Tamar bokuCava, maia goSaZe

msoflio Teatris istoria

wigni I

uZvelesi da antikuri
Teatri

gamomcemloba `kentavri~
Tbilisi
2018
redaqtori: marine (maka) vasaZe, xelovbTmcodneobis doqtori,
asocirebuli profesori

recenzentebi: marina xaratiSvili, xelovbTmcodneobis doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori

Tamar quTaTelaZe, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

koreqtori: manana sanadiraZe

damkabadonebeli: ekaterine oqropiriZe

garekanze _ avstralieli aborigeni mxatvris tomi makrais grafika

© saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti, gamomcemloba `kentavri~, 2018
© Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State
University Publishing House “Kentavri”, 2018

ISBN 978-9941-9572-7-7

2
 Sinaarsi
Tamar bokuCava
winaTqma .................................................................................................................. 7
Sesavali ................................................................................................................. 9
1. Teatri da rituali ..................................................................... 11
2. primitiuli ritualidan uZveles misteriebamde
Sumeri ................................................................................................... 14
3. sakulto misteriebi egvipteSi ............................................. 18
4. qarTuli Teatri uZveles drosa
da antikur epoqaSi ....................................................................... 23
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 1 _ 4 Tavebisadmi ...................................... 28
5. berZnuli kultura Zv. w. VII-V saukuneebSi ............ 30
6. aTenis saxelmwifo ....................................................................... 35
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 5 – 6 Tavebisadmi ..................................... 37
7. Teatris dabadeba ........................................................................... 38
8. Teatraluri sanaxaobis mowyoba .......................................... 42
9. berZnuli Teatris arqiteqtura .......................................... 45
10. Zveli berZnuli Teatris msaxiobi ..................................... 47
11. niRabi .................................................................................................... 50
12. Teatraluri kostiumi ............................................................... 52
13. tragediisa da komediis struqtura ................................. 54
14. Zveli berZnuli warmodgena ................................................... 57
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 7 – 14 Tavebisadmi ................................... 60
15. esqile ................................................................................................... 61
16. mavedreblebi ..................................................................................... 64
17. sparselebi .......................................................................................... 69
18. SvidTa laSqroba Tebeze ........................................................... 74
19. orestea ................................................................................................ 78
20. agamemnoni ............................................................................................ 82
21. qoeforebi ........................................................................................... 85
22. evmenidebi ............................................................................................ 89
23. mijaWvuli promeTe ....................................................................... 94
24. klasikuri epoqis elinuri samyaros ZiriTadi
msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi
esqiles tragediebSi ................................................................... 99
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 15 _ 24 Tavebisadmi ................................. 101
25. sofokle .............................................................................................. 103
26. sofokles cxovreba da Semoqmedeba ................................... 105
27. aiasi ....................................................................................................... 107
3
 28. antigone ..................................................................................................... 114
29. oidipos mefe ........................................................................................... 120
30. oidiposi kolonosSi ......................................................................... 126
31. eleqtra ..................................................................................................... 130
32. filoqtetesi .......................................................................................... 132
33. traqiseli qalebi ................................................................................ 135
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 25 _ 33 Tavebisadmi ........................................ 139

maia goSaZe
34. evripide ...................................................................................................... 140
35. evripides dramaturgia ..................................................................... 142
36. troeli qalebi ..................................................................................... 145
37. herakle ...................................................................................................... 147
38. oreste ........................................................................................................ 148
39. ioni ............................................................................................................... 151
40. ifigenia avlisSi ................................................................................... 153
41. bakqi qalebi ............................................................................................. 156
42. hipolitosi ............................................................................................. 157
43. medea ............................................................................................................. 164
44. evripides nawarmoebebSi gamoTqmuli
avtoriseuli azrebi ........................................................................ 168
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 34 _ 44 Tavebisadmi ...................................... 171

Tamar bokuCava
45. Zveli berZnuli komedia .................................................................. 173
46. komediis fesvebi ................................................................................... 175
47. komedia aTenSi ........................................................................................ 177
48. gundi da agoni ...................................................................................... 178
49. aristofane ............................................................................................... 179
50. aqarnelebi ................................................................................................. 182
51. mxedrebi ..................................................................................................... 188
52. mSvidoba ..................................................................................................... 193
53. Rrublebi .................................................................................................. 196
54. krazanebi .................................................................................................... 200
55. frinvelebi ................................................................................................ 206
56. lisistrate ............................................................................................. 211
57. qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze ..................................... 214
58. bayayebi ........................................................................................................ 216
59. socialuri utopia da Zveli komediis dasasruli ....... 218
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 45 _ 59 Tavebisadmi ...................................... 222

4
 60. aristotele. `poetika~ ................................................................ 225
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 60 Tavisadmi ............................................... 230

maia goSaZe
61. elinizmis epoqa da Teatri ....................................................... 231
62. axali komedia ..................................................................................... 236
63. menandrosi (Zv. w. 342-292/29 ww.) ..................................... 239
64. elinizmis epoqis Teatri ............................................................ 246
65. kostiumi ................................................................................................ 247
66. arqiteqtura ........................................................................................ 248
67. mimosebi da fleakebi ..................................................................... 250
68. respublikis xanis romis Teatri
Zveli italiis mosaxleoba ....................................................... 252
69. fesceninebi ........................................................................................... 256
70. saturniebi ............................................................................................ 258
71. etruskuli sanaxaobrivi tradiciis gavlena
adreul romaul kulturaze ................................................... 260
72. respublikis periodis pirveli
romaeli dramaturgebi ................................................................. 261
73. genius neviusi ...................................................................................... 263
74. plavtusi ................................................................................................. 265
75. fsevdolusi ........................................................................................... 268
76. baqia meomari ......................................................................................... 271
77. menexmebi ................................................................................................... 274
78. terenciusi ............................................................................................. 277
79. Zmebi ........................................................................................................... 279
80. saWurisi .................................................................................................. 284
81. romis Teatri ........................................................................................ 288
82. saTeatro sivrce ................................................................................ 291
83. imperiis periodis romauli Teatri ...................................... 292
84. seneka .......................................................................................................... 296
85. garToba-sanaxaobebi ........................................................................... 300
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 61 _ 85 Tavebisadmi ................................... 303
daskvna (Tamar bokuCava) ............................................................................... 305

