Bahanajar 1629082146

CHAPTER I
TENSES (Bentuk waktu)
Tenses adalah bentuk-bentuk waktu di dalam bahasa inggris yang

berfungsi untuk menyatakan kapan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan itu terjadi.
Pada dasarnya tenses dibagi menjadi tiga jenis waktu, yaitu Present tense
(untuk waktu yang sekarang), Past tense (untuk waktu yang sudah
lewat/terjadi), dan Future tense (untuk waktu yang akan terjadi / waktu yang
akan datang). Sementara berdasarkan sifat kejadian, tenses dibagi menjadi
empat, yaitu Simple tense (untuk kejadian yang bersifat umum dan tidak
sedang dalam proses), Continuous tense (untuk kejadian yang sedang dalam
proses), Perfect tense (untuk kejadian yang sudah selesai), dan Perfect
Continuous tense (untuk kejadian yang telah dimulai pada suatu waktu tertentu
dan masih berlangsung pada suatu waktu tertentu pula). Total jumlah
keseluruhan sebenarnya ada 16 tenses, namun dibawah ini akan dijelaskan
hanya 9 tenses saja.
1.Simple Present Tense

: tells about daily activity or habit (untuk menyatakan kegiatan sehari-hari
atau kebiasaan yang sering dilakukan setiap hari).
a. Verbal (Menggunakan kata kerja)

Formula :
(+) S + V1 + s/es
(-) S + do/does + not + V1
(?) Do/Does + S + V1
Example :
(+) She buys a book
(-) She does not buy a book
(?) Does she buy a book ?
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b. Nominal (Menggunakan Tobe)
Formula :
(+) S + tobe (is/am/are) + Comp
(--) S + tobe + not + Comp
(?) Tobe + S + Comp ?
Example :
(+) I am a pilot
(--) I am not a pilot
(?) Am I a pilot ? / Are you a pilot?
Time signal :
- Everyday
- Every times
- Every month
- Every years
- Today
- On Wednesday
- On july
- At one o’clock
- Never
- Ever
- Always
- Sometimes
- etc
2.Present Continuous Tense

: Untuk menceritakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di masa sekarang
Formula :
(+) S + tobe (is/am/are) + Ving
(--) S + tobe + not + Ving
(?) Tobe + S +Ving ?
Example :
(+) They are playing football
(-) They are not playing football
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(?) Are they playing football ?
Time signal :
- Now
- Right now
- At present
3.Present Perfect Tense

: Untuk menceritakan kejadian yang sudah terjadi di masa lampau dan
masih ada hubungannya dengan masa sekarang atau sampai saat ini masih
berlangsung.
Formula :
(+) S + have/has + V3
(--) S + have/has + not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3 ?
Example :
(+) She has lived in Lombok since 2016
(-) She has not lived in Lombok since 2016
(?) Has she lived in Lombok since 2016 ?
Time signal :
- Already
- Since
- Finally / at last
- For...
- Just
- etc
4.Simple Past Tense

: to tells past event (untuk menceritakan kejadian yang telah terjadi di
masa lampau).
a. Verbal (Menggunakan kata kerja)

Formula :
(+) S + V2
(--) S + did + not + V1
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(?) Did + S + V1 ?
Example :
(+) She bought a book
(-) She did not buy a book
(?) Did she buy a book ?
b. Nominal (Menggunakan Tobe)

Formula :
(+) S + tobe (was/were) + Comp
(--) S + tobe + not + Comp
(?) Tobe + S + Comp ?
Example :
(+) I was a pilot
(-) I was not a pilot
(?) Was I a pilot ?
Time signal :
- Yesterday
- Last...
- ... a go
- Etc
5.Past Continuous Tense

: Untuk menceritakan kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung
di masa lampau
Formula :
(+) S + tobe (was/were) + Ving
(--) S + tobe + not + Ving
(?) Tobe + S +Ving ?
Example :
(+) They were playing football
(-) They were not playing football
(?) Were they playing football ?
Compiled by Sir | 4
6.Past Perfect Tense
: Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan yang sudah selesai
dilakukan di masa lampau
Formula :
(+) S + had + V3
(--) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3 ?
Example :
(+) She had bought a book
(-) She had not bought a book
(?) Had she bought a book ?
Time signal :
- Before
- After
- When
- Until
7.Future tense (will)

Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas yang akan dilakukan dimasa yang
akan datang secara spontanitas (tidak direncanakan secara spesifik).
Formula :
(+) S + will + V1
(--) S + will + not + V1
(?) Will + S + V1 ?
Example :
(+) She will buy a book
(-) She will not buy a book
(?) Will she buy a book ?
Time signal :
- Tomorrow
- Next...
- Later
- Soon
Compiled by Sir | 5
- Tonight
8.Future be + going to
Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang akan dilakukan
dimasa yang akan datang secara priotitas dan spesifik (direncanakan).
Formula :
(+) S + be (is/am/are) + going to + V1
(--) S + be + not + going to + V1
(?) Tobe + S + going to + V1 ?
Example :
(+) She is going to buy a book
(-) She is not going to buy a book
(?) Is she going to buy a book ?
#Perbedaan Future “will” and “be going to”
a. To express a PREDICTION : Use either WILL or GOING TO.

(a) According to the weather report, it When the speaker is making a
prediction ( a statement about
will be cloudy tomorrow.
something s/he thinks will be true or
(b) According to the weather report, it will occur in the future), either will or
be going to is possible.
is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
There is no difference in meaning
(c) Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself! between (a) and (b).
There is no difference in meaning
(d) Watch out! You’re going to hurt
between (c) and (d).
yourself!
b. To express a PRIOR PLAN : Use only BE GOING TO

(e) A : Why did you buy this paint? When the speaker is expressing a
B : I’m going to paint my bedroom prior plan ( something the speaker
tomorrow. intends to do in the future because in
(f) I talked to Bob yesterday. He is the past s/he made a plan or decission
tired of taking the bus to work. He’s to do it), only be going to is used.*
going to buy a car. That’s what he In (e): Speaker B has made a prior
told me. plan. Last week she decided to paint
Compiled by Sir | 6
her bedroom. She intends to paint it
tomorrow.
In (f): The speaker knows Bob intends
to buy a car. Bob made the decision in
the past, and he plans to act on this
decision in the future.
Will is not appropriate in (e) and (f).
c. To express WILLINGNESS: Use only WILL

(g) A : The phone is ringing In (g): speaker B is saying “ I am
B : I’ll get it willing, I am happy to get the phone.”
(h) A : I don’t understand this problem. He is not making a prediction. He has
B : Ask your teacher about it. made no prior plan to answer the
She’ll help you. phone. He is, instead, volunteering to
answer the phone and using will to
show his willingness.
In (h): Speaker B feels sure about the
teacher’s willingness to help. Be
going to is not appropriate in (g) and
(h).
Compare :
Situation 1: A : Are you busy this morning?
B : Yes, I’m going to meet Jack at the library at seven. We’re
going to study together.
 In situation 1, only be going to is possible. The speaker has a prior plan,

so he uses be going to
Situation 2: A : Are you busy this morning?

B : Well, I really haven’t made any plans. I’ll eat or I’m going to
eat dinner, of course probably watch or I’ll probably going to
watch TV for a little while.
Compiled by Sir | 7
 In Situation 2, either will or be going to is possible. Speaker B has not
planned his evening. He is predicting his evening (rather than stating any
prior plans), so he may use either will or be going to.
9.Future Perfect tense
: Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang akan sudah
selesai terjadi di waktu yang akan datang
Formula :
(+) S + will have + V3
(--) S + will + not + have + V3
(?) Will + S + have + V3 ?
Example :
(+) They will have bought the car by next month
(-) They will not have bought the car by next month
(?) Will they have bought the car by next month?
Time signal :
- By...
- By next...
- In...
#Note :
Is untuk subjek She, he, It

Am untuk subjek I
Are untuk subjek You, We, They
Was untuk subjek I, She, He, It
Were untuk subjek You, We, They
Do untuk subjek I, You, We, They
Does untuk subjek She, He, It
Did untuk semua subjek
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EXERCISE I
Translate these sentences into English using 9 tenses!
1. Kami bekerja sangat keras
2. Dia (pr) menari tarian tradisional
3. Saya belajar bahasa Inggris
4. Guru saya berdiri di depan kelas
5. Kucing itu memanjat sebuah dinding
EXERCISE II
Change the verbs in the parentheses base on the tense or time signal!
1. Nabila…........ (Not/be) in her room tomorrow.

2. …......Chandra and Cici (sit)..........on the table now?
3. The aquarium ……… (break) because of my fault last month.
4. Did the baby (fall)......... down when his mother (cook)......... in the kitchen?
6. Siti never…………… (like) Saropi because of his attitude.
7. ........ my uncle and my father…………… (Go) to fishing today?
8. (Be)………… the ants in the vase everytime?
9. She…………………… (Not/be) in her room every morning.
10. I and my sister………………………… (Not/know) about the accident.
11. I…………… (Be) in the library every evening.
12. Solihin………………(be) in his room yesterday.
13. Nanang Kosim (work).................. at Indomaret since 2017.
14. My friend and I……………………………(not/Be) on the stage last night.
15.(Be)………………… I at the field two days ago ?
16. She (give) ....................a prize to her boyfriend two months later.
17. This computer (turn on)………while I (take)...............some meal in the
kitchen.
18. We (wash) .................... the floor when my friends (stand) ............ at the
field.
19. .............. Susi ................. (do) her duty two hours ago?
20. What..................he ................... (think) about her just now?
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21. Solihin………………(be) in his room everyday.
22. My friend and I…………………………(not/Be) on the stage tonight.
23.(Be)………………… I at the field two days ago ?
24. This computer………………………(not/give) any information for one hour.
25. I ..................... (clean) the room before mother went home.
Compiled by Sir | 10
CHAPTER II
PASSIVE VOICE (Auxiliary + V3)
: Ketika Subject dikenai perlakuan / tindakan oleh agent / object.
a. Passive voice in One Object
Tense Active Passive

Simple Present S + V1 S + TOBE + V3
Simple Past S + V2 S + TOBE + V3
Present Continuous S + TOBE + VING S + TOBE + being + V3
Past Continuous S + TOBE + VING S + TOBE + being + V3
Present Perfect S + have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + V3
Past Perfect S + had + V3 S + had + been + V3
Future Will S + will + V1 S + will + be + V3
Future Be going to S + be + Going to + V1 S + be + going to + be + V3
Future Perfect S + will have + V3 S + will have + been + V3
Example:
Active Passive
Susi writes a letter -

She is writing a letter -
She has written a letter -
She wrote a letter -
She was writing a letter -
She had written a letter -
She will write a letter -
She is going to write a letter -
She will have written a letter -
They study English -
They studied English -
They is studying English -
They was studying English -
They have studied English -
They had studied English -
They are going to studyEnglish -
They will study English -
They will have studied English -
#Note:
- In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the
passive verb: a letter or English becomes the subject of the passive
verb.
- Notice that the subject of an active verb follows by in a passive
sentence. The noun that follows by is called the “agent”
b. Passive voice in Two Objects (Direct Object & Indirect Object)
“When there are two objects in an active sentence so there will be two
possible passive sentences.”
Indirect Object (I.O) is very often a person and Direct Object (D.O) is a
things. When a direct object is followed by an indirect object, we have to put “to”
in front of the indirect object. Look (b)
Example:
Active : The Professor gave the students the books
Passive : a. The students were given the books by the Professor
b. The books were given to the students by the Professor
Active : He will take me the flower
Passive : a. I will be taken the flower by him
b. The flower will be taken to me by him

