rising limb and shortening the time lag

Afforestation - intercepts the precipitation, creating a shallow rising limb and

lengthening the time lag

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Drainage Density
A higher density will allow rapid overland flow

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Precipitation
Hujan dengan intensitas tinggi:
rapid overland flow
steep rising limb

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Tidal Conditions
Air pasang tinggi akan menghambat drainase air hujan:
memperpanjang waktu untuk kembali ke base flow

Area Rock Type Drainage Density

Shape Soil Precipitation / Temp
Slope Land Use Tidal Conditions
Pengukuran Debit Sungai

Velocity-Area method

Stream discharge = Q = U * A

Q = volumetric flow rate in [L3 T-1]

U= average stream velocity [L2 T-1]
A = cross sectional area of stream flow
(perpendicular to the direction of flow) [L2]
Pengukuran Luas Tampang Sungai
Pengukuran Kecepatan
Monitoring Water surface elevation (or
stage) can be measured by several
techniques:
Float and pulley
Pressure methods:
Bubbler
Transducer
Ultrasonic
Stream Flow Measurements
 Two approaches
 Measurement of water stage;
 Measurement of flow velocity

 Measurement of Water Stage

 Water stage: the elevation above some
arbitrary datum of water surface at a station
 Types of Gages Measuring River Stage:
 Staff gage – vertical or inclined
 Suspended – weight gage

 Recording gage
Figures of Stream Gauges
 Float Gauge

Chart
Float
STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP
Stage-Discharge Relation
 When water stages are measured, we need additional information to
estimate the flow rates (or discharges)

H H Q

t Q t

Stage Hydrograph Discharge Hydrograph

Stage-Discharge Curve
or Rating Curve
 In natural rivers, the H-Q relationship in general
appears to be a loop, rather than single-valued.
Devices for Flow Velocity
Measurement
 Current Meters
 Cups
 Propellers
V = a + bN
where V = flow velocity; a = starting velocity to
overcome mechanical friction; b = equipment
calibration constant; N = revolutions/sec.

 Pitot Tubes: Suitable only for clean water

Current Meters
Mean Flow Velocity Estimation
 Velocity Profile

Deph < 0.6m VV ; 0.6 water depth from the water surface
0.6d

V V
0.6m  Depth  2m V 0.2d 0.8d
2

V  2V V
Depth  2m V 0.2d 0.6d 0.8d
4
Measurement of Stream Flow
Discharge - 1
 Stage – Discharge (Rating) Curve
A  bd
i i
Q VA
 Mid-Section
i i i Method
Q  Q  V A
i i i
i
Measurement of Stream Flow
Discharge - 2
(c) Mean-Section Method

b
A  (d  d )
i 2 i i 1
1
V  ( V  Vi  1)
i 2 i
Q VA
i i i
Q  Q
i
i
Measurement of Stream Flow
Discharge
By Manning formula:
- 3
(d) Area-Slope
1
 h 
1Method
2L
QK S 2  K 
f L

where
1
K  (K  K ) 2
1 2
1 2
K  A R 3 , i  1, 2
i n i i
i
K1  K2 if flow cross-section is not uniform, minor loss should
be subtracted from hL.
Measurement of Stream Flow
Discharge -4
(e) By hydraulic Structure:
Weirs, Parshall Flume, etc.

Weir equation: Q  C L H ;   1.5.

❖Chemical Dilution Method

CoQo =C1Q1

Where Co = chemical concentration at the source;

Qo = rate of chemical being discharged;
C1 = chemical concentration at downstream measurement
point;
Q1 = flow discharge in the river.
Hydraulic Structures for
Discharge Measurement
Regime Theory
- W = aQb ; D = cQf ; V = kQm

Q = VWD  ack = 1.0

subject to b+f+m = 1.0

Generally applicable up to mean annual

discharge. For flows larger than the mean
annual discharge, different relationships
exist.
Extension of Rating Curve
  During the event of large flood, it is
impossible or impractical to measure
discharge directly. More often than not, the
flood stage goes beyond the range of the
data range used to define the rating curve.
Therefore, extrapolation of the ration curve
is needed when water level is recorded
below the lowest or above the highest
level.
 A D
Steven Extension
Based on Chezy formula, Q  AC RS

with A = flow cross-section area; C = Chezy Coefficient; R =

hydraulic radius, A/P; and S = channel slope.

For a given section,C S = constant whereas for a wide

channel (W>10D) RD. Therefore,
QKA D
Q

K
1
A D
Example (Extension of Rating
Curve)