5
6
 Tamar bokuCava

winaTqma

Tqven winaSea msoflio Teatris istoriis pirveli wigni _

`uZvelesi da antikuri Teatri~. sanam mis wakiTxvas SeudgebodeT,
minda oriod sityviT warmogidginoT saxelmZRvanelo, misi
Seqmnis zogadi meTodologiuri principebi da pirveli
gamocemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi kerZo garemoeba Tu
Tavisebureba.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmZRvaneloSi
Teatri ganixileba rogorc sakacobrio civilizaciis Tanamdevi
farTo kulturuli da anTropologiuri fenomeni. romelic,
erTi SexedviT, sruliad gansxvavebulad iCens Tavs primitiul
sazogadoebasa Tu sakacobrio kulturis ganviTarebul
safexurebze. sinamdvileSi, swored Tanamedroveobis saTeatro
praqtikam da mecnierebis ganviTarebam, gansakuTrebiT, XIX
saukunidan moyolebuli, gaxada SesaZlebeli Teatris fenomenis
ufro farTo, dinamikuri gagebis formireba. misi ritualuri
da misteriuli, saSemsruleblo Tu dramaturgiuli bunebis
dialeqtikis urTierTkavSirSi danaxva. XX saukunis meore
naxevridan Teatris sferoSi mimdinare procesebma, axali
formebis Seqmnam, mxatvris, laboratoriuli, anTropologiuri,
postdramatuli Tu sxva uaxlesi Teatraluri praqtikis
ganviTarebam kidev ukeT gamoavlina Teatris arsi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, es Teatris istoriis saxelmZRvanelos
pirveli wignia, romelic aucileblad gagrZeldeba, raTa
Teatris istoriis kursi Tanamedroveobamde moicvas.
pirvel wignSi SevitaneT Tavi qarTuli Teatris Sesaxeb
_ `qarTuli Teatri uZveles drosa da antikur epoqaSi,~
is ramdenadme avtonomiuria, radgan am periodis qarTuli
Teatris Sesaxeb im moculobis faqtobrivi informacia ar
arsebobs, rogorc sxva kulturebis Teatrze. Tumca Cveni
mizani iyo gveCvenebina, rom `qarTulma Teatrma uZvelesi
droidan dRemde msoflio Teatris istoriis ganviTarebisaTvis
damaxasaTebeli TiTqmis yvela safexuri ganvlo... (da,

7
tipologiurad dasavluri1) tipis dinamikurad ganviTarebad
dargad Camoyalibda...~.2
swored Teatris dinamikuri ganviTarebis principi daedo
safuZvlad saxelmZRvanelos, sadac Teatris ritualuri da
miTologiuri sawyisebi, profesiuli ganviTarebis mTeli
speqtri axali tipis praqtikis yvela SesaZlo gamovlena
(Terapiuli, anTropologiuri, socialuri, da sxv.) ganixileba
rogorc erTiani zogadsakacobrio globaluri procesis
nawili Tavisi nacionaluri Tu epoqaluri TaviseburebebiT.
Teatris istoriis I wigni gamoicema misi Tanaavtoris –
maia goSaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg. maiam daasrula wignis mis
mier momzadebul nawilebze muSaoba, Tumca saxelmZRvanelos
gamTlianebisa da saboloo struqturis miniWebis procesSi
monawileoba veRar miiRo. wigni gamosacemad mis gareSe momzadda.
amitom maia goSaZis teqstis auTenturoba maqsimalurad
aris SenarCunebuli da mxolod struqturis aucilebel
moTxovnebTan SesabamisobaSia moyvanili. faqtobrivad, Qqveyndeba
Sekvecis gareSe an umniSvnelo teqnikuri SemcirebiT.

T. bokuCava

1
frCxilebSi Tavisufali citirebaa. (T. b.)
2
Tamar bokuCava, maia goSaZe, msoflio Teatris istoria, wigni I, uZvelesi da
antikuri Teatri, gv. 13.

8
 Tamar bokuCava

Sesavali
termini Teatri berZnul antikur realobaSi Seiqmna da
sanaxaobis adgils niSnavs (berZnuli sityvidan Teatron –
sanaxaobis adgili, Tea – xedva, yureba, Tvalsawieri). msoflio
Teatris dabadebis dRed Zveli welTaRricxvis 534 weli
iTvleba, rodesac aTenSi did dionisiebze pirveli berZeni
dramaturgis _ Tespisis tragedia warmoadgines (saxelwodeba
ucnobia).
Teatris warmomavlobasa da raobas ZvelTaganve swavlobdnen.
dramatuli Teatris (berZnulad drama moqmedebas niSnavs)
warmoSobisa da misi ZiriTadi Janrebis pirveli mkvlevari
berZeni filosofosi aristotele stagirelia (Zv.w. 384-
322). misi `poetika~, ZiriTadad, tragediis analizs eTmoba.
aRmosavleTSi Teatrze vrcel traqtats qmnis miTiuri
brahmani, Teatrologi da musikologi bharata (enciklopedia
britanikas mixedviT, cxovrobda a. w. I-III saukuneebSi).
`natia Sastra~, faqtobrivad, Teatraluri xelovnebis
saxelmZRvaneloa, romelic msaxiobis xelovnebis, speqtaklis
dadgmisa Tu dramatuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis ZiriTad principebs
gadmoscems.
dramisa da Teatris kvleva saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeba. dramis TeoriasTan erTad, iqmneba sxvadasxva tipisa
da xasiaTis literatura, romelic XIX saukunis bolomde,
ufro filologiur, memuarulsa Tu biografiul xasiaTs
atarebs. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi yalibdeba Teatrmcodneoba,
rogorc damoukidebeli mecniereba, romelic sasceno xelovnebis
praqtikas, Teoriasa da istorias erTianobaSi swavlobs.
saukuneebis manZilze Teatraluri xelovnebis praqtika
icvleba da axal sanaxaobiT formebsa da dramaturgiul Janrebs
qmnis. epoqidan epoqamde icvleba Teatris warmomavlobisa
da arsis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebic. miuxedavad amisa, ikveTeba
saTeatro SemoqmedebisTvis aucilebeli ramdenime komponenti,
romelTa gareSe Teatri ar arsebobs: Teatraluri warmodgenis

9
(performansis, aqciis da sxv.) Casatareblad saWiroa adgili
(sivrce, nageboba da sxv.), Semsrulebeli da mayurebeli.
bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva, Tu rogor warmoiSva Teatri.
anTropologiasa da Teatris Tanamedrove istoriaSi miCneulia,
rom Teatris fesvebi uZveles ritualsa da adamianis
miTologiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi unda veZeboT.