EXERCISE I
Change the following sentences from the active voice to the passive voice. Be
sure to keep the same tense!
1. Budi delivers the mail every day.
2. Fire destroyed that house
3. The audience enjoyed the concert very much
4. Annisa took that book from the table
5. Susi will eat the cake
6. Bejo has finished the homework
7. Mr. Dafi will leave the tickets at the airport.
8. The police easily captured the thief
9. Mrs. Smith saw the accident
10. Somebody has taken my book
11. The cat catches the mouse quickly
12. She is going to sell a bag tomorrow
13. Andini and Surya have known the information from TV.
14. My teacher was asking me to answer the questions
15. Father sat on the chair yesterday
16. I will do homework next week.
17. He had drunk a glass of milk.
18. We are cutting the tree now.
19. An elephant hits the tiger with his trunk.
20. They saw the man last night
EXERCISE II
Change these sentences into active form!
1. The house is haunted by ghost
2. The mystery is solved by detective
3. This handbag was made by grandma
4. The women was muedered by someone
5. Corn is grown by people in many part of Indonesia
6. You have been inveted by someone to dinner tomorrow
7. The house is being painted bright yellow by some men
8. The answer must be wrote on the answer sheet by you
9. The shops is not opened in the independence day
10. The jogger was not biten by the dog
11. Will the pipes be installed today by the plumber?
12. Indonesia’s independence had been proclaimed by Soekarno in 1945.
13. Where the wedding party will be held by them?
14. When the computer was invented by someone?
15. Have you ever been beaten by Irma at tennis?
EXERCISE III
Find the indirect object and direct object in each sentence and make the
passive form!
1. The waiters brought Fred a big steak.
2. Michael has sent me the file.
3. Kevin asks Dennis a question.
4. My father will buy the man some meal.
5. The man is throwing the dog a stone.
6. Our teacher was announcing us the announcement
7. I had told my friend a good idea.
8. They offered Simon a job.
9. Aldo lent the boy a ball.
10. My boss has showed Ann the new computer.
11. Indiana University has awarded Peggy a scholarship.
12. Some company paid Goerge three hundred dollars in consulting fees.
13. Someone has given Maria a promotion at her job as a computer

programmer.
14. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.
15. Someone will have given the starving people a week’s supply of rice.
16. Someone cooked the girl a plate of pizza.
17. The teacher is teaching us Mathematic.
18. Somebody tells him the truth today.
19. I was telling my sons a story about Malin Kundang.
20. They will send you a bill at the end of month.
CHAPTER III
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
( “if” Sentences )
Digunakan untuk memprediksi sesuatu yang dapat terjadi, sesuatu yang

mungkin terjadi, dan sesuatu yang kita harapkan untuk terjadi.
There are 4 main types of IF sentences in English, often called
conditional sentences. These are in two halves (clauses):
1. The if part (if clause)
2. The other part where you can use words such as can, will, may, might,
could, and would (main clause)
1. Zero Conditional ( Kebenaran Umum)

Is a structure used for talking about general truth – things which always
happen under certain conditions (note that most zero conditional sentences will
mean the same thing if “when” is used instead of “if”). The zero conditional is
used to talk about things which are always true, scientific facts, general truths,
and so on.
Form :
If + Simple Present + Simple Present
When + Simple Present + Simple Present
Example :
- If you heat ice, it melts / When you heat ice, it melts
- If it rains, the grass gets wet / When it rains, the grass gets wet
- Mother feels alone when I go abroad / If I go abroad, mother feels alone
2. Type 1 Conditional (for the possible future)

Is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the
future. The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the
present or in the future which may happen.
Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan atau mengandaikan sesuatu yang
belum terjadi sekarang tapi memiliki kemungkinan terjadi di masa yang akan
datang. Kalimat ini menjelaskan pernyataan suatu pola sebab akibat.
Form ( If + Simple Present + Simple Future)
Example :
- If I find her address, I will send an invitation
- If my father gets the project, he will buy a new yacth
- My brother will give me a reward if I pass the exam.
3. Type 2 Conditional ( for the unreal present )

Is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in present or future.
The second conditional is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or
not possible) in present or in future – things which don’t or won’t happen.
Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi
atau yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan di masa sekarang (khayalan)
maupun yang akan datang.
Form ( If + Simple Past + Past Future)
Example :
- If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so tired.
- If I spoke Italian, I would be work in Italy.
- She would go with me if she had time.
4. Type 3 Conditional ( for the unreal past )

Is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. The
third conditional is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the
past.
Digunakan untuk mengandaikan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi atau tidak
terjadi di masa lalu. Kalimat pengandaian ini biasanya digunakan untuk
menyatakan kalimat penyesalan.
Form ( If + Past Perfect + Past Future Perfect )
Example :
- If we had known the information, we would have told to you.
- They would have gone to Bangkok if they had gotten the gold.
- If I had worked hard, I would have got the promotion for manager
position.
EXERCISE I
A. Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I) by putting the verbs into the
correct form!
1. If you (send) this letter now, she (receive) it tomorrow.
2. If I (do) this test, I (improve) my English.
3. If I (find) your ring, I (give) it back to you.
4. Peggy (go) shopping if she (have) time in the afternoon.
5. Simon (go) to London next week if he (get) a cheap flight.
6. If her boyfriend (phone / not) today, she (leave) him.
7. If they (study / not) harder, they (pass / not) the exam.
8. If it (rain) tomorrow, I (have to / not) water the plants.
9. You (be able/ not) to sleep if you (watch) this scary film.
10. Susan (can / move / not) into the new house if it (be / not)
ready on time.
B. Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type II) by putting the verbs into the
correct form!
1. If we (have) a yacht, we (sail) the seven seas.
2. If he (have) more time, he (learn) karate.
3. If they (tell) their father, he (be) very angry.
4. She (spend) a year in the USA if it (be) easier to get a

green card.
5. If I (live) on a lonely island, I (run) around naked all day.
6. We (help) you if we (know) how.
7. My brother (buy) a sports car if he (have) the money.
8. If I (feel) better, I (go) to the cinema with you.
9. If you (go) by bike more often, you (be / not) so flabby.
10. She (not / talk) to you if she (be) mad at you.
C. Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into
the correct form!
1. If you (study) for the test, you (pass) it.
2. If you (ask) me, I (help) you.
3. If we (go) to the cinema, we (see) my friend Jacob.
4. If you (speak) English, she (understand) .
5. If they (listen) to me, we (be) home earlier.
6. I (write) you a postcard if I (have) your address.
7. If I (not / break) my leg, I (take part) in the contest.
8. If it (not/ start) to rain, we (walk) to the museum.
9. We (swim) in the sea if there (not / be) so many sharks

there.
10. If she (take) the bus, she (not / arrive) on time.

EXERCISE II
Supply the correct form of the verb in the parentheses for each of the following
sentences!
1. If we had left the house earlier, they……………….(be/not) so late getting to
the ship.
2. If I finish the assignment before Saturday, I………………..(submit) it to my
lecturer.
3. If I had seen the concert, I………………..(tell) you about it last night.
4. If Juki had not interfered in his brother’s marital problems,
there…………………(be) peace between them.
5. She would give you the money if she……………………(have) it.
6. They would call you immediately if they………………….(need) help.
7. If my mother had arrived at the sale early, she……………….(find) a better
dress.
8. If you have enough time, please…………………..(clean) your room before
you go to school.
9. They could go for a drive if today…………………(be) Sunday.
10. If I win the prize, it will be because I………………………(write) very well.
11. If your sister………………….(buy) that chocolate for you, will you be happy?
12. If she…………………..(decide) earlier, she could have left on the morning
flight.
13. If I had known his address, I…………….(write) him a letter.
14. If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain………………………(leak) inside.
15. My cat always sleeps if it……………………(watch) drama on TV.
16. If you………….(see) John tonight, please ask him to call his mother.
17. If I……………(do) a good job, I would get the raise.
18. My lecturer will not accept my work if I…………….(submit) it in late.
19. If we had known her, we……………………(talk) to her.
20. They would understand it if you……………….(explain) it to them more
slowly.
21. If I……………..(rich), I would travel around the world.
22. She would have understood her English teacher if she………………(speak)
slowly.
23. If my headache disappeared, I……………………(play) tennis this morning.
24. If today………………….(be) Sunday, we could go to the beach.
25. We……………….(go) tonight if we didn’t have to study.
26. If the fireman hadn’t arrived earlier, they…………………(save/not) the
house.
27. Peter……………..(pass) the examination if he studied well.
28. Roni could win the competition if he…………………(practice) more.
29. We wouldn’t know that our parents came if my
teacher………………..(tell/not) us.
30. Don’t expect too much if you………………(want) to be happy.
31. I had known that Desti was a liar, I………………(tell) my secret.
32. If she………………(know) there was a test, she would have prepared for it
well.
33. We……………..(do) our work if our computer had not broken down.
34. If he…………….(be) more confident during the interview, he might have the
job he wanted.
35. They would have lost their bag if they…………………..(leave) it in the hotel.
EXERCISE III
Choose the correct answer!
1. If Risa … on time, I will be happy.
a. Come
b. Comes
c. Came
2. If Risa has much time, she will … you.
a. Help
b. Helps
c. Helped
3. If you … study hard, you will not pass the test.
a. Didn’t
b. Doesn’t
c. Don’t
4. If the game … good, I will … it.
a. Are – play
b. Is – plays
c. Is – play
5. If I … much money, I will … a new smartphone.
a. Has – buy
b. Have – buy
c. Have – buys
6. If she …. , I won’t be angry.
a. Don’t come
b. Don’t comes
c. Doesn’t come
d. Doesn’t comes
7. If I can reach the target, my boss will give me reward.
a. True
b. False
8. My boss will give me reward, if I can reach the target.
a. True
b. False
9. If I invite you, will you come?

a. True
b. False
10. What will you do if you miss the plane?
a. True
b. False
EXERCISE IV
Make a conditional sentence according to each fact!
1. I won’t go to the beach with my sister because I have some homework
2. He did not have enough free time so he would not go to that party.
3. Tari brought a lot of money so she would buy the car.
4. Nurma will not bake some cookies because you don’t give her the
ingredients.
5. I am not very busy because my nephew is not here.
6. Alan and Doni fight against each other that’s why Rina is sad.
7. Mr. Setiawan would not move to Japan because he did not promoted to be
the manager of the branch there.
8. You cheated in the test so Mrs. Smith would punish you.
9. We got a bad score for an English test so we would do the remedial test.
10. The toddler is not sleepy so she will not cry loudly.
CHAPTER IV
Conditional Sentences
Using As if / As thought (Seolah - olah )
: use to talk about an imaginary situation or a situation that may not be

true but this likely or possible (untrue). In this case, the verb usage is similar to
that in conditional sentences.
“TRUE” STATEMENT VERB FORM AFTER AS IF / AS THOUGHT

(a) He is not a child - She talked to him as if he were a child.
(b) She did not take a shower - When she came in from the rainstorm, she
with her clothes on. looked as if she had taken a shower with
her clothes on.
(c) He has met her. - He acted as thought he had never met
(d) She will be here. her.
- She spoke as if she wouldn’t be here.
Example :
- It looks as if / as thought they have had a shock.
- The floods were rising and it was as if / as thought the end of the world.
- She felt as if / as thought all her worries had gone.
1. Present impossible / unreal

: untuk mengungkapkan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi di
masa sekarang.
Formula :
Simple present + as if / as thought + Past tense
S + V1 + As if / As thought + S + V2 / were
Fact :
S + do not / does not / (is/am/are) not
Example :
1. He speaks as if / as thought he knew the secret (+)
Fact : - He doesn’t know (-)
2. They are sleeping in the classroom as if / as thought the teacher were not in
the class. (-)
Fact : - The teacher is in the class (+)
2. Past impossible / unreal

