2. Metode Sintesis ......................................................................................

35
3. Relasi Ganda Metode Analisis dan Sintesis..........................................36
C. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................... 42
D. Suggested Reading ........................................................................................... 43
E. Latihan ............................................................................................................... 44
F. Daftar Istilah ..................................................................................................... 44
BAB V EPISTEMOLOGI ........................................................................ 45
A. Standar Kompetensi ........................................................................................ 45
B. Uraian Materi .................................................................................................... 45
1. Terjadinya Pengetahuan ........................................................................48
2. Teori Kebenaran ....................................................................................53
3. Jenis-Jenis Pengetahuan .........................................................................56
C. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................... 63
D. Suggested Reading ........................................................................................... 66
E. Latihan ............................................................................................................... 67
F. Daftar Istilah ..................................................................................................... 67
BAB VI ALIRAN-ALIRAN EPISTEMOLOGI....................................... 68
A. Standar Kompetensi ........................................................................................ 68
B. Uraian Materi .................................................................................................... 68
1. Rasionalisme ...........................................................................................70
2. Empirisme ..............................................................................................76
3. Positivisme..............................................................................................80
4. Intuisionisme ..........................................................................................81
5. Kritisme ..................................................................................................82
6. Idealisme .................................................................................................83
7. Fenomenalisme ......................................................................................83
8. Skeptisisme .............................................................................................85
9. Agnostisisme ..........................................................................................86

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 10. Objektivisme ..........................................................................................88
11. Subjektivisme..........................................................................................90
12. Pragmatisme ...........................................................................................91
13. Scientisme ...............................................................................................91
14. Anti-Intelektualisme ..............................................................................92
15. Fallibilisme ..............................................................................................93
16. Teori Kritis .............................................................................................94
C. Rangkuman ....................................................................................................... 94
D. Suggested Reading ........................................................................................... 96
E. Latihan ............................................................................................................... 98
F. Daftar Istilah ..................................................................................................... 98
BAB V ONTOLOGI ................................................................................ 100
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................100
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................100
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................112
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................112
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................113
F. Daftar Istilah ...................................................................................................113
BAB VI AKSIOLOGI............................................................................... 115
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................115
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................115
1. Kaitan Aksiologi dengan nilai .............................................................115
2. Etika ......................................................................................................121
3. Pancasila dan Reformasi Bangsa .........................................................125
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................134
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................135
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................136
F. Daftar Istilah ...................................................................................................136

v
UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER .............................................................. 138
BAB VII TEORI-TEORI TENTANG NILAI ....................................... 139
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................139
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................139
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................154
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................154
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................155
BAB VIII METAFISIKA ......................................................................... 156
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................156
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................156
1. Idea Plato ..............................................................................................156
2. Pancasila Sebagai “Idea”Nya Bangsa Indonesia ................................165
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................170
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................171
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................173
BAB IX FILSAFAT YUNANI (PRA SOCRATES, SOCRATES, PLATO,
DAN ARISTOTELES) ............................................................................ 174
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................174
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................174
1. Socrates (470-400 SM) .........................................................................180
2. Plato (428-348 SM) ..............................................................................182
3. Aristoteles (384-322 SM) .....................................................................187
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................188
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................189
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................190
BAB X FILSAFAT ABAD PERTENGAHAN ........................................ 191
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................191
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................191
1. Masa Patristik ......................................................................................192

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 2. Masa Skolastik.....................................................................................195
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................206
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................208
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................208
BAB XI FILSAFAT MODERN ..............................................................209
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................209
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................209
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................215
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................216
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................217
BAB XII FILSAFAT ISLAM ................................................................... 218
A. Standar Kompetensi ......................................................................................218
B. Uraian Materi ..................................................................................................218
C. Rangkuman .....................................................................................................243
D. Suggested Reading .........................................................................................244
E. Latihan .............................................................................................................244
UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER...................................................................245
PENUTUP...............................................................................................246
DAFTAR PUSTAKA................................................................................247
INDEKS ...................................................................................................248
RIWAYAT HIDUP ..................................................................................250

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 BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang

Bila dilihat dari aktivitasnya filsafat merupakan suatu cara berfikir yang
mempunyai karakteristik tertentu. Menurut Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana syarat-syarat
berfikir yang disebut berfilsafat yaitu : a) Berfikir dengan teliti, dan b) Berfikir
menurut aturan yang pasti. Dua ciri tersebut menandakan berfikir yang insaf, dan
berfikir yang demikianlah yang disebut berfilsafat. Sementara itu Sidi Gazalba
(1976) menyatakan bahwa ciri ber-Filsafat atau berfikir Filsafat adalah : radikal,
sistematik, dan universal. Radikal bermakna berfikir sampai ke akar-akarnya
(Radix artinya akar), tidak tanggung-tanggung sampai dengan berbagai
konsekwensinya dengan tidak terbelenggu oleh berbagai pemikiran yang sudah
diterima umum, Sistematik artinya berfikir secara teratur dan logis dengan urutan-
urutan yang rasional dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, Universal artinya berfikir
secara menyeluruh tidak pada bagian-bagian khusus yang sifatnya terbatas.

Sementara itu Sudarto (1996) menyatakan bahwa ciri-ciri berfikir Filsafat

adalah :

a) Metodis : menggunakan metode, cara, yang lazim digunakan oleh filsuf

(akhli filsafat) dalam proses berfikir

b) Sistematis : berfikir dalam suatu keterkaitan antar unsur-unsur dalam

suatu keseluruhan sehingga tersusun suatu pola pemikiran Filsufis.

c) Koheren : diantara unsur-unsur yang dipikirkan tidak terjadi sesuatu

yang bertentangan dan tersusun secara logis.

d) Rasional : mendasarkan pada kaidah berfikir yang benar dan logis (sesuai
dengan kaidah logika).