10
 1. Teatri da rituali

uZvelesi ritualebis formireba zeda paleoliTSi1

damwerlobamdel primitiul kulturebSi daiwyo. termini
laTinuri warmoSobisaa da sakulto qmedebas aRniSnavs
(ritualis, ritus). rituals uaRresad mniSvnelovani adgili
ekava primitiuli adamianis cxovrebaSi da misi yoveldRiuri
arsebobis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. `kulturis yvelaze
arqaul safexurebze adamianis cxovreba Tavadaa religiuri
qmedeba, sakvebis miRebas, sqesobriv urTierTobebsa da Sromas
sakraluri mniSvneloba gaaCnia~.2
primitiul rituals mravali funqcia hqonda _ religiuri,
praqtikuli, socialuri Tu fsiqologiuri. uZvelesi
adamianisaTvis is samyaros xilul da uxilav ZalebTan
urTierTkavSiris sagangebo formas warmoadgenda. magiuri3
meTodebiT adamiani praqtikuli miznebis miRwevasac cdilobda
da sjeroda, rom ritualis daxmarebiT mosalodnel safrTxes
airidebda, zafxulis mosvlas daaCqarebda, brZolaSi
gaimarjvebda da a.S. ritualSi monawileni Tavis grZnobebsa
da miznebs cekviT, simReriT, SeZaxilebiT, sxvadasxva sagnisa
da nivTis gamoyenebiT gamoxatavdnen. sagangebod ikazmebodnen,
sxeuls ixatavdnen, saxes niRbiT ifaravdnen, uZveles primitiul
sakravebze ukravdnen da sxv. ase yalibdeboda ritualis, ase
vTqvaT, `saSemsruleblo~ Tu sanaxaobrivi `Teatraluri~
mxare.
ritualSi, iseve rogorc TeatrSi, moqmedeba `aq da
exla~xdeboda, monawileebi sityviT, JestiT plastikiTa da
mimikiT garkveuli qmedebis imitacias axdenden. ritualSi
asaxuli emociebis speqtri sakmaod mravalferovani iyo.
amocanidan gamomdinare, ritualis monawileni siyvaruls,
siZulvils, mtrobas, SiSsa Tu sixaruls gamoxatavdnen.
Tu jadoqars vinmesTvis zianis miyeneba hqonda ganzraxuli,
is simboluri msxverplis mimarT mrisxanebas, brazsa da
1
daaxloebiT Zv. w. 40-dan 14 aTas wlamde.
2
mirCa eliade, `La Nostalgie des Origines~, 1969, gv. 7.
3
religiis pirvelyofil formebad animizms, fetiSizms, totemizms da magias
miiCneven.

11
siZulvils `iCenda~, Tu sasiyvarulo magiiT iyo dakavebuli,
siyvarulis simboluri obieqti alersis sagani xdeboda.
samxedro magiaSi mrisxanebis gamomxatveli agresiuli da
Semtevi moqmedeba sWarbobda. boroti Zalebis gandevnas
Tavzardacemuli adamianis SiSis gamoxatuleba axlda Tan,
romelic Sesabamisi moZraobebiTa da plastikiT gadmoicemoda
– SekrTomiT, konvulsiebiT, tanjvis gansaxierebiT. zogjer
jadoqari magiur ritualSi msxverplis damarcxebisa Tu
mokvlis suraTsac gadmoscemda. bronislav malinovskis1
azriT, preistoriul adamians ritualuri magiis yvelaze
`qmediT~ komponentad misi verbaluri, SelocviTi nawili da
warmoTqmuli sityvis Zala miaCnda. aqve vlindeboda adamianis
Tandayolili Tviseba TamaSiT siamovnebis gancdisa.
amdenad, ritualursa da Teatralur qmedebas Soris bevri
saerTo niSani iZebneba. maTi moqmedeba yovelTvis aq da amwuTs
xdeba, meorec, maTSi monawile adamiani baZvas, gansaxierebas
mimarTavs da sityvas, Jests, plastikasa da mimikas iyenebs.
`orive am models – aq da amwuTs yofnasa da mimetur
qcevas... ZiriTadi adgili ukavia Semsruleblisa da msaxiobis
qcevaSi... rac nebismieri warmodgenis aucilebeli winapirobaa
_ ritualiT dawyebuli da dramiT damTavrebuli~.2
xSirad, rituali miTebis `inscenirebas~ warmoadgenda. maT
Soris kosmogoniuri miTebisa, romlebic samyaros warmoSobis
miTologiur istorias yvebian. ritualis meSveobiT adamiani
samyaros ganaxlebaSi monawileobs, rac simboluri qmedebiT
xorcieldeba, radgan rituali sagnebsa da movlenebs simbolur
mniSvnelobasa da niSan-Tvisebebs aniWebs. eTnologebis _
malinovskisa da diurkheimis3 SexedulebiT, rituali pirovnebisa
da sociumis Seqmnasa Tu ganaxlebas, koleqtivebis mTlianobis
SenarCunebas emsaxureba. am mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad
ritualur qmedebaTa mTeli sistema moqmedebs – samyaros
1
bronislav kaspar malinovski, poloneli anTropologi, 1884-1942.
anTropologiasa da sociologiaSi funqcionalizmis mimarTulebis
Semqmneli.
2
Theatre Histories, An Introduction; by Phillip Zarilli, Bruce McConachie, Gary Jay
Williams, Carol Fisher Sorgenfrei; London and New-York: Routldge, 2010, gv. 5
3
emil durkheimi, frangi sociologi da fsiqologi.

12
ganaxleba, RmerTisa da winaparTa pativiscema, momadliereba
da momxroba, bunebis mistikur Zalebze zemoqmedeba da maTTan
kavSiris damyareba, gmiris saqmeTa gandideba-ganmeoreba,
iniciacia1, dakrZalva da sxv. `swored samyaros sazeimo
ganaxlebis formas warmoadgens arqaul realobaSi rituali.
is iwyeba miRebuli normebis damrRvevi moqmedebiT, riTac
daberebul kosmoss droebiT nayofier qaosSi abrunebs, Semdeg
ki Tanmimdevrulad aRadgens saganTa da movlenaTa tradiciul
pirvandel wesrigs~.2
rogorc vnaxeT, Teatraluri xelovnebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli saSemsruleblo unar-Cvevebis, komunikaciis
formebisa Tu mxatvruli sawyisebis formireba sxvadasxva
saxisa da daniSnulebis ritualTa wiaRSi moxda, magram
primitiuli sazogadoebis miTologiuri warmodgenebi
da moklebuli iyo ganzogadebis im masStabebs, romelic
samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis ganviTarebulma miTologiebma
SeiZina ganviTarebuli kosmogoniiTa3 da anTropogoniiT,4 sadac
samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sakraluri
istoria iyo moTxrobili.

1
ritualTa da wesTa erToblioba, romlebic Tan axlavs individis an pirTa
jgufis erTi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobidan sxva mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas.
qristianobis leqsikoni, Tb. 2011.
2
Новейший Философский Словарь, 2009. http://iph.ras.ru/elib/1474.html
3
miTologiur warmodgenaTa erTiani sistema samyaros warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
4
adamianis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi.