: untuk mengungkapkan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi di
masa lalu.
Formula :
Past tense + as if / as thought + Past perfect
S + V2 + as if / as thought + S + had + V3 / had + been
Fact :
S + did not + V1 / (was / were) not
Example :
1. He seemed as if / as thought he hadn’t slept for days (-)
Fact : - He slept for days (+)
2. The old lady delivered a speech as if / as thought she had won an
achievement.(+)
Fact : - She didn’t win an achievement.(-)
EXERCISE I :
Open the brackets. Pay attention to the comments given in brackets.
1) He behaves as if she _______ (be) the boss here. (But she isn't the boss or
we don't know whether she is the boss or not.)
2) He talks as though he _______ (know) who Jane was. (But he doesn't
know or we don't know whether he knows or not.)
3) He looks at me as if I _______ (be) guilty. (But I am not guilty.)
4) He talks about Rome as though he _________________ (be) there himself.
(But he hasn't or probably hasn't or we don't know whether he has or not.)
5) I remember stepping off the boat in New York as if it _______ (be)
yesterday.
6) He behaves as if he _______ (own) the place.
(But he doesn’t own it or probably doesn’t own it or we don’t know whether
he owns it or not.)
7) He orders me about as if I _______ (be) his wife. (But I am not.)
8) His older brother always treats him as if he _______ (be) a child.
(He is not a child, but his brother often talks to him like a child.)
9) She spoke to me as if she _______ (know) me, but I had never met her
before.
10) He was crying as though he _______ (be) mad. (But he isn’t mad.)
11) I can’t put up with your behaviour. You order about as if you _______
(be) the boss, which you are not.
12) Is Andrea feeling well? I spoke to her today and it sounded as
if she _______ (be) getting a cold.
13) The airplanes were so close together it looked as if they _______
(be) going to crash!
14) She’s behaving as if she _______ (be) the Queen of England!
15) She described it as if she ______________________ (see) it all with her
own eyes.
16) She loves them as though they _______ (be) her children. (But she is
childless.)
17) He looks as if he _______ (be) old and sick. (But he is 25 and quite
healthy.)
EXERCISE II :
Combine the following sentences using as if / as though!
1. We had met before. Yet, he treated me rather strangely.
2. He screamed in great fright. One might think he had seen a ghost.
3. He was not ill. Still he walked very slowly.
4. He spends lavishly. But he is not a millionaire.
5. He is not mad. He behaves like a madman.
6. The boys shouted loudly. One might think that they had won a prize.
7. He is not blind. Still he walks with a stick.
8. He sat there smiling. One might think that it was his birthday.
9. I wasn’t run over by a ten-ton truck. I feel terrible. I feel ...
10. English is not her native tongue. She speaks English...
11. You didn’t see a ghost. What’s the matter? You look ...
12. His animals aren’t people. I know a farmer who talks to his animals ...
13. His father is not a general in the army. Sometimes his father gives orders ...
14. He does not have a brain in his head. Sometimes he acts ...
15. A giant bulldozer didn’t drive down Main Street. After the tornado, the town
looked ...
16. I don’t have wings and can’t fly. I was so happy that I felt ...
17. The child won’t burst. The child was so excited that he looked ...
18. I didn’t climb Mt. Everest. When I reached the fourth floor, I was winded. I
felt ....... instead of just three flights of stairs.
19. We haven’t known each other all of our lives. We became good friends
almost immediately. After talking to each other for only a short time, we
felt ....
20. You look very confident. You will pass the exam.
CHAPTER V
Conditional Sentence
Using Wish (Berharap )
Wish is used when the speaker wants reality to be different, to be exactly

the oppsite.
“TRUE” STATEMENT VERB FORM FOLLOWING WISH
A wish (a) She will not tell me I wish (that) she would tell me
about the (b) He isn’t going to be here I wish he were going to be here
future (c) She can’t come tomorrow I wish she could come tomorrow
A wish (d) I don’t know French I wish I knew French
about the (e) It is raining right now I wish it weren’t training right now
present (f) I can’t speak Japanese I wish I could speak Japanese
A wish (g) John didn’t come I wish John had come
about the (h) Mary couldn’t come I wish Mary could have come
past
“Wish is followed by noun clause. Past verb forms, similar to those in

conditional sentences, are used in the noun clause. For example, in (a): would,
the past form of will, is used to make a wish about the future. In (d): the simple
past (knew) is used to make a wish about the present. In (g): (had come)
isused to make a wish about the past.”
1. Future impossible / unreal

: untuk mengungkapkan harapan yang tidak mungkin terjadi di masa
depan.
Formula :
S + wish + (that) + S + would / could + V1 / be
Fact :
S + will not / can not + V1 / be
Example :
1. I do not like this place. I wish (that) I could go home soon. (+)
Fact : I can not go home soon. (-)
2. Present impossible / unreal
sekarang.
Formula :
S + wish + (that) + S + V2 / were
Fact :
S + do not / does not + V1
S + were not
Example :
1. Joana wishes she were not busy (-)
Fact : She is so busy (+)
2. Everyone wishes they had much money (+)
Fact : They don’t have much money (-)
3. Past impossible / unreal

yang telah lalu / masa lampau.
Formula :
S + wish + (that) + S + had + V3 / had + been
Fact :
S + did not + V1 / (was/were) not
Example :
1. I wish I had worked harder when I was in Japan (+)
Fact : I didn’t work harder (-)
2. They wish that they had not been so lazy to finish it (-)
Fact : They were so lazy (+)
EXERCISE I :
Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect form of the verbs in
brackets. Use contractions where possible.
1. I wish we (not have) a test today.
2. I wish these exercises (not be) so difficult.
3. I wish we (live) near the beach.
4. Do you ever wish you (can travel) more?
5. I wish I (be) better at maths.
6. I wish we (not have to) wear a school uniform.
7. Sometimes I wish I (can fly).
8. I wish we (can go) to Disney World.
9. Alice didn't get a good grade. She wishes she (work)

harder.
10. Tom likes football very much. He wishes he (become) a

professional football player.
11. He was running very fast when he had a heart attack. If only he
(not/run) so fast.
12. She's keen on computers. She wishes she (study)

computer science next school year.
13. I am sorry I don’t know how to use the computer. If only I
(know) how to use it.
14. I stayed late at work and missed the last bus. I wish I
(stay) at work late

15. Our classroom doesn’t have any windows. I wish ourclassroom
windows.
CHAPTER VI
PAST TENSE Vs PAST CONTINUOUS

Past tense
- Usage / function : to express a single event or activity in past time.
- Formula : S + V2
- Time signal :
- Yesterday
- Last...
- ... a go
- This morning
Example :
- He had much money
- My teacher told the information
- She bought some apples
Past Continuous
- Usage / function : to tell about an activity still in progress in past time.
- Formula : S + tobe (was/were) + Ving
Was is used to single subject / noun
Were is used to plural subject / noun
- Time signal : When - while *
Example :
- They were studying English
- My mother was washing clothes
- I was playing football
# Sometimes the past continuous / progressive is used in both parts of a

sentence when two actions are in progress stimultaneously
(serentak/bersamaan).
Form :
- While + S + tobe + Ving (Past Continuous)
- When + S + V2 (Past tense)
Example :
- While I was studying in the class, my boyfriend was walking in front of
the class.
- When it began to rain, Rita was standing under the tree.
EXERCISE I
Test your knowledge on the Simple Past. After submitting your answers, you
will see how well you have done in the test!
Write the past forms of the irregular verbs.
1. feel →
2. cost →
3. drive →
4. catch →
5. feed →
Complete the table in simple past.
positive negative Introgative
The ship disappeared.
He did not criticise you.
Was Amy depressed?
She did not teach in

London.
Did the passengers

panic?
Put the sentences into simple past.
1. They repeat the question. →
2. She hugs her little brother. →
3. The snowman melts in the sun. →
4. The candle does not burn. →
5. Do they chat in a forum? →
Write sentences in simple past.
1. Jim / his head / cover
2. she / the chapter / copy
3. not / the clouds / disappear

4. he / to our question / refer
5. not / we / our punishment / escape
„Was“ or „Were“?
1. It the right thing to do.
2. The shop open.
3. The men very strong.
4. The weather great.
5. My father and I in the car.
Ask for the bold part of the sentence.
1. He clicked the mouse button.
2. Robby Robber robbed a bank.
3. The house burnt down.
4. The children respected their teacher.
5. They welcomed the new pupil warmly.
Before submitting the test, check the following:
 Got the spelling right?

 Put in the full stop or question mark where required?
 Used the correct key to type the apostrophe (Shift and #)?
EXERCISE II
Change the verbs in parentheses using simple past or past continuous!
1. While she (listen) ......... the song, the phone (ring) .........
2. When Roger (throw) ......... the ball, I (sit) ......... beside the field.
3. My brother and sister (argue) ......... about something when I (walk) ......... into
the room.
4. I got a package in the mail. When I (open) ......... it, I (find) .............. a
surprise.
5. While Mrs. Emerson (read) ............ the little boy a story, he (fall) ...............
asleep, so she (close) .................. the book and quietly.
6. I (slip) ............... on the ice while I (cross) .................... the street.
7. When I (sleep) .............., Indra (drive) .......................... car very fast.
8. It (fly) .................... above his house while his father (fix) .................... car.
9. The door (open) ...................... when the crocodile (attack).................. me.
10. While my teacher (explain) ....................... the lesson, Brian (play) ...............
his phone.
11. She (think) ..................... her problem when the class (end) ...............
12. I ... (come) home while my sister ... (water) houseplants.
13. Was Andra ... (drive) when you ... (call) him?
14. I ... (send) him an email with the file as soon as I ... (receive) the
confirmation.
15. At five o'clock this morning she ... (do) her homework.
16. Why ... you ... (not sleep) at 1 am yesterday?
17. My brother ... (brush) his teeth and then he ... (go) to bed.
18. Bobby … (lie) under the tree to sleep when a big leaf … (fall) onto his head.
19. While I … (walk) down the street, It … (begin) to rain.
20. … they still … (clean up) the mess at 10 am today?
21. The children … (play) in the playground at this time yesterday.
22. I ....... (be) very tired last night but my friend ........... (be).
23. It ........... (not rain) when I ............. (leave) school this afternoon.
24. She .............. (not see) me because she ............. (talk) to her friend.
25. I ............. (drive) home when I .................. (crash) my car into a tree.
26. I met my friend while I ................. (study) in Jakarta.
27. When I .............. (open) the window, I ................. (see) my friend.
28. I ............. (shower) when the telephone .................. (ring).
29. I .................. (break) my arm while I ..................... (play) football.
30. He ................ (submit) his application when I ........... (walk) behind the door.
EXERCISE III
Supply the verbs in the brackets into past tense or past continuous!
1. The receptionist (welcome) the guests and (ask) them to

fill in the form.
2. The car (break) down and we (have) to walk home.
3. The boys (swim) while the girls (sunbathe) .
4. My father (come) in, (look) around and (tell) me

to tidy up my room.
5. As long as one group (prepare) dinner, the others (collect)

wood for their campfire.
6. While the parents (have) breakfast, their children (run)

about.
7. Martha (turn) off the lights and (go) to bed.
8. When I (do) the washing-up, I (break) a plate.
9. While Tom (play) the piano, his mother (do) the washing-

up.
10. He (drink) some juice and then he (eat) a few chips.
11. I (have) dinner when I suddenly (hear) a loud bang.
12. When my father (work) in the garden, an old
friend (pass) by to see him.
13. She (go) to school, (take) out her textbook
and (begin) to learn.
14. When it (start) to rain, our dog (want) to come inside.
15. When Jane (do) a language course in Ireland, she (visit)

Blarney Castle.
16. When I (be) on my way home, I (see) an accident.
17. I (not / understand) what they (talk) about.
18. When I (get) up yesterday, the sun (shine) .

19. It (is) a beautiful morning.
20. So I (decide) to cycle around a little.
21. I (go) to the shed and (take) out my bike.
22. While I (cycle) past some villages, I (see) some people in

their gardens.
23. One man (mow) the grass while his wife (pick)

strawberries.
24. After one hour of cycling in sunshine, a big fat raincloud
suddenly (appear) and it (start) to rain.
25. Luckily, a farmer (notice) me and (tell) me to come in.
26. While it (rain) outside, I (sit) in the farmer's house.
27. After a while, the sun (come) out again.
28. I (thank) the farmer for his hospitality and (move) on.
29. While Tom (read) , Amely (watch) a documentary on TV.
30. Marvin (come) home, (switch) on the computer
and (check) his emails.
31. The thief (sneak) into the house, (steal) the jewels
and (leave) without a trace.
32. Nobody (listen) while the teacher (explain) the tenses.
33. While we (do) a sight-seeing tour, our friends (lie) on the

beach.
34. He (wake) up and (look) at his watch.
35. When he (go) to school, my father (repair) his car.
CHAPTER VII
PAST PERFECT Vs PAST TENSE

1. Past Perfect
: Digunakan untuk membahas kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi

sebelum masa lampau (Past tense) dan sudah selesai dimasa lampau tersebut.
Past perfect  Past tense  Present tense
Form :
Had + Past participle (V3)
Examples :
- You had studied English before you moved to New York.

- You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
- Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
a. Use 1 completed action before something in the past
X
Past Present Future
The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before
another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a
specific time in the past.
Examples :
- I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kuta.

- I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
- A : Had you ever visited the U.S before your trip in 2006?
B : Yes, I had been to the U.S once before.
b. Use 2 duration before something in the past (Non-Continuous Verbs)
X
Past Present Future
With non-continuous verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed

verbs , we use the past perfect to show that something started in the past and
continued up until another action in the past.
Examples :
- We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
- By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over
eight years.
- They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for
more than forty years.
Although the above use of past perfect is normally limited to non-

continuous verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, the words “live,”
“work,” “teach,” and “study” are sometimes used in this way even though they
are NOT non-continuous verbs.
c. IMPORTANT specific times with the past perfect
X X
Past Present Future
Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or
phrases with the past perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not
necessary.
Example :
- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved
in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the past perfect action did occur at a specific time, the simple past can
be used instead of the past perfect when “before” or “after” is used in the
sentence. The words “before” and “after” actually tell you what happens first, so
the past perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
- She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved
in with them in 1996.
- She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in
with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
X
Past Present Future
If the past perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, past

perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here past perfect is
referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this
reason, simple past cannot be used.
Examples :
- She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not correct
- She had never seen a bear before she move to Alaska. Correct
EXERCISE I
A. Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb).
Simple Past Past Perfect
they / work
I / see
she / tidy
he / run
you / buy
B. When do we use which tense?
1. If we give past events in the order in which they occured, we

use ...
2. If from a certain time in the past we look back to what had happened before,
we use ...
EXERCISE II
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple).
1. William (live) in Boston for six years before he (move) to

New York.
2. The blue car (cross) the street after the lights (turn) red.
3. When James (try) to ring us, we (leave / already) the

house.
4. After Joanna (finish) her presentation, we (ask) our

questions.
5. On her first day at the driving school, we (be) very nervous because
we (drive / not) a car before.
6. It (be) a cold and rainy Sunday, so I (decide) to finish the
essay that I (start) writing a few days before.
7. I (switch) on the computer and (open) the document.
8. Then I (begin) looking for my notes that I (handwrite) on a
sheet of paper.
9. But the notes (be) not on my desk and I (can / not)
remember where I (put) them.
10. I (turn) the whole house upside down.
11. And where (find / I) my notes?
12 I (leave) them in the sitting room, under a huge staple of papers and
magazines.
13. Now that I (find) my notes, I (want) to continue writing
my essay.
14. First I (know / not) what to write but then I (have) lots of
ideas.
15. I (complete / almost) my essay when my computer
suddenly (crash) and I (notice) that I (forget) to

save the document.
16. After I (reboot) my computer, I (see) that at least 5 of the
pages I (type) (be) missing.
17. So I (have) to start all over again.
18. After Fred (to spend) his holiday in Italy he (to

want) to learn Italian.
19. Jill (to phone) Dad at work before she (to leave) for

her trip.
20. Susan (to turn on) the radio after she (to wash) the
dishes.
21. When she (to arrive) the match already (to

start).
22. After the man (to come) home he (to feed) the cat.
23. Before he (to sing) a song he (to play) the guitar.
24. She (to watch) a video after the children (to go) to
bed.
25. After Eric (to make) breakfast he (to phone) his friend.
26. I (to be) very tired because I (to study) too much.
27. They (to ride) their bikes before they (to meet) their

friends.
EXERCISE III
Complete these sentences!
When I (1) (arrive) home last night, I (2)
(discover) that Jane (3) (prepare) a beautiful candlelight

dinner.
When I (4) (turn) the radio on yesterday, I (5)
(hear) a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (6)
(not hear) the song for years, and it (7)

(bring) back some great memories.
Last week, I (8) (run into) an old friend of mine. We (9)
(not see) each other for years and both of us (10)
(change) a great deal.
When Emilio (11) (enter) the room, I (12)
(not recognize) him because he (13)
(lose) so much weight and (14) (grow) a beard. He (15)
(look) totally different.
When Oprah Winfrey (16) (get) her own TV show in 1986,
she (17) (work) as a news reporter for a long time.
In 1976, 60% of families (18) (be) couples with children but by
1996, this (19) (fall) to 51%.
Several senior employees (20) (leave) the company by the

time the new manager (21) (arrive) last week.
Until the new software (22) (purchase), the staff (23)
(struggle) to keep the accounts up to date.
I (24) (see) that movie three times last year
When my supervisor (25) (pop in) my office the other day,
I (26) (work) on the project for nearly three hours.
CHAPTER VIII
PARTS OF SPEECH
There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun,
verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The part of
speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically
within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part of
speech when used in different circumstances. Understanding parts of speech is
essential for determining the correct definition of a word when using the
dictionary.
1. NOUN
 A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

man... Butte College... house... happiness
A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often

used with an article (the, a, an), but not always. Proper nouns always start with
a capital letter; common nouns do not. Nouns can be singular or plural,
concrete or abstract. Nouns show possession by adding 's. Nouns can function
in different roles within a sentence; for example, a noun can be a subject, direct
object, indirect object, subject complement, or object of a preposition.
Example :
The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she

quickly disappeared. Oh my!
A noun is a word that functions as the name of something. Nouns are the
most common class of word in English. Below we have a list of the different
types of nouns in English with an explanation of what each one is and with
examples of each type of noun.
a. Common Nouns
Common nouns are used to name a GENERAL type of person, place or
thing. Common nouns can be divided into smaller classes such as countable
and uncountable nouns, concrete and abstract nouns and collective nouns.
Examples of common nouns:
girl, city, animal, friend, house, food
b. Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are used to name a SPECIFIC person, place or thing. In
English, proper nouns begin with a capital letter. Proper nouns do not normally
have a determiner before them (e.g. the London, the Mary etc.) though there
are some exceptions (e.g. Is she the Mary that we met at the conference?).
Examples of proper nouns:
John, London, Pluto, Monday, France
c. Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are two or more words that create a noun. Compound
nouns are sometimes one word (haircut), words joined by a hyphen (son-in-law)
or as separate words (bus stop). The main stress is normally on the first part of
the compound word (sunglasses, swimming pool)
Examples of compound nouns:
toothbrush, rainfall, sailboat, mother-in-law, well-being, alarm clock, credit card
d. Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are words that refer to a set or group of people, animals
or things.
Examples of collective nouns:
staff, team, crew, herd, flock, bunch
e. Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are nouns that CAN be counted. They have a singular
and a plural form and can be used with a number. Sometimes countable nouns
are called count nouns.
Examples of countable nouns:
car, desk, cup, house, bike, eye, butterfly
f. Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are nouns that CANNOT be counted. These are
sometimes called Mass Nouns. Uncountable nouns often refer to:
 substances: paper, wood, plastic
 liquids: milk, oil , juice
 gases: air, oxygen
 abstract ideas: happiness, time, information
Examples of uncountable nouns:

water, coffee, cheese, sand, furniture, skin, wool, gold, fur
g. Concrete Nouns
Concrete nouns are nouns which refer to people and things that exist
physically and that at least one of the senses can detect (can be seen, felt,
heard, smelled/smelt, or tasted).
Examples of concrete nouns:
dog, tree, apple, moon, coin, sock, ball, water
h. Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that have no physical existence and are not
concrete. They refer to ideas, emotions or concepts so you CANNOT see,
touch, hear, smell or taste something that is an abstract noun. Many abstract
nouns are uncountable.
Examples of abstract nouns:
love, time, happiness, bravery, creativity, justice, freedom, speed
Summary Chart
2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

She... we... they... it
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually

substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. In the sentence
above, the antecedent for the pronoun she is the girl. Pronouns are further
defined by type: personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things;
possessive pronouns indicate ownership; reflexive pronouns are used to
emphasize another noun or pronoun; relative pronouns introduce a subordinate
clause; and demonstrative pronouns identify, point to, or refer to nouns.
The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and
then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
Pronouns replace nouns. Without them, language would be repetitious,

lengthy, and awkward:
President John Kennedy had severe back trouble, and

although President John Kennedy approached stairs gingerly
and lifted with care, President John Kennedy did swim and sail,
and occasionally President John Kennedy even managed to
play touch football with friends, family members, or co-workers.
With pronouns taking the place of some nouns, that sentence reads more
naturally:
President John Kennedy had severe back trouble, and although he

approached stairs gingerly and lifted with care, he did swim and sail, and
occasionally he even managed to play touch football with friends, family
members, or co-workers.
The pronoun he takes the place of the proper noun President John

Kennedy. This makes President John Kennedy the antecedent of the pronoun.
The antecedent is the noun or pronoun that a pronoun replaces. There are six
types of pronouns:
 Personal  Reflexive
 Indefinite  Relative
 Possessive  Demonstrative
A. Personal Pronouns
Since nouns refer to specific persons, places, or things, personal

pronounsalso refer to specific persons, places, or things. Pronouns have
characteristics called number, person, and case.
Number refers to whether a pronoun is singular (him) or plural (them).

Thus John Kennedy becomes he or him, while the president's friends would
be they or them.
Person is a little more abstract. The first person is the person speaking-I.

The sentence "I expect to graduate in January," is in the first person.
The second person is the one being spoken to–you: "You may be able to
graduate sooner!" The third person is being spoken of-he, she, it, they, them:
"She, on the other hand, may have to wait until June to graduate." A pronoun
must match (agree with) its antecedent in person as well as number. So
graduating students must be referred to as they or them, not as us; a
valedictorian must be referred to as he or she, him or her, not as we or you.
Case refers to what job a pronoun can legally perform in a sentence.

Some pronouns can be subjects and others cannot. For example, we are
allowed to say "I expect to graduate soon," but we are not allowed to say
"Me expect to graduate soon." Pronouns that may be subjects are in
the subjective case; they are subject pronouns. Some pronouns cannot be
subjects; they are, instead, used as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of
prepositions. They are in objective case; they are object pronouns: "His uncle
hired him after graduation." "Uncle Joe gave her a job, too." "Without them, he
would have been shorthanded."
First person Second person Third person
Subjective Objective Subjective Objective Subjective Objective
him, her, it,

I, we me, us you you he, she, it, they
them

Subject pronouns also are used after linking verbs, where they refer back
to the subject: "The valedictorian was she."
B. Indefinite Pronouns
While personal pronouns refer to specific persons, places, or

things, indefinite pronouns refer to general persons, places, or things. Indefinite
pronouns all are third-person pronouns and can be subjects or objects in
sentences.
Many indefinite pronouns seem to refer to groups–everybody seems like

a crowd, right?-and so are often mistakenly treated as plurals
("Everybodyoverfilled their backpack"). However, any indefinite pronoun that
ends in -one, -body, -thing is singular: "Everybody overfilled his (or her)
backpack." The following indefinite pronouns are usually singular; if one of
these words is the antecedent in a sentence, the pronoun that refers to it must
also be singular. Thus, we must write, "Does anyone know," rather than "Do
anyone know"; "Each of them knows," rather than "Each of them know"; and
"Someone left her cell phone," rather than, "Someone left their cell phone."
Indefinite pronouns, singular
anyone anybody anything either each
no one nobody nothing another one
someone somebody something any
everyone everybody everything
On the other hand, some indefinite pronouns are plural:

Indefinite pronouns, plural
both Few Many Several
Plural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs and plural pronouns: "Both
were rewarded for their courage." "Many attend in spite of their other
obligations."
A few indefinite pronouns can be either singular or plural, depending on the

context:

Indefinite pronouns, singular or plural
Most Any all None some neither

Thus, we may write, "All is well," (singular) in reference to the general
condition of things, or "All are attending," (plural) in reference to individuals. (For
more, look up count and non-count nouns in an English grammar reference or
online.)
(Some of the indefinite pronouns above can also be used as adjectives.