13
 2. primitiuli ritualidan uZveles
misteriebamde. Sumeri

Zv.w. X-IV aTaswleulebSi kacobriobis istoriaSi axali

etapi dadga, `neoliTis revoluciam~ adamianTa cxovreba
radikalurad Secvala. safuZveli Caeyara Tanamedrove
civilizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebel uamrav movlenasa da
instituts, ganviTarda soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba, daiwyo
religiuri sistemebis formireba, Seiqmna sxvadasxva teqnologia,
Camoyalibda adamianTa Tanacxovrebis axali formebi, gaCnda
saxelmwifos Seqmnis wanamZRvrebi, daarsda qalaqis tipis
dasaxlebebi da uZvelesi qalaqebi (daaxloebiT Zv.w. 3500-
3000 ww.) da sxv. Zv. w. IV aTaswleulSi _ spilenZisa da
adrebrinjaos xanaSi _ SuamdinareTsa da nilosis auzebSi –U
uZvelesi civilizaciebi aRmocenda. Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis
mijnaze Sumersa da egvipteSi iqmneba uZvelesi damwerlobebi,
iwereba religiuri, samarTlebrivi, sameurneo, istoriuli Tu
sxva daniSnulebis teqstebi. yalibdeba umaRles RvTaebaTa
panTeonebi, kosmogioniasa da TeogoniaSi1, yuradReba calkeuli
tomisa Tu totemis warmoSobidan samyaros mowyobis uzogades
procesebze, pirvelyofili qaosidan kosmosis Seqmnaze
gadadis.
qaosis ZalTa daZlevisa da damorCilebis kosmogoniur
motivebTan erTad, ganviTarebuli samiwaTmoqmedo
civilizaciebis miTologiebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava
mokvdav da mkvdreTiT aRmdgom RvaTebaTa kultebma. maTSi
gardaqmnili saxiT bunebis sezonuri ciklurobis, dabadebisa da
sikvdilis sayovelTao monacvleobis, samyaros, sazogadoebisa
Tu istoriis kanonzomierebebze arsebuli warmodgenebi aisaxa.
samiwaTmoqmedo kultebma kacobriobis ganviTarebis winare
etapebze Seqmnili rwmena-warmodgenebi SeiTvisa, ganaviTara
da axal xarisxSi aiyvana.2 axal msoflgancdaSi sikvdilisa
da sicocxlis, qaosisa da kosmosis, bunebisa da kulturis
dramatuli da winaaRmdegobrivi erTianoba gamoikveTa. RvTaebaTa
1
miTologiur warmodgenaTa erToblioba RmerTTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
2
Мелетинский Е, «Поэтика Мифа», М. 1976, стр. 171.

14
Tayvaniscemam kalendaruli sakulto dramis saxe SeiZina.
sakulto dramis siuJets RmerTis Tavgadasavali warmoadgenda.
mesopotamiis uZveles saxelmwifoebsa Tu egvipteSi sajaro
cxovreba yovelwliuri religiuri festivalebis irgvliv iyo
organizebuli. religiuri kalendris RirsSesaniSnavi TariRebi
ritualebiTa da warmodgenebiT aRiniSneboda. ritualebis
marTva da aRsruleba qurumebis saqmianobas warmoadgenda.
mokvdav da mkvdreTiT aRmdgom RvTaebaTa kultebis Sesaxeb
informacia uZvelesma teqstebma da artefaqtebma Semoinaxa. es
RmerTebi adamianebis mimarT keTilganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen,
bunebis nayofierebaze, mosavalsa da xalxis keTildReobaze
zrunavdnen, adamianebis msgavsad tkivilsa da sikvdils
ganicdidnen, usamarTlobisa da Ralatis msxverplni xdebodnen.
RmerTis tanjvis, sikvdilisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis gancdiT
adamianebi Tavis miwier xvedrs gaiazrebdnen, sikvdilis SiSs
sZlevdnen da sicocxles ganadidebdnen. SumerTa nayofierebis
RmerTi dumuzi _ enqisa da sirTuris Ze _ Tavdapirvelad
mokvdavi mwyemsi iyo, romelic misma satrfom, qalRmerTma
inanam RvTaebis rangSi aiyvana. dumuzs tragikuli xvedri xvda
wilad, Tavisi zeciuri satrfos nacvlad daTmo sicocxle
da Sumeruli miTologiis pirquS saiqioSi aRmoCnda.
inanam, romelic nebsiT Tu uneblieT (sxvadasxva versiaSi
sxvadasxvagvaradaa) dumuzis daRupvis mizezi gaxda, Zalian
ganicada satrfos sikvdili. masTan erTad dumuzi Sumeris
mTelma qveyanam daitira. dumuzis mwuxarebam guli moulbo
miwisqveSa samefos qalRmerT ereSkigals da man neba darTo
mwyems mefes, mxolod eqvsi Tve gaetarebina qveda samefoSi,
meore eqvs Tves ki cocxalTa Soris ecxovra.
nayofirebis RvTaebaTa – dumuzisa da inanas pativsacemad
SumerSi gazafxulis buniobas (SumerTa axali weli)
saRvTo qorwinebis rituali imarTeboda. `Sumerul enaze
Semonaxulia mravalricxovani teqstebi, sadac moTxrobilia
dumuzis satrfialo urTierToba qalRmerTTan, aRwerilia
saRvTo qorwineba, hierogamia. dumuzs saZovrebidan Tavisi
sasZlosTvis moaqvs ZRveni, inana egebeba mas uruqis beRelTan,

15
sadac imarTeba qorwili da iSleba saqorwilo sareceli~.1
saRvTo qorwinebis Sumeruli misteria, savaraudod, Zv.w.
III aTaswleulis Sua periodidan imarTeboda. misteriebi Zvel
samiwaTmoqmedo civilizaciebSi `religiuri Teoriisa da
magiuri saritualo praqtikis~2 Serwymis Sedegad Seiqmna.
misteria berZnuli `misterion~-idan modis da saidumlos
niSnavs. masSi, nayofierebis dResaswaulis ideasTan erTad,
RvTaebasTan ziarebis gziT ganaxlebuli sicocxliT sikvdilis
daZlevis ideac devs. es iyo sazeimo sakraluri ceremoniebi,
romlebSic mokvdav da mkvdreTiT aRmdgom RvTaebaTa
Tavgadasavlis epizodebi Teatralizebul-simboluri qmedebis
saxiT gaTamaSdeboda.
Sumerulma teqstebma inanasa da dumuzis kultis
ritualuri teqstebis fragmentebi Semoinaxa, romlebic
uZvelesi satrfialo lirikis nimuSebs warmoadgens (dumuzi:
`dido dedofalo, yanaa mkerdi Seni, / inana, yanaa mkerdi Seni!
Seni farTo yana, balaxs rom aRmoacenebs, / Seni farTo yana,
xorbals rom aRmoacenebs...~). saRvTo qorwinebas sakraluri
daniSnuleba hqonda da RvTaebriv Zalebze zemoqmedebas
isaxavda miznad, raTa bunebas uxvi nayofi moeca, xeebi xiliT
daxunZluliyo, saqonels namati moego, yana dapurebuliyo da
xalxs xvavi da baraqa miscemoda.
adamianis arsebobis tragikulobis, misi sicocxlis
sasrulobis gancda Zveli Sumerisa da aqadis literaturaSic
aisaxa. uZvelesi Sumerul-aqaduri epikuri Txzuleba
`gilgameSiani~ (Zv.w. XXII_XVIII saukuneebi) uruqis (Zveli
Sumeruli qalaq-saxelmwifo) mefe gilgameSis (savaraudod,
istoriuli piri) istorias mogviTxrobs. gilgameSi Zlieri,
gavleniani da Tavneba mefea, romelic Tavis qveSevrdomebs
Cagravs. mas zne mxolod Rirseul mowinaaRmdegesTan –
cxovelTa qomag enqidusTan damegobrebis Semdeg ecvleba.
gilgameSi da enqidu erTad ebrZvian qveynad borotebas,
magram enqidu dasneuldeba da kvdeba, rac gilgameSs imdenad
SeZravs, rom is pirvelad daufiqrdeba sikvdil-sicocxlis
1
kiknaZe zurab, `Suamdinaruli miTologiis leqsikoni~, Tbilisi, 1984, gv.
22.
2
jeims frezeri, `oqros rto~, gv. 363 (rusul enaze, moskovi, 1980).

16
saidumloebas. `enqidu Tavisi gamoCeniT aRviZebs masSi
zneobriv, xolo Tavis sikvdiliT – moazrovne pirovnebas~1,
wers zurab kiknaZe. `gilgameSiani~ cxadyofs, rom adamiani
Tavisi arsebobis sazrisze, eTikur Rirebulebebze, sikvdilis
garduvalobasa da ukvdavebis Ziebaze odiTganve fiqrobda.
ukve Zvel SuamdinareTSi yalibdeba is mxatvruli da
kulturuli winamZRvrebi, romelTa ganviTareba dramatuli
Teatris dabadebamde migviyvans. iqmneba adreuli kalendaruli
sakulto drama, romlis fabulasac RmerTis Tavgadasavali
warmoadgens. RmerTis sakralur ambavs Teatralizebuli
epizodebis monacvleobis saxiT warmoadgenen. qurumebi miTis
RvTaebriv personaJebs ganasaxierebdnen. ritualuri teqstebis
fragmentebis arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom misteriebis
monawileebi saxotbo, samgloviaro Tu sazeimo xasiaTis
kanonikur teqstebs warmoTqvamdnen, romelTac mxatvrul-
poeturi forma hqonda. savaraudod, unda arsebuliyo
dialogizebuli monakveTebic, rogorc es eposidan Tu lirikuli
literaturidan Cans. swored misteriebi daedo safuZvlad
msoflio Teatris erT-erT ZiriTad saxeobas, dramatul
Teatrs, sadac msaxiobis fizikuri moqmedebiT, epizodebis
erTobliobiTa da dialogiT gmiris (gmirebis) cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani ambavia gadmocemuli. dramatul fabulaSi gmiri
winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis gziT tragikul an bednier finalamde
midis. dramis gmiris winapari swored misteriebis RmerTia,
romelsac samyaros Seqmnisa da adamianebis mfarvelobis gzaze
qaosis personificirebuli Zalebi ebrZvian.

1
zurab kiknaZe, `Suamdinaruli miTologiis leqsikoni~, gv. 20, Tb.1984.

17
 3. sakulto misteriebi egvipteSi

mokvdav da mkvdreTiT aRmdgom RvTaebaTa kultebi Zveli

samyaros mraval qveyanaSi iyo gavrcelebuli (aqaduri Tamuz-
iSTaris, frigiuli atis-kibelas, xeTuri telefinusis kultebi
Tu sxv.). am TvalsazirisiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
egvipturi civilizacia, uZvelesi ieroglifuri damwerlobiT,
ganviTarebuli sairigacio miwaTmoqmedebiT, arqiteqturiT,
xelovnebiTa da literaturiT, xelosnobiTa da inJineriiT,
maTematikiT, mediciniTa Tu astronomiiT. egvipturma kulturam,
wina aziis kulturebTan erTad, mniSvneloani gavlena moaxdina
berZnuli kulturis formirebaze. berZenma istorikosma
herodotem Zv.w. V saukunis Sua wlebSi egvipteSi imogzaura
da im daskvnade mivida, rom dionises kulti osirisis egviptur
kults enaTesaveboda.
egvipturi religia poliTeisturi iyo, is didi
mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeboda. Zlieri iyo istoriis
adreul stadiebze aRmocenebuli cxovelTa Tayvaniscemis
kvali. ufro gviandel, antropomorful RmerTebs, xSirad,
Tavisi cxoveluri oreulebi da atributika hqondaT. swored
egvipte iyo pirveli qveyana, sadac pirveli monoTeisturi
religia _ atonis kulti aRmocenda, marTalia, man mxolod
20 weliwads iarseba (Zv.w. XIV saukune, SemoiRo XVIII
dinastiis faraonma exnatonma, imave amenhotep IV-m), magram
istoriaSi mniSvnelovani kvali datova.
Zvel egvipteSi dakrZalvis ritualebs udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen, xolo adamianis miwier cxovrebas maradisobis
xanmokle epizodad miiCnevdnen. RmerTTan gaTanabrebuli
faraonis gardacvaleba gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgenda,
mis dasasveneblad sagangebo akldamebi igeboda, romlebmac
Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi piramidebis saxe
miiRo. swored piramidebma Semoinaxa UuZvelesi religiuri Tu
ritualuri daniSnulebis teqstebi, romlebic `piramidebis
teqstebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. warwerebi piramidebis Sida
kamerebis kedlebze keTdeboda, maTi umravlesoba Zveli samefos
dasasrulis periods ekuTvnis da Zv.w. XXIV-XXI saukuneebSia