In "Many left their trash on the riverbank," many is a pronoun
replacing swimmers. In contrast, in "Many students went tubing on the
river," manyis an adjective modifying students.
d. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns. Thus, Jamie's

Corvettebecomes her Corvette. Possessive pronouns never take apostrophes.

Possessive pronouns
My our your his, her its their whose
Mine ours yours his, hers theirs
In the table above, the words in the upper row must accompany
nouns: her Corvette, our Nissan. The pronouns in the lower row stand alone, as
replacements for the adjective + noun pair– "Hers is fast; mine is slow."
e. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns add emphasis. They always follow a noun or

personal pronoun and do not appear alone in a sentence: "Jamie
herself changed the tire." "She herself changed the tire." The meaning is that
she, and no one else, changed the tire, and the emphasis is on the
independence of her action. Reflexive pronouns also show that someone did
something to himself or herself: "She surprised herself with how well she did on
the test."
Reflexive pronouns
myself yourself himself, herself, itself

ourselves yourselves themselves
A reflexive pronoun cannot replace the subject of a sentence, such as in
"Burcu and myself are taking that class together." Instead, use a personal
pronoun: "Burcu and I are taking that class together" or "Burcu and I myself are
taking that class together."
There is no theirself or theirselves. "They waxed the car themselves at home."

There is no hisself: "Jesse taught himself French."
f. Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun begins a clause that refers to a noun in a sentence. (A

clause is a word group with its own subject and verb.) Who begins a clause that
refers to people: "Krista is the math tutor who helped me the most." That may
refer either to persons or things: "Laura is the math tutor that knows the most
about calculus; calculus is the class that I am taking in the fall." Which begins a
clause that refers to things: "Statistics, which is the interpretation of collected
numerical data, has many practical applications."
Relative pronouns
That Who whoever Whose
Which Whom whomever What
Who is a subject pronoun; it can be the subject of a sentence: "Who was

at the door?" Whom is an object pronoun. It cannot be the subject of a
sentence, but it can be a direct or indirect object or the object of a preposition:
"Don't ask for whom the bell tolls." Who and whom often appear in questions
where the natural word order is inverted and where the words you see first are
the pronouns who or whom, followed by part of the verb, then the
subject, then the rest of the verb. So it isn't always easy to figure out if you
should use who or whom. Is it "Who did you visit last summer?" or "Whom did
you visit last summer?" To decide, follow these steps:
Change the question to a statement: "You did visit who/whom last summer."

This restores natural word order: subject, verb, direct object.
1. In place of who/whom, substitute the personal pronouns he and him:

"You did visit he last summer"; "You did visit him last summer."
2. If he, a subject pronoun, is right, then the right choice for the original
question is who–another subject pronoun. If him, an object pronoun, is
correct, then the right choice for the original question is whom–
another object pronoun.
3. Based on step three, above, correctly frame the question: "Whom did
you visit last summer?"
Similarly, whoever is a subject pronoun, and whomever is an object
pronoun. Use the same test for, "Whoever/whomever would want to run on
such a humid day?" Change the question to a statement,
substituting he and him: "He (not him) would want to run on such a humid day."
The right word, therefore, would be whoever, the subject pronoun. On the other
hand, you would say, "Hand out plenty of water to whomever you see." You
would see and hand the water out to him, not to he; this sentence requires the
object pronoun.
g. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns indicate specific persons, places, or things:

"That is a great idea!" That is a pronoun referring to the abstract noun idea.
Demonstrative pronouns
This these
That those
(Like some indefinite pronouns, demonstrative pronouns can also be

used as adjectives. In "That band started out playing local Chico clubs," that
modifies the noun band.)
3. VERB
 A verb expresses action or being.

jump... is... write... become
The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb

and sometimes one or more helping verbs. ("She can sing." Sing is the main
verb; can is the helping verb.) A verb must agree with its subject in number
(both are singular or both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to express
tense.
If a noun was the first word you ever spoke (Mama or cookie), a verb
probably followed just as soon as you learned that "Give cookie" got you better
results than "Cookie." In a sentence, the verb expresses what the subject does
(She hopes for the job) or what the subject is (She isconfident). All verbs are
one of three types:
 Action verbs
 Linking verbs
 Helping verbs
a. Action verbs
In a sentence, an action verb tells what the subject does. Action verbs

express physical or mental actions: think, eat, collide, realize, dance.
Admittedly, some of these seem more active than others.
Nevertheless, realize is still as much a verb as collide:
I finally realized my mistake.
The outfielder collided with the second-baseman.
She dances every Friday night.
(In the present tense, statements with subjects of he, she, or it, we add
an s to the verb: I go downstairs, we go downstairs, and ballplayers
godownstairs, but he goes downstairs and Loren goes downstairs.
b. Linking verbs
Linking verbs are the couch potatoes of verbs, that is, not very active at
all. In a sentence, a linking verb tells what the subject is rather than what
it does; linking verbs express a state of being. For example, all the forms of the
verb to be are linking verbs:
1st person (I; we) 2nd person (you) 3rd person (she, he, it; they)
present am; are are is; are
Past was; were were was; were
participl [have] been; [had] [have] been; [had]

[has] been; [had] been
e been been
These verbs connect a subject, say, Loren, with more information about that
subject: Loren is an athlete, or Loren was glad.
Another set of linking verbs are those pertaining to our five senses--
seeing, tasting, touching, hearing, and smelling--and how we perceive the
world: the verbs appear, seem, look, feel, smell, taste, and sound, for example.
When used as linking verbs, they connect the subject with a word offering more
information about that subject:
Loren seems anxious about the test.

The well water tastes wonderful.
My carpet still feels damp.
You sound hoarse.
The curtains smell a little smoky.
As linking verbs, these "sense" verbs have about the same meaning as
is. Loren seems anxious is roughly equivalent to Loren is anxious; the
curtains smell smoky is about the same as the curtains are smoky. However,
these same "sense" verbs can sometimes be action verbs instead. The real test
whether one of these verbs is or is not a linking verb is whether it draws an
equivalence with the subject, almost like a math equation: Loren = anxious;
curtains = smoky. Consider the sentence I can't taste my lunch because I have
a cold. Taste here does not draw an equivalence between I and lunch; rather,
here it is an action verb, something the subject does. In the sentence Can you
smell smoke?smell does not describe what the subject is, but what the
subject does; it is an action verb.
Other common linking verbs include become, remain, and grow, when

they link the subject to more information (either a noun or an adjective) about
that subject:
You will soon become tired of the monotony.

Pha has become a very responsible teenager.
I remain hopeful.
Daniel grew more and more confident.
Again, these verbs might be action verbs in other sentences, such as in I grew
carrots.
d. Helping verbs...
Verbs often appear with helping verbs that fine-tune their meaning,
usually expressing when something occurred. The complete verb is the main
verb plus all its helping verbs.
Verb tense is the name for the characteristic verbs have of expressing
time. Simple present tense verbs express present or habitual action, and simple
past tense verbs express actions that were completed in the past; neither
simple present nor simple past tense verbs require helping verbs. However,
most other verb tenses require one or more helping verbs. Moreover, some
helping verbs express more than just time-possibility, obligation, or permission,
for example.
...have, has, had
Every verb has three basic forms: present or simple form, past form, and
participle form. All participle forms require a helping verb that fine-tunes the time
expression:
Comets have collided with earth many times.

Stan had known about the plan for some time.
The table below demonstrates these three forms with their required helping
verbs:
present or simple form past form participle form participle + helper
has, have, had

Collide collided collided
collided
Is was been has, have, had been
choose chose chosen has, have, had been
Know knew known has, have, had been
Participles used as verbs in a sentence must be used with has, have,

or had. Participles used without helpers become adjectives: The early explorers
sailed beyond the known world.
...to be: am, are, is, was, were, been
Verbs with -ing endings require a helper from the to be family of verbs.
These progressive verb tenses express ongoing present action, continuous past
action or future planned action:
They are still working on the contract.

Phanat was studying all night.
Holly had been reviewing her notes since the day before.
We are holding student elections next September.
Verbs with -ing endings must be used with one of the to be helpers; an -

ing word without a helper is ineligible to act as the verb of a sentence. It can,
however, be a noun (Hiking is fun) or an adjective (The hiking trail is closed).
...do, does, did
The helping verbs do, does, and did may be used optionally to add

emphasis: She certainly does like her morning mocha.
While adding emphasis is optional, these helpers must be used when

forming questions: Does Andrea ski every weekend? They must also
accompany the verb in sentences that combine not with an action verb: Don't
you want to take the train? Do not wait for me past 4:30.
When do and does are used, they change form to match the subject

while the main verb remains in simple form: instead of She likes coffee, we
would say, She sure does like her coffee. Similarly, for questions, we change
the form of the helper and leave the main verb in simple
form: Does Andrea ski? The negative is Andrea does not ski, even though the
statement would have been Andrea skis. (In the past tense, with did, the verb
never changes form.)
...will and shall
Future tense verbs require a helper, will or shall, and express intention,

expectation, or action that will happen later.
We shall drive to Santa Barbara in August.

Krista will not attend.
We will be holding student elections in September.
...would, could, should, can, may, might...
Helpers would, could, should, can, may, might, must, supposedto, ought
to, used to,and have to are examples of modal helpers. (Willand shall are
technically modals as well.) Modal helpers are little different from real verbs
because they never change form. They are easy to use because they always
are used with the simple form of the verb:
I may want to change my flight.

You can cash your check at the grocery store.
Paul must notify his employer soon.
Instead of expressing time, modals help verbs express a variety of other things:
Expresses For example...
past habit I never used to eat breakfast; I would never eatbreakfast.
He would like us to clean
requests
up; could you clean up? Can you do it?
Yes, you can go. You may change the channel.

permission
He could leave early.
necessity, You must see that movie! We ought to go soon;

advisability we will have to call later.
I might pay with cash; we may write a check.

possibility
That could be true.
(Grammar geek note: Sometimes, when words

like would and couldexpress a statement of possibility or desire, or when they
state something contrary to fact, a special verb form, the subjunctive, is
required. For example, If he had known, he would have come sooner is an
expression contrary to fact. So in this example, the subjunctive form causes the
helper to change to have instead of the expected has--for more information,
check a grammar and usage guide for "subjunctive mood.")
4. ADJECTIVE
 An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.

pretty... old... blue... smart
An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It

usually answers the question of which one, what kind, or how many. (Articles [a,
an, the] are usually classified as adjectives.)

Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives can express degrees of modification:
 Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is

the richest woman in town.
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive,

the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and
superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things
and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the
word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word theprecedes
the superlative. The inflected suffixes -erand -est suffice to form most
comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-
syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we
use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.
Positive Comparative Superlative
rich richer Richest
lovely lovelier Loveliest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative

degrees:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative

Forms
good better Best
bad worse Worst
little less Least
much
many more Most
some
far further Furthest
Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which already

express an extreme of comparison — unique, for instance — although it
probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives: something
can be more perfect, and someone can have a fuller figure. People who argue
that one woman cannot be more pregnant than another have never been nine-
months pregnant with twins.s R e s p o n s e
According to Bryan Garner, "complete" is one of those adjectives that

does not admit of comparative degrees. We could say, however,
"more nearly complete." I am sure that I have not been consistent in my
application of this principle in the Guide (I can hear myself, now, saying
something like "less adequate" or "more preferable" or "less fatal"). Other
adjectives that Garner would include in this list are as follows:
absolute impossible principal
adequate inevitable stationary
chief irrevocable Sufficient
complete main Unanimous
devoid manifest Unavoidable
entire minor Unbroken
fatal paramount Unique
final perpetual Universal
ideal preferable Whole
From The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Styleby Bryan Garner.

Copyright 1995 by Bryan A. Garner. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.,
www.oup-usa.org, and used with the gracious consent of Oxford University
Press.
Be careful, also, not to use more along with a comparative adjective formed

with -er nor to use most along with a superlative adjective formed with -est (e.g.,
do not write that something is more heavier or most heaviest).
The as — as construction is used to create a comparison expressing

equality:
 He is as foolish as he is large.

 She is as bright as her mother.
Premodifiers with Degrees of Adjectives
Both adverbs and adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms can
be accompanied by premodifiers, single words and phrases, that intensify the
degree.
 We were a lot more careful this time.

 He works a lot less carefully than the other jeweler in town.
 We like his work so much better.
 You'll get your watch back all the faster.
The same process can be used to downplay the degree:
 The weather this week has been somewhat better.

 He approaches his schoolwork a little less industriously than his
brother does.
And sometimes a set phrase, usually an informal noun phrase, is used for this
purpose:
 He arrived a whole lot sooner than we expected.

 That's a heck of a lot better.
If the intensifier very accompanies the superlative, a determiner is also required:
 She is wearing her very finest outfit for the interview.

 They're doing the very best they can.
Occasionally, the comparative or superlative form appears with a determiner

and the thing being modified is understood:
 Of all the wines produced in Connecticut, I like this one the most.
 The quicker you finish this project, the better.
 Of the two brothers, he is by far the faster.
Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk

and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with
permission.
Differenciate between Less and Fewer
Less versus Fewer
When making a comparison between quantities we often have to make a

choice between the words fewer and less. Generally, when we're talking
about countable things, we use the word fewer; when we're talking about
measurable quantities that we cannot count, we use the word less. "She
had fewer chores, but she also had less energy." The managers at our local
Stop & Shop seem to have mastered this: they've changed the signs at the
so-called express lanes from "Twelve Items or Less" to "Twelve Items or
Fewer." Whether that's an actual improvement, we'll leave up to you.
We do, however, definitely use less when referring to statistical or

numerical expressions:
 It's less than twenty miles to Dallas.

 He's less than six feet tall.
 Your essay should be a thousand words or less.
 We spent less than forty dollars on our trip.
 The town spent less than four percent of its budget on snow
removal.
In these situations, it's possible to regard the quantities as sums of countable

measures.
More than / over ??
In the United States, we usually use "more than" in countable numerical
expressions meaning "in excess of" or "over." In England, there is no such
distinction. For instance, in the U.S., some editors would insist on "more than
40,000 traffic deaths in one year," whereas in the UK, "over 40,000 traffic deaths"
would be acceptable. Even in the U.S., however, you will commonly hear "over" in
numerical expressions of age, time, or height: "His sister is over forty; she's over six
feet tall. We've been waiting well over two hours for her."
The Order of Adjectives in a Series
It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say "little brown

house" and not "brown little house" or why we say "red Italian sports car" and
not "Italian red sports car." The order in which adjectives in a series sort
themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language.
Most other languages dictate a similar order, but not necessarily the same
order. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes
instinctive, because the order often seems quite arbitrary (if not downright
capricious). There is, however, a pattern. You will find many exceptions to the
pattern in the table below, but it is definitely important to learn the pattern of
adjective order if it is not part of what you naturally bring to the language.
The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
I. Determiners — articles and other limiters. See Determiners

II. Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real
hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure
(e.g., beautiful, interesting)
III. Size and Shape — adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g.,
wealthy, large, round)
IV. Age — adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient)
V. Color — adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale)
VI. Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g.,
French, American, Canadian)
VII. Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made
of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden)
VIII. Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g.,
rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)
It would be folly, of course, to run more than two or three (at the most)
adjectives together. Furthermore, when adjectives belong to the same class,
they become what we call coordinated adjectives, and you will want to put a
comma between them: the inexpensive, comfortable shoes. The rule for
inserting the comma works this way: if you could have inserted a conjunction
— and or but — between the two adjectives, use a comma. We could say these
are "inexpensive but comfortable shoes," so we would use a comma between
them (when the "but" isn't there).
When you have three coordinated adjectives, separate them all with
commas, but don't insert a comma between the last adjective and the noun (in
spite of the temptation to do so because you often pause there):
a popular, respected, and good looking student
Capitalizing Proper Adjectives
When an adjective owes its origins to a proper noun, it should probably be

capitalized. Thus we write about Christian music, French fries, the English
Parliament, the Ming Dynasty, a Faulknerian style, Jeffersonian democracy.
Some periods of time have taken on the status of proper adjectives: the Nixon
era, a Renaissance/Romantic/Victorian poet (but a contemporary novelist and
medieval writer). Directional and seasonal adjectives are not capitalized unless
they're part of a title:
We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the
town's annual Fall Festival of Small Appliances.
Collective Adjectives
When the definite article, the, is combined with an adjective describing a

class or group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the
rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the
gathered, the dear departed. The difference between a Collective Noun (which
is usually regarded as singular but which can be plural in certain contexts) and
a collective adjective is that the latter is always plural and requires a plural verb:
 The rural poor have been ignored by the media.

 The rich of Connecticut are responsible.
 The elderly are beginning to demand their rights.
 The young at heart are always a joy to be around.
Adjectival Opposites
The opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a

number of ways. One way, of course, is to find an adjective to mean the
opposite — an antonym. The opposite of beautiful is ugly, the opposite
of tall is short. A thesaurus can help you find an appropriate opposite. Another
way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a number of prefixes. The
opposite of fortunate is unfortunate, the opposite of prudent is imprudent, the
opposite of considerate is inconsiderate, the opposite
of honorable is dishonorable, the opposite of alcoholic is nonalcoholic, the
opposite of being properly filed is misfiled. If you are not sure of the spelling of
adjectives modified in this way by prefixes (or which is the appropriate prefix),
you will have to consult a dictionary, as the rules for the selection of a prefix are
complex and too shifty to be trusted. The meaning itself can be tricky; for
instance, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing.
A third means for creating the opposite of an adjective is to combine it

with less or least to create a comparison which points in the opposite direction.
Interesting shades of meaning and tone become available with this usage. It is
kinder to say that "This is the least beautiful city in the state." than it is to say
that "This is the ugliest city in the state." (It also has a slightly different
meaning.) A candidate for a job can still be worthy and yet be "less worthy of
consideration" than another candidate. It's probably not a good idea to use this
construction with an adjective that is already a negative: "He is less unlucky
than his brother," although that is not the same thing as saying he is luckier
than his brother. Use the comparative less when the comparison is between two
things or people; use the superlative least when the comparison is among many
things or people.
 My mother is less patient than my father.

 Of all the new sitcoms, this is my least favorite show.
Some Adjectival Problem Children

Good versus Well
In both casual speech and formal writing, we frequently have to choose

between the adjective good and the adverb well. With most verbs, there is
no contest: when modifying a verb, use the adverb.
He swims well.
He knows only too well who the murderer is.
However, when using a linking verb or a verb that has to do with the five
human senses, you want to use the adjective instead.
How are you? I'm feeling good, thank you.
After a bath, the baby smells so good.
Even after my careful paint job, this room doesn't look good.
Many careful writers, however, will use well after linking verbs relating to

health, and this is perfectly all right. In fact, to say that you are good or that
you feel goodusually implies not only that you're OK physically but also that
your spirits are high.
"How are you?"
"I am well, thank you."
Bad versus Badly
When your cat died (assuming you loved your cat), did you
feel bad or badly? Applying the same rule that applies to good versus well,
use the adjective form after verbs that have to do with human feelings. You
felt bad. If you said you felt badly, it would mean that something was wrong
with your faculties for feeling.
Other Adjectival Considerations
Review the section on Compound Nouns and Modifiers for the formation

of modifiers created when words are connected: a four-year-old child, a
nineteenth-century novel, an empty-headed fool.
Review the section on Possessives for a distinction between possessive

forms and "adjectival labels." (Do you belong to a Writers Club or a Writers'
Club?)
Adjectives that are really Participles, verb forms with -ing and -ed endings,

can be troublesome for some students. It is one thing to be a frightened child; it
is an altogether different matter to be a frightening child. Do you want to go up
to your professor after class and say that you are confused or that you
are confusing? Generally, the -ed ending means that the noun so described
("you") has a passive relationship with something — something (the subject
matter, the presentation) has bewildered you and you are confused. The -
ing ending means that the noun described has a more active role — you are not
making any sense so you are confusing (to others, including your professor).
The -ed ending modifiers are often accompanied by prepositions (these are

not the only choices):
 We were amazed at all the circus animals.

 We were amused by the clowns.
 We were annoyed by the elephants.
 We were bored by the ringmaster.
 We were confused by the noise.
 We were disappointed by the motorcycle daredevils.
 We were disappointed in their performance.
 We were embarrassed by my brother.
 We were exhausted from all the excitement.
 We were excited by the lion-tamer.
 We were excited about the high-wire act, too.
 We were frightened by the lions.
 We were introduced to the ringmaster.
 We were interested in the tent.
 We were irritated by the heat.
 We were opposed to leaving early.
 We were satisfied with the circus.
 We were shocked at the level of noise under the big tent.
 We were surprised by the fans' response.
 We were surprised at their indifference.
 We were tired of all the lights after a while.
 We were worried about the traffic leaving the parking lot.
A- Adjectives
The most common of the so-called a- adjectives are ablaze, afloat, afraid,

aghast, alert, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, asleep, averse, awake, aware.
These adjectives will primarily show up as predicate adjectives (i.e., they come
after a linking verb).
 The children were ashamed.

 The professor remained aloof.
 The trees were ablaze.
Occasionally, however, you will find a- adjectives before the word they modify:

the alert patient, the aloof physician. Most of them, when found before the word
they modify, are themselves modified: the nearly awake student, the terribly
alone scholar. And a- adjectives are sometimes modified by "very much": very
much afraid, very much alone, very much ashamed, etc.
Articles
The, an, and a, called articles, are adjectives that answer the question

which one? The modifies a noun or pronoun by limiting its reference to a
particular or known thing, either singular or plural. A expands the reference to a
single non-specific or previously unknown thing. An is similar to a, but is used
when the word following it begins with a vowel sound:
the books on the table
a book from an online store, the one we ordered last week
Demonstrative adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives answer the question which one(s)? They are

the only adjectives that have both a singular and plural form--this and thatare
singular; these and those are plural. Demonstrative adjectives point to particular
or previously named things. This and these indicate things nearby (in time or
space), while that and those suggest distance (in time or space):
-This novel is the worst I've ever read; these biographies are much better.

- Tell me more about that author; why does she write about those events?
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives answer the question whose? They

include my, our, your, his, her, its, and their:
our joke book
its well-worn pages
Indefinite adjectives
Indefinite adjectives include some, many, any, few, several, and all:
some jokes
few listeners
Note that these words can also be used as pronouns: Some were in bad
taste; few could carpool.
Questioning adjectives
Which and what are adjectives when they modify nouns or pronouns:
Which joke did you like better, and what reason can you give for your
preference?
Like indefinite adjectives, the questioning (or interrogative) adjectives can also
function as pronouns; see the TIP Sheets "Pronouns" and "Pronoun
Reference."
Adjective order and punctuation
Some stacks of adjectives can be rearranged freely without changing the

meaning. They are coordinate adjectives, and they are equal and separate in
the way they modify a noun. For example, we can freely rearrange a dull, dark,
and depressing day: a depressing, dark, dull day. Separate two or more
coordinate adjectives with commas (note that no comma goes immediately
before the noun).
5. ADVERB
 An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another

adverb.
gently... extremely... carefully... well
An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb,

but never a noun. It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why,
under what conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often end in -ly.
The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher,

and then she quickly disappeared. Oh my!
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the
difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
The different types of adverbs are:
Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is

done.
Example: Annie danced gracefully.
 The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.
Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.

Example: She came yesterday.
 The italicized word tells when she “came.”
Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or
”where” something is done.
Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!
 The adverb “everywhere” tells where I “looked.”
Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific
thing happens or is done.
Example: The child is very talented.
 The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child
talented?”
1. An adverb can modify a verb.