18
Sesrulebuli. teqstebis daniSnulebas gardacvlilis daxmareba
warmoadgens. egviptelTa rwmeniT, adamianis gardacvaleba mzis
Casvlas hgavs, gardacvlilma sikvdilis faza unda ganvlos,
raTa axali maradiuli sicocxlisTvis mzesaviT amovides.
am ori samyaros kavSirs, Ramisa da dRis, sikvdilisa da
sicocxlis maradiul wrebrunvas, egviptelTa rwmeniT, RmerTi
osirisi ganaxorcielebda.
osirisi egviptis erT-erTi uZvelesi RmerTi iyo, misi
kulti Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulis Sua periodidanaa cnobili,
Tumca varaudoben, rom kidev ufro Zvelia da I dinastiis
droidan iwyeba (III-IV aTaswleulebis mijna). is egviptis
erT-erT umaRles RmerTTagania, romelic gansakuTrebuli
TayvaniscemiT sargeblobda. misi cxovrebis, sikvdilisa da
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis cikli mdinare nilosis yovelwliur
adidebas da axali mosavlis zrdas Seesabameboda, amitom mas
zogjer mwvane ferisas gamosaxavdnen. osirisis funqciebi Zalze
mravalferovania, is miwisqveSa samefos RmerTi, gardacvlilTa
msajuli, ganaxlebisa da maradiuli sicocxlis ufalia.
osirisma aswavla adamianebs miwis damuSaveba, marcvleulis
moyvana, puris gamocxoba, mevenaxeoba, meRvineoba, spilenZisa
da oqros madnis damuSaveba, medicina, qalaqebis mSenebloba da
sxv. manve daudo saTave uZveles kultebsa da RvTismsaxurebas.
osirisis Tavgadasavali kulturisa da mwarmoebeli bunebis
qaosTan brZolas ganasaxierebda, romelSic yovelTvis igi
imarjvebda.
miTis Tanaxmad, osirisi egvipteSi mefobda. misma Zmam
– udabnos borotma RmerTma seTma taxtis xelSi Cagdeba
ganizraxa da Zma motyuebiT mokla. osirisis colma da misma
RvTaebrivma dam isidam qmris sxeuls miagno, masSi Cadebuli
sasicocxlo Zala saswaulebrivad moipova da horusi Casaxa.
davaJkacebulma horusma seTze Suri iZia, mkvdar mamas seTTan
brZolisas Tavisi amoTxrili Tvali gadaaylapa da gaacocxla.
mkvdreTiT aRmdgarma osirisma dedamiwaze dabruneba aRar
isurva, taxti horuss dauTmo, TviTon ki miwisqveSa samefos
mefe da sulTa msajuli gaxda.
rogorc piramidebis teqstTa fragmentebidan, Zv.w. XVIII

19
saukunis e.w. abidosis stelis warweridan da antikuri
periodis istoriuli wyaroebidan irkveva, osirisisadmi
miZRvnili ritualebi da misteriuli RvTismsaxureba egvipteSi
Zv.w. 2500-dan 550 wlamde mainc aRiniSneboda.1 qalaqi abidosi
Zveli egviptis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani religiuri centri
iyo, sadac, rogorc Cans, osirisis misteriebi yovelwliurad
tardeboda. iTvleboda, rom swored abidosSi gamoriya nilosma
RmerTis cxedari napirze. misteriebs gazafxulis damdegs,
nilosis adidebis bolo Tves marTavdnen. abidosis stela
XII dinastiis faraon sensureTis (mefobis savaraudo periodi
Zv. w. 1882-1872ww. an 1845-1837 ww.) moxelem (SesaZloa
qurummac) ihernofretma Tavisi sapatio misiis aRsaniSnavad
aRmarTa. warwera gvamcnobs, rom abidosis taZarSi osirisis
misteriebi gaimarTa, sadac ihernofreti taZris saqmianobis
Sesamowmeblad da xsenebuli misteriebis Casatareblad
iyo mivlenili. warweridan Cans, rom misteriebi ramdenime
epizodisagan Sedgeboda, romlebic osirisis sakraluri
istoriis ZiriTad etapebs simbolurad ganasaxierebda. abidosi
egviptelebisaTvis molocvisa da Tayvaniscemis adgili iyo,
miTologiuri gadmocemiT,swored aq mdebareobda saiqios karibWe
da dakrZaluli iyo RmerTi osirisi (RmerTis `gansvenebis~
adgils, romelic abidosis samxreTiT mdebareobda, pekeri erqva).
misteriis sanaxaobiTi nawili osirisis taZridan iwyeboda: (1)
Tavdapirvelad taZridan RmerT upuatus (sxvadasxva versiiT
mglis an turis) kerps gamoitandnen, upuatu osiriss gzas
uCvenebda da misi mTavari meomari iyo, (2) Semdeg Tavisi
naviT gamoCndeboda osirisi. mis navs mtrebi esxmodnen Tavs,
romlebsac qurumebi da RmerTis amala igeriebdnen. (3) seTi
osiriss momdevno _ `didi da idumali gamosvlis~ dros
klavda. osirisis daRupvas misi datireba mosdevda. (4)
RmerT ToTs (tots) osirisis cxedari naviT gadahyavda.
(5) sasuliero pirebi cxedars dakrZalvisTvis amzdebdnen,
naviTve mihyavdaT pekerSi da iq krZalavdnen. (6) neditaSi,
osirisis daRupvis adgilas mtrebs brZolas gaumarTavdnen
da daamarcxebdnen. (7) daskvniT epizodSi osirisis mkvdreTiT

1
Oscar G. Brockett, Franklin J. Hildey, History Of The Theatre, USA, 2003.

20
aRdgomas zeimobdnen, `gacocxlebuli~ RmerTis gamosaxulebas
kvlav taZarSi abrunebdnen.1 osirisis misteriis sajaro
nawils mTeli egviptidan mosuli momlocvelebi eswrebodnen.
sanaxaoba sazeimo da mdidruli iyo, Tumca mas mxolod
pirobiTad SeiZleba ewodos egvipturi Teatri, radgan is
aTaswleulebis manZilze inarCunebda Tavis religiur-sakulto
xasiaTs. osirisis miTze informacia mravalma egvipturma
wyarom Semoinaxa, xsenebulma `piramidebis teqstebma~, aseve
`sarkofagebis teqstebma~, `mkvdarTa wignma~, stelebma Tu
papirusebma. im garemoebas, rom osirisis misteriebSi mravali
adamiani monawileobda, ufro gviandeli epoqebis Canawerebi
da wyaroebic adasturebs, maT Soris, berZeni avtorebis
_ herodotes, plutarqes, heliodores Txzulebebi. jeims
freizeri osirisis ciklis dResaswaulTa umravlesobas Zvel
sasoflo-sameurneo zeimebs ukavSirebda. magaliTad, isidas
dResaswauls nilosis yovelwliuri adidebisas aRniSnavdnen,
xolo wylis matebas isidas mier osirisis datirebisas
daRvrili cremliT xsnidnen.
gviandel misteriebSi, romlebic egviptis sxvadasxva
qalaqSi imarTeboda, gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava isidasa
da neftidas mier osirisis datirebis epizods, romelic
poeturi formiT gadmoscemda qalRmerTTa sasowarkveTas.
datirebis scenas qurumi qalebi ganasaxierebdnen, romlebsac
mxrebze qalRmerTTa saxelebi eweraT. iTvleba, rom egvipteSi,
misteriuli warmodgenebis garda, arsebobda komediuri
motivebis Semcveli sanaxaobebic, `sarkofagebis teqstebSi~
(Sua samefo 21-18 ss. Zv.w.-aRmde) SemorCenilia komediuri
Sinaarsis nawyveti, romelSic miTologiuri personaJebi
monawileoben. `mkvdarTa wignis~2 39-e TavSi aseve moyvanilia
komikuri Sinaarsis nawyveti, romlis mTavari personaJi eSmaki
apopia. aRniSnuli faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom, SesaZloa,
1
Коростовцев М. А. Религия Древнего Египта М., 1976
2
mkvdarTa wignis~ kanoni iqmneboda Zv.w. 2325 wlidan 1700 wlamde. masSi
Sedis nawyvetebi `piramidebis teqstebidan~ da axali samefos dakrZalvis
kultis qurumTa gamonaTqvamebi. Cvens dromde mosuli saboloo redaqcia
663-525 ww. ekuTvnis. wignidan «Древнеегипетская книга мертвых: слово
устремленного к свету», ЭКСМО, 2006.