- The girls ran quickly but happily through the puddle.
(The adverbs quickly and happily modify the verb ran by telling how.)
- Go to the administration office first, and then come to class.
(The adverb first modifies the verb go, and the adverb thenmodifies the

verb come. Both modify the verbs by telling when.)
-They are moving her office upstairs.
(The adverb upstairsmodifies the verb moving by telling where.)
2. An adverb can modify an adjective. The adverb usually clarifies the
degree or intensity of the adjective.
Maria was almost finished when they brought her

an exceptionally delicious dessert. (The adverb almost modifies the
adjective finished and exceptionally modifies delicious by describing the degree
or intensity of the adjectives.)
He was very happy about being so good at such

an extremelychallenging sport. (The adverb very modifies the
adjective happy, so modifies good, and extremely modifies challenging by
describing the degree or intensity of the adjectives.)
Students are often entertained and sometimes confused, but never bored in
that class. (The adverb often modifies the
adjective entertained, sometimes modifies confused,
and nevermodifies bored by describing the degree or intensity of the
adjectives.)
3. An adverb can modify another adverb. The modifying adverb usually
clarifies the degree or intensity of the adverb.
Eating her lunch somewhat cautiously, Carolyn tried to ignore the

commotion. (The adverb somewhat modifies the adverb cautiously by telling to
what degree.)
Stan can discuss the English language very thoroughly. (The

adverb very modifies the adverb thoroughly by telling to what degree.)
Even in the other room, Vickilee was never completely unaware of the crying

kittens. (The adverb never modifies the adverb completely by telling to what
degree.)
Additional Notes on Adverbs
In addition to the rules that apply to the use of adverbs, the following points
further discuss their formation and function.
 Adverbs are often made by adding -ly to an adjective.

adjective: slow adverb: slowly
adjective: deep adverb: deeply
adjective: fair adverb: fairly
Ø However, not all words that end in -ly are adverbs!
nouns: family, homily, rally, lily
adjectives: friendly, worldly, lovely, sly
 Some common adverbs do not originate from adjectives.

very
quite
only
so
Some adverbs modify by negating a statement. These are referred to
as negative adverbs.
hardly
never
no
not
scarcely
Ø When using negative adverbs, be careful to avoid a double negative.
(Incorrect double negative)

He can't hardly understand the words of the speaker.
(Correct)
He can hardly understand the words of the speaker.
 In order to form the comparative or superlative forms of adverbs, add the

ending of -er or -est to certain adverbs of only one syllable
(fast, faster, fastest). However, all adverbs which end in -ly and most adverbs
of more than one syllable form the comparative and superlative with the
addition of more or most.
Todd drives faster than I do, but I get there sooner and moreefficiently by
taking a shorter route. Amy drives most slowlyof all of us.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Words that function as adverbs (telling how, when, where, why, under
what conditions, or to what degree) and which also function as conjunctions
(joining grammatical parts) are called conjunctive adverbs.
 Conjunctive adverbs
accordingly finally likewise similarly
also furthermore meanwhile specifically
anyway hence moreover still
besides however nevertheless subsequently
certainly incidentally next then
consequently indeed nonetheless therefore
conversely instead otherwise thus
Conjunctive adverbs join and create transitions between independent
clauses. A conjunctive adverb may begin a sentence and is often followed by a
comma. When place between independent clauses, a conjunctive adverb is
preceded by a semicolon and is usually followed by a comma.
Her husband is a rice farmer; consequently, these days he is busy from

sunrise until nightfall. Nevertheless, he is still home every night to read his
sons a story.
Adverb Phrases and Adverb Clauses
Sometimes groups of words function together to form an adverb phrase

or adverb clause.
 Adverb prepositional phrase

The puppy is sleeping under my desk. (Under my desk is a prepositional
phrase that functions as an adverb because it modifies the verb sleeping by
telling where.)
 Adverb infinitive phrase

To prevent the theft of your food, use a locked cabinet to store your camp
supplies. (To prevent the theft of your food is an infinitive phrase that functions
as an adverb because it modifies the verb use by telling why.)
 Adverb dependent clause

Marco departed before the storm arrived. (Before the storm arrived is a
dependent clause that modifies the verb departed by telling when.)
6. PREPOSITION
 A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a

phrase modifying another word in the sentence.
by... with.... about... until
(by the tree, with our friends, about the book, until tomorrow)
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a

phrase modifying another word in the sentence. Therefore a preposition is
always part of a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase almost always
functions as an adjective or as an adverb. The following list includes the most
common prepositions:
-The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she
Repositions And Prepositional Phrases
Prepositions are common; they are not flashy. They are sometimes very
little words, like on, in, and unlike; sometimes they are two words, like according
to. A preposition combined with a noun (or pronoun), in that order, makes a
prepositional phrase:
in Duffy's Tavern
on the dashboard of my car
unlike most biologists
according to most moviegoers
Prepositional phrases usually tell where or when. Or, as most instructors

are fond of saying, they show relationship, for example, of location (in Duffy's
Tavern) or of time (in February).
The formula, with variations

To describe a prepositional phrase we can borrow some math shorthand
(although our description does not really function like an equation--the
preposition must always come first!):
Preposition + Noun Or Pronoun = Prepositional Phrase
without Suzanna
without her
Stuff can be added between, usually in the form of various adjectives, but
a prepositional phrase always begins with the preposition and ends with the
noun (or pronoun):
Preposition + Adjectives + Noun Or Pronoun = Prepositional Phrase
in a yellow submarine
of the best and brightest students
above it
The second example above adds multiple adjectives (as well as a

conjunction) but it begins with the preposition and ends with the noun, and that
is what matters.
The noun (or pronoun) that ends a prepositional phrase is called

the object of the preposition. If all prepositional phrases ended with nouns, you
might not care to know this; however, prepositional phrases may also end with
pronouns, and those pronouns must be objective
pronouns: her(not she), him (not he), me (not I), them (not they), us (not we).
Rossi will come with her and me.

Why council members didn't explain about it was beyond us.
Notice that prepositional phrases may end with double nouns or double
pronouns (compound objects of the preposition), as illustrated above.
A complete list of prepositions would be huge. You do not need to know all of
them, but become familiar with at least some common prepositions:
About below inside throughout

Above beneath into to
Across beside like toward
After between near under
against beyond of underneath
along by off unlike
among down on until
around during out up
as except outside upon
at for over with
before from past within
behind in through without
The no-subject rule
Is there any practical advantage to knowing about prepositional phrases,

you ask? Well, consider that it is a common mistake for beginning writers to
misidentify the subject of a sentence (randomly picking out a likely noun,
perhaps), make punctuation choices based on this mistake, and end up with
basic sentence errors in their writing. And consider further that you will not
make this mistake if you remember this rule: a prepositional phrase never
contains the subject of a sentence.
This is the advantage to knowing how to recognize prepositions and

prepositional phrases in your own writing. You need to be able to identify the
subjects of sentences to be sure you have constructed and punctuated them
correctly. For example, you must be able to identify subjects in order to avoid
creating comma splices and fragments; ESL learners need to be able to identify
the subject in order to make sure the verb is in agreement with the subject.
To make this rule work for you, place parentheses around the
prepositional phrases in your sentences. Whatever is inside the parentheses is
not the subject, no matter how prominently it is placed:
(After the homecoming game), (before midnight), we will leave.
Since the nouns in this sentence, game and midnight, occur in

prepositional phrases, they are disqualified as subjects. That leaves only we--a
simple pronoun subject buried near the end of the sentence and easily
overlooked.
Preposition look-alikes
"Preposition" is a function of the word, not the word itself. A preposition,

to be a preposition, must be in a prepositional phrase. Sometimes a word on the
list of common prepositions above occurs alone in a sentence, without a noun
or pronoun following. In the following example, outside is not a preposition at all,
but a simple adverb modifying the verb practice:
Please practice your soccer dribbling outside!
Another preposition look-alike occurs when the word to appears followed

by a verb rather than by a noun. This is a type of verbal phrase called
an infinitive:
They practiced their dribbling outside to avoid breaking the furniture.
Yet another preposition look-alike is the phrasal verb-two-word verbs

such as check out, run into, or show up:
Carol never showed up for the soccer game on Sunday.

For more information on phrasal verbs, see the TIP Sheet "Two-word (Phrasal)
Verbs."
Problem expressions
Which prepositions go with which verbs in which expressions is often a

matter of custom rather than rule. For ESL students in particular, prepositions
can be difficult to master. The prepositions describing when something occurs
are a good example. If you wish to state that an event occurred generally within
a particular season, week, month, or year, use during or in:
During the winter break I worked at the Heavenly Valley ski resort.
In 2002 the snow was pretty sparse; we're hoping for more this year.
That year we were already getting spring snow conditions in February!
On the other hand, if you are stating that an event occurred on a

particular calendar date, weekday, or holiday, use on:
You'd be surprised how many families ski on Christmas.

I'll meet you there on the 24th.
For specific times of day and clock times, use at:
The best time to catch the gondola to the top is at 11:30, just before the lunch
rush.
Our favorite ski run of the day is the run from the top at sunset.
In addition, one can be on time for a scheduled event, but in time for an

unscheduled one:
He met me at the bottom of the expert run right on time, as we had agreed.
The Ski Patrol arrived just in time to keep Jeff from breaking his neck.
Other expressions mean very different things depending on which

prepositions they are paired with, for example, differ from (be dissimilar)
and differ with (disagree with). In comparisons, a thing is similar to another
thing. We agree with a person, but we agree on a plan and agree to particular
actions.
7. CONJUNCTION
 A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses.
and... but... or... while... because
A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses, and indicates the

relationship between the elements joined. Coordinating conjunctions connect
grammatically equal elements: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. Subordinating
conjunctions connect clauses that are not equal: because, although, while,
since, etc. There are other types of conjunctions as well.
Coordinating conjunctions link elements of equal value. Correlative

conjunctions are used in pairs to establish a specific relationship between
elements of equal value. Subordinating conjunctions indicate that one element
is of lesser value (subordinate) to another element.
1. Use a coordinating conjunction to connect elements (words, phrases,

or clauses) of equal grammatical value.
 There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English:

and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
(Note: These are often remembered with the acronym FANBOYS.)
 Coordinating conjunctions link equal elements.

Swimming and reading are my two favorite summer activities. (Swimming
and reading are both subjects in the sentence.)

-Please place the papers on top of the desk or in the drawer. (On top of the
desk and in the drawer are both prepositional phrases.)
-She wanted to drive the car, but she had never received her license. (She
wanted to drive the car and she had never received her license are both
independent clauses.)
2. Use correlative conjunctions in pairs to connect words, phrases, or
clauses of equal grammatical value. Correct use of these conjunctions
is critical in achieving parallelism in sentence structure
Correlative conjunctions always come in pairs:
as...as
both...and
not only...but also
either...or
neither...nor
whether...or
 Make sure that the grammatical structure following the second half of the pair
is the same as that following the first half.
You must decide either to fly or to drive. (The elements to flyand to drive are

both infinitives.)
Contrary to my plans, I spent much of my vacation bothcorrecting

papers and contacting students. (The elements correcting
papers and contacting students are both participial phrases.)
I hope not only that you will attend the play, but also that you will stay for the
cast party afterwards. (The elements that you will attend the play and that you
will stay for the cast party afterwards are both subordinate clauses.)
3. Use a subordinating conjunction to connect a subordinate (dependent)

clause to an independent clause.
 Common subordinating conjunctions include the following:
after even though than whenever

Although if that where
as in order that though whereas
as if rather than unless wherever
Because since until whether
Before so that when while
(Note: Some of the words listed can serve as different parts of speech,
depending on how they are used.)
 A subordinating conjunction indicates that the dependent clause is not
complete without an attached independent clause.
If you finish your homework, you will be prepared for the test. (If you finish your
homework by itself is an incomplete thought.)
I lose myself in the music whenever I practice the piano. (Whenever I practice

the piano by itself is an incomplete thought.)
4. Conjunctive adverbs (sometimes called adverbial conjunctions) are

used to indicate a relationship between sentences and independent
clauses.
 Common conjunctive adverbs include the following:

however therefore moreover nevertheless
 When a conjunctive adverb appears at the beginning or in the middle of an

independent clause, it is usually set off by commas. When a conjunctive
adverb introduces a second clause within a sentence, a semicolon precedes
it and a comma follows it.
Carrot cake is very tasty. Moreover, the carrots make it a "healthy" choice for
dessert.
I realize you were busy. It is unfortunate, however, that you missed that phone
call.
The hurricane has lessened in intensity; nevertheless, we are evacuating in an

hour.
8. INTERJECTION
 An interjection is a word used to express emotion.