21
egviptur misteriul kulturaSi, komikuri scenebis saxiT,
dramis Janrobrivi diferenciaciis Canasaxi gaCnda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom egviptur misteriebs mdidari
gamomsaxvelobiTi da performatiuli tradicia hqondaT, isini
ar SegviZlia gavuTanabroT Teatrs, rogorc xelovnebisa da
sanaxaobis damoukidebel formas. aqamde arsebuli monacemebidan
gamomdinare, savaraudod, misteriebis daniSnuleba da forma
aTaswleulebis manZilze Tvisobrivad ar icvleboda.
uZvelesi dramatuli Teatri statikuri, konservatiuli,
mkacrad ierarqiuli aRmosavluri civilizaciebisagan
tipologiurad gansxvavebulma dinamikurma, siaxleze,
ganviTarebasa da adamianze orientirebulma berZnulma
civilizaciam Seqmna antikur xanaSi.

22
 4. qarTuli Teatri uZveles drosa
da antikur epoqaSi

qarTulma Teatrma uZvelesi droidan dRemde msoflio

Teatris istoriis ganviTarebisaTvis damaxasaTebeli TiTqmis
yvela safexuri ganvlo. Teatris ganviTarebis specifika da
Taviseburebebi qveynis istoriulma, politikur-kulturulma
Tu geografiulma maxasiaTeblebma ganapiroba. dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan, tipologiurad, qarTuli Teatri dasavluri
tipis dinamikurad ganviTarebad dargad Camoyalibda, mkafiod
gamoxatuli nacionaluri TaviseburebebiT.
qarTuli kultura wina aziisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
uZveles kulturebTan da monaTesave eTnosebTan mWidro
urTietTkavSirSi yalibdeboda. am kavSiris kvali arqeologiursa
da eTnologiuri masalaSi, enaSi, werilobiT wyaroebSi,
folklorSi, religiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi, ritualebsa
da xalxur dResaswaulebSi ikveTeba. am urTierTqmedebaSi,
aTaswleulebis manZilze Seiqmna mdgradi identobis mqone
uZvelesi qarTuli kultura, romelmac mraval istoriul
gamowvevas gauZlo da dRevandelobamde ganviTarebis
saintereso da dramatuli movlenebiT aRsavse gza ganvlo.
TeatrmcodneobiTi kvlevebiT, qarTuli saTeatro kulturis
sawyisebi winaqarTvelur xalxTa _ xeTa-iberTa tradiciebsa da
ritualebSi iZebneba. rogorc cnobilia, uZvelesi misteriebis
warmoSoba da Teatris formireba nayofierebis mokvdav da
mkvdreTiT aRmdgom RvTaebaTa kultebs ukavSirdeba. xeTebis
nayofierebis RmerTis _ telefinusis `dakargvis~ Sesaxeb
miTi axva cnobil RvTaebaTa miTebs enaTesaveba (dumuz-
Tamuzis, osirisis, Aadonisis, atisis, dionisesa da sxvebis).
xeTebis msoflgancdaSi samyaros dramatuli mowyoba,
bunebis cvalebadoba Zalze mZafrad ganicdeboda, qaosisa da
kosmosis, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis monacvleoba adamianebs
bunebisa da kulturis arsebobis ZiriTad formad esaxebodaT.
qaosisgan Tavdasacavad, arsebobis pirvelqmnili wonasworobis
SesanarCuneblad aucilebeli iyo mravalricxovani ritualis,
magiuri da saweso qmedebis Catareba.

23
 qarTulma kulturam dRemde SeinarCuna garkveuli
sadResaswaulo ritualuroba, yofa-cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
mxareebi mravalferovani tradiciebiT regulirdeba, romlebic
mowodebulia sazogadoebis, Temisa Tu jgufis sasicocxlo
ciklis gaerTianeba-ganaxlebisaken. qarTuli Teatris
sawyisebis mkvlevaris – dimitri janeliZis azriT, xeTa-iberebi
telefinusis, Tamuz-iSTaris, atis-kibelas, dionisesa da sxva
RmerTebis misteriebsac aRasrulebdnen, romelTa safuZvelzec
unda Seqmniliyo dramatuli qmedebisa da tragediis adreuli
formebi. misteriebi warmoadgenda wminda dramebs, romlebic
garkveul periodebSi TamaSdeboda da RmerTis Tavgadasavals
ganasaxierebda. maTi daniSnuleba miwierisa da zeciuris
kavSiris ganxorcieleba, sikvdilis damarcxeba, farulis
gamoaSkaraveba da mdabali arsebobidan amaRleba iyo. amdenad,
Teatralur qmedebaSi sakraluri da filosofiuri sazrisi
iyo kodirebuli.
telefinusis kultis kvals dimitri janeliZe sxvadasxva
sityvasa Tu toponimSi xedavs, magaliTad, sqesobrivi aqtis
aRmniSvnel sityva `tulaoba~-Si, daba telefas, tolebis
mTis, ritualuri cekva meliai-tulefiais saxelwodebebsa
da sxva. Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-17 saukuniT daTariRebul
e.w. TrialeTis1 sasmisis zemo frizis gamosaxuleba ivane
javaxiSvilis, Salva amiranaSvilisa da dimitri janeliZis
azriT, RvTaebrivi ukvdavebis sasmelis momzadebisa da darigebis
rituals warmoadgens. cxoveli, romelsac ritualuri
msvlelobis 23 monawile ganasaxierebs, mela unda iyos. aq
nayofierebis mamrobiTi RvTaebis, SesaZloa, telefinusis
TayvaniscemasTan unda gvqondes saqme. monawileTa moZraobebi
qarTuli cekvis saferxulo wyobas waagavs, kerZod ki _ `ialisa~
da `meliai tulefiais~. svanuri muryvamobis dResaswaulis
xeTuri telefinusis kultTan kavSirs simon janaSiac xedavs:
`svaneTSi, jer kidev meoce saukuneSi asrulebdnen muryvamobis
dReoba salocavs, romelic rva nawilisagan Sedgeboda, jer
orpirad Cabmuli ferxuli wminda sagalobels ambobda, romelic

1
TrialeTis kultura.

24
ase iwyeboda: `adrekila wagvivida da mogvivida~1, Semdeg sxva
gundi sxva wess asrulebda da xalxisaTvis gaugebar sityvebs
iZaxoda: melia telefia, ioh, ioh! Semdeg kviria RmerTis
sagalobeli mosdevda, dasasrul ferxuli da sxvadasxva
simRera sruldeboda. muryvamobis dReoba-salocavi Zveli
xeTuri RmerTis telefinis Tayvaniscemis naSTia~.2 muryvamoba
Sav orSabaTs, didmarxvis pirvel dRes imarTeboda. swored am
dRes aRiniSneboda qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli `yeenobac~,
romelic, yvelieris kviraSi gamarTul berikaobasTan erTad,
didmarxvis dawyebis wina dResaswaulTa ciklSi Sedioda da
nayofierebis warmarTuli kultebidan iRebda saTaves.
nayofierebis kultTan dakavSirebuli ritualuri
sanaxaobis _ qarTuli saferxulo cekvis elementebi uZveles
iTifalur figuraTa moZraobebSic SeiniSneba, am mcire zomis
falikur figuraTa eqspresia Zalze cocxalia da plastikuri.
dimitri janeliZe maTSi niRbosan mocekvaveebs xedavs, rasac
qandakebaTa xelebisa da fexebis specifikuri moZraobebiT
asabuTebs. zogierTi figuris niRabSi is xalxuri Teatris _
berikaobisTvis damaxasiaTebel niRabTa tips amoicnobs. Salva
amiranaSvilis azriT, aq gamosaxuli unda iyos ganayofierebisa
da Svilierebis RvTaeba `saqmisais~ ferxulis monawile
mTavari pirebi.3 nayofierebis falikur kultTan akavSirebs
maT istorikosi daviT berZeniSvilic: `falosis misteriebTan
unda iyos dakavSirebuli quTaisis muzeumis arqeologiis
fondSi daculi iTifaluri qandakebebi antropomorfuli
da zoomorfuli gamosaxulebebiT, romlebisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia moZravi poza, mkafiod gamosaxuli iTifaloba
da romelime cxovelis atributi~4. es mcire zomis qandakebebi
Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba, daaxloebiT im periodiT,
rodesac saberZneTSi gavrcelebas (savaraudod, xelaxla)
1
sityva adrekilais falikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, muryvamoba-kviriaoba
nayofierebis RvTaeba kvirias eZRvneboda.
2
`saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis damdegamde~,
akademikos simon janaSias redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1943, gv. 86.
3
dimitri janeliZe, `qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi~, gv. 21, Salva
amiranaSvili `xelovnebis istoria~, gv.72-73.
4
daviT berZeniSvili, warmarTuli nayofierebis qandakebebi quTaisis
muzeumidan, http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1480&lang=ru

25
iwyebs dionises kulti da bunebis nayofierebis Zalisadmi
miZRvnili falikuri dResaswaulebi, TandaTan, saerTo saxalxo
xasiaTs iZens. manana xidaSelis azriT, Zveli welTaRricxvis
I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi,
maT Soris mcire zomis brinjaos anTropomorfuli da
zoomorfuli qandakebebis mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi vlindeba
axali tipis azrovneba: `sakulto daniSnulebis mqone am
Zeglebis mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi erTi mniSvnelovani siaxle
SeiniSneba: iqmneba da farTod vrceldeba RvTaebis axali
saxe. is warmogvidgens adamians, RvTaebis garkveuli niSnebiT.
naCvenebia RvTaebaTa kavSiri nayofierebasTan, brZolasTan,
xazgasmulia maTi uflebamosileba da Zala. wina periodisTvis
damaxasiaTebel RvaTebaTa ganyenebul saxeebTan SedarebiT
gansxvaveba radikaluria ara mxolod ideis, aramed mxatvrulad
gamomsaxveli formis axleburad Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT~.1
es patara sakulto daniSnulebis figurebi sainteresoa
ara mxolod daniSnulebiT, aramed mxatvruli `SinaarsiT~.
aSkaraa, rom Sesrulebis manera da scenebi, romlebic maTi
monawileobiT `ikiTxeba~, garkveul ritualur moqmedebasa
da sanaxaobebs asaxavs. vinaidan es qandakebebi nayofierebis
RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebis `wreSi~ Sedian, advili safiqrebelia,
rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli iyo nayofierebis RvTaebaTa sadidebeli zeimebi,
romlebic sxvebs Soris mZleosanTa paeqrobebs, Teatralizebul
sanaxaobebsa Tu sxvadasxva tipis asparezobebs moicavda.
amasTan, rogorc gamosaxulebebis analiziT Cans, sanaxaobrivi
da saSemsruleblo kultura evolucias ganicdida da
adamianis mzardi TviTSemecnebis process asaxavda, RvTaebaTa
gamosaxulebebis anTropomorfizmi formaluridan realisturi
msgavsebis mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. aSkaraa, rom saqme unda
gvqondes qarTul kulturaSi mimdinare progresul procesTan,
adamianis Rirebulebisa da mniSvnelobis, amqveyniuri cxovrebis
mSvenierebis gacnobierebisa da gancdis gaZlierebasTan, rac,
1
manana xidaSeli, `brZolis kosmogoniuri koncefcia saqarTvelos uZveles
sulier kulturaSi~, `saqarTvelos siZveleni~, #2, Tbilisi, 2002.
http://www.dzeglebi.ge/statiebi/arqeologia/brdzolis_kosmogoniuri.html

26
upirveles yovlisa, saxviTsa da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
aisaxa.
qarTul sanaxaobaTa warmoSobas dimitri janeliZe
adgilobriv samiwaTmoqmedo kultebsac ukavSirebs, kerZod,
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemas, amindis
RmerTis _ tarosis, ganayofierebisa da Svilierebis RvTaeba
kviriasa Tu xeTa da bunebis sulTa kultebs da sxv. is ganixilavs
qarTul e.w. saferxulo Sesrulebis misteriebs da xalxuri
zepirsityvierebis mier Semonaxul dramatul dialogebs. igi
darwmunebulia, rom am kultebis wiaRma saferxulo dramebi
warmoqmna, romlebmac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi arsobrivi da
Janrobrivi evolucia ganicades. igi saferxulo Hdramis or
Janrs ganasxvavebs _ misteriasa da qarTul tragedias. am
ukanasknels is qarTul xalxur samijnuro epos `abesalom
da eTers~ miakuTvnebs. folkloruli teqtsebis analiziT
janeliZe daaskvnis, rom saferxulo drama evolucias
ganicdida, RvTaebriv personaJTa gverdiT adamianTa personaJebic
Cndebodnen, romlebic TandaTan centraluri gmiris adgils
ikavebdnen da adamianur mizanswrafvebs gadmoscemdnen.
savaraudod, antikur epoqaSi, metadre ki elinistur da
romaul periodSi, saqarTveloSi antikuri tipis Teatri
unda arsebuliyo. dionises kultis kvali Zalisis mozaikam
Semoinaxa. zogierTi artefaqti, romelic berZnul-romaul
antikurobas ekuTvnis, niRbebsa da sxva saTeatro realiebs
asaxavs. prokopi kesarielis mowmobiT, kolxeTis qalaqebSi,
kerZod qalaq afsaraSi,