Oh!... Wow!... Oops!
An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often followed by

an exclamation point.
Interjections are words intended to express different levels of emotion or
surprise, and are usually seen as independent grammatically from the main
sentence.
 Interjections usually stand alone and are often punctuated with an

exclamation point.
- Oh! - Wow! - My goodness!
 Sometimes mild interjections are included within a sentence and are then set
off by commas.
Well, it's about time you showed up.
EXERCISE I
Read the following sentences and decide the word in the bracket belongs
to the specified part of speech.
1. I bought an (expensive) book at the mall.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Noun
d. Conjunction
2. What did he (tell) you about me?
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Noun
d. Conjunction
3. I put my shoes (between) my sister’s and my brother’s in the garage.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Conjunction
4. If we run this program (well), we can get extra bonus from our boss.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
5. On Sundays, I (swim) from six to eleven in the morning.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
6. I will go to one of beautiful (islands) in Indonesia this month.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Noun
7. I haven’t finished my project (because) I am very busy.
a. Conjunction
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
8. I don’t (believe) him because he has lied to me for many times.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Conjunction
d. Adverb
9. Tara cooked (chicken) soup, but that was not delicious.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Noun
d. Adverb
10. After (taking) a bath, let’s go to the campus.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Noun
11. I like (playing) jazz music.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Noun
d. Adverb
12. (Dita) is an amazing English teacher at school.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Noun
13. The dog (keeps) running with the other dogs.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
14. She brought (her) old car to the garage.
a. Pronoun
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
15. She drives very (carefully) because she has a traumatic car accident.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
16. (We) got a room with very beautiful view here but it is very expensinve.
a. Adjective
b. Pronoun
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
17. You should (try) the new dish in the restaurant near my office.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
18. Don’t try to (approach) him when he is angry.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
19. It is (nice) to meet you since we haven’t met each other for two months.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
20. Learning (English) is very important for students.
a. Noun
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
21. I don’t know how to fix the (problem).
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Noun
22. She was the best students (in) this university.
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
23. He probably loves (you) now.
a. Pronoun
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
24. He is (smart), but is he professional?
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
25. I am not ready to get married this (year).
a. Adjective
b. Verb
c. Noun
d. Adverb
EXERCISE II
Analyze the underline word using Part of Speech!
1. It's time to step out of your comfort zone.
a. adverb
b. noun
c. pronoun
d. preposition
2. He really did something childish this morning.
a. adjective
b. noun
c. verb
d. adverb
3. Stay here until he comes back.
a. conjunction
b. adverb
c. preposition
d. interjection
4. How many knives do I really need in my kicthen?
a. pronoun
b. adverb
c. noun
d. adjective
5. She suddenly changed her mind about selling her house.
a. adverb
b. conjunction
c. adjective
d. interjection
6. I have been to Japan three times.
a. adverb
b. adjective
c. conjunction
d. verb
7. They don't go out in a boat during a severe storm.
a. adverb
b. preposition
c. verb
d. conjunction
8. Wow! You look gorgeous!
a. pronoun
b. interjection
c. noun
d. adjective
9. This book is mine. Yours is on the table.
a. preposition
b. adverb
c. noun
d. pronoun
10. Had you seen the picture before?
a. preposition
b. adverb
c. verb
d. conjunction
11. My mother buy a cheap book at the book store
a. Adjective
b. Noun
c. Pronoun
d. Adverb
12. Where did you sleep last night?
a. Adverb
b. Verb
c. Adjective
d. Interjection
13. The space between my room and my brother’s room is so wide
a. Verb
b. Preposition
c. Conjunction
d. Adjective
14. If my father can do those jobs well, my family can get a huge amount of
money this month
a. Interjection
b. Noun
c. Verb
d. Adverb
15. On January, i take a holiday to the Great Wall of China
a. Verb
b. Adverb
c. Noun
d. Adjective
16. Me and my family will go to one of high lands in Indonesia called Dieng
a. Pronoun
b. Noun
c. Adjective
d. Adverb
17. My students haven’t finished their homework because they are very busy
with final examination
a. Noun
b. Pronoun
c. Conjunction
d. Interjection
18. My mother can’t believe that i can lift 50 kgs of rice
a. Adverb
b. Interjection
c. Adjective
d. Verb
19. Smith warmed chicken soup on the stove
a. Noun
b. Pronoun
c. Adjective
d. Adverb
20. Java Island is a beauty Island where there are so many Holiday destinations
on there
a. Verb
b. Pronoun
c. Noun
d. Adverb
21. Hello! How are you today?
a. Verb
b. Conjunction
c. Interjection
d. Noun
22. I find the Solution for your biggest problem on Math, Bingo!
a. Adverb
b. Verb
c. Pronoun
d. Interjection
23. Smith is Bringing his old car to Service Center
a. Pronoun
b. Noun
c. Verb
d. Adverb
24. I feel fresh after taking a rest
a. Adverb
b. Verb
c. Adjective
d. Interjection
25. Above the door there was a bell before my father removed it
a. Conjunction
b. Interjection
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
26. Congratulations! You have made your dream come true
a. Noun
b. Adverb
c. Verb
d. Interjection
27. Harry and Larry have a dinner with Mrs. Smith
a. Conjunction
b. Interjection
c. Preposition
d. Verb
28. This performance is for my friends who supported me before
a. Interjection
b. Conjunction
c. Preposition
d. Verb
29. Because of toxication, they Sie
a. Conjunction
b. Interjection
c. Preposition
d. Adverb
30. I like running
a. Noun
b. Adjective
c. Adverb
d. Verb
31. How do you come here? The word 'do' functions as ___
verb
noun
 adverb
 auxiliary
32. I can a can. The arrangement of parts of speech in the sentence (left to
right) is ___
 verb, noun, auxiliary
 auxiliary, verb, noun
 noun, verb, auxiliary
 auxiliary, noun, verb
33. I can find a can in your house. The 'can' after subject functions as ___
 verb
 auxiliary
 noun
 adjective
34. Which one do you think as a verb below?
 rapidly
 trial
 hot
 connect
35. I am so sleepy. 'Sleepy' is an ___
 adverb
 verb
 adjective
 noun
36. The outside of the boat needs scraping.
a Noun
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
37. You should scrape the boat without outside help.
a Noun
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
38. Let’s sit outside and laugh at you as you work in the blazing sun.
a Noun
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
39. The ambulance is parked right outside the yard, next to the beehive.
a Noun
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
40. The politician repented of his past mistakes.
a Noun
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
41. Turn right past the store with the neon sign in the window.
a Noun
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
42. Did you hear that song before?
a Conjunction
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
43. Always follow through with what you start.
a Interjection
b Conjunction
c Adverb
d Preposition
44. The remark went right through one ear and out the other.
a Noun
b Adjective
c Conjunction
d Preposition
45. The gardener mowed the lawn after he reread Lady Chatterly’s Lover.
a Conjunction
b Adjective
c Adverb
d Preposition
EXERCISE III
Mention the part of speech of the underlined words below.
1. We have to count on ourselves if we want to win the game.
2. You left home just before five o’clock in the morning.
3. He first came to his grandmother’s house to make sure that everything’s
fine.
4. They had a lunch at a restaurant where they met for the first time.
5. My sister wasn’t weak to lift her heavy backpack.
6. I tried to help my father paint the wall.
7. Your coffee is already cold.
8. My mother said, “What a hot day!”
9. I can’t spend the night with you.
10. We were late to have dinner but we could cook something and eat at home
last night.
11. Gifani can play the guitar very well.
12. Do you love to eat pizza?
13. We heard strange sound yesterday.
14. He is a smart man.
15. The team is getting busy with their project.
16. This is an old house.
17. They did well in the soccer match.
18. Fifi can’t drive slowly.
19. Have you ever been to Australia?
20. The game was not interesting to watch.
21. We have already reminded them to come early.
22. Don’t miss me when I am gone.
23. Giano and Jerry are falling in love.
24. That is an expensive gadget.
25. Let’s make it great.
EXERCISE IV
A. Chose the correct word to complete the sentencce
1. Does _____ (her, she) know that _____ (me, I) was absent?
2. Please tell _____ ( he, him) _____ (I, me) have obtained a degree in
Chemistry.
3. I remember that _____ (they, them) bought the fruits from _____ (we, us).
4. Please don’t tell ______ (she, her) about _____ (I, me).
5. _____ can swim because _____ has webbed feet.
6. I met Alice yesterday. _____ invited _____ to her house.
7. Jane has a cat; _____ likes to play with _____.
8. When the dog chased John, _____ ran as fast as _____ could.
9. My uncle works in a factory. _____ says _____ is a noisy place.
10. The teacher said to the class, “When _____ finished your work, please pass
_____ up to me.”
B. Use the Correct Form of the Pronoun in Parentheses

1. The money was given to (he)…….and (I)…….
2. Their mother is taking (they)…….. to the market.
3. Everyone finished the test except (I)………
4. All of (they)………come late.
5. My sister and (I)…………are arriving on the early train.
6. (We) ……………children were spoiled by our parents.
7. Between (you) ……..and (I)……., she’s not very happy in her new home.
8. It was (I)…………who planned this meeting.
9. Who’s at the door? It’s (I)……..
10. They wanted only Robert and (you)….

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CHAPTER I

TENSES (Bentuk waktu)

Tenses adalah bentuk-bentuk waktu di dalam bahasa inggris yang

1.Simple Present Tense

a. Verbal (Menggunakan kata kerja)

2.Present Continuous Tense

3.Present Perfect Tense

4.Simple Past Tense

a. Verbal (Menggunakan kata kerja)

b. Nominal (Menggunakan Tobe)

5.Past Continuous Tense

7.Future tense (will)

#Perbedaan Future “will” and “be going to”

a. To express a PREDICTION : Use either WILL or GOING TO.

b. To express a PRIOR PLAN : Use only BE GOING TO

c. To express WILLINGNESS: Use only WILL

 In situation 1, only be going to is possible. The speaker has a prior plan,

Situation 2: A : Are you busy this morning?

Is untuk subjek She, he, It

1. Kami bekerja sangat keras

2. Dia (pr) menari tarian tradisional

3. Saya belajar bahasa Inggris

4. Guru saya berdiri di depan kelas

5. Kucing itu memanjat sebuah dinding

1. Nabila…........ (Not/be) in her room tomorrow.

PASSIVE VOICE (Auxiliary + V3)

: Ketika Subject dikenai perlakuan / tindakan oleh agent / object.

a. Passive voice in One Object

Tense Active Passive

Susi writes a letter -

b. Passive voice in Two Objects (Direct Object & Indirect Object)

Active : The Professor gave the students the books

Passive : a. The students were given the books by the Professor

b. The books were given to the students by the Professor

Active : He will take me the flower

Passive : a. I will be taken the flower by him

b. The flower will be taken to me by him

1. The waiters brought Fred a big steak.

2. Michael has sent me the file.

3. Kevin asks Dennis a question.

4. My father will buy the man some meal.

5. The man is throwing the dog a stone.

6. Our teacher was announcing us the announcement

7. I had told my friend a good idea.

8. They offered Simon a job.

9. Aldo lent the boy a ball.

10. My boss has showed Ann the new computer.

11. Indiana University has awarded Peggy a scholarship.

13. Someone has given Maria a promotion at her job as a computer

17. The teacher is teaching us Mathematic.

18. Somebody tells him the truth today.

19. I was telling my sons a story about Malin Kundang.

20. They will send you a bill at the end of month.

Digunakan untuk memprediksi sesuatu yang dapat terjadi, sesuatu yang

1. Zero Conditional ( Kebenaran Umum)

2. Type 1 Conditional (for the possible future)

3. Type 2 Conditional ( for the unreal present )

4. Type 3 Conditional ( for the unreal past )

1. If you (send) this letter now, she (receive) it tomorrow.

2. If I (do) this test, I (improve) my English.

3. If I (find) your ring, I (give) it back to you.

4. Peggy (go) shopping if she (have) time in the afternoon.

5. Simon (go) to London next week if he (get) a cheap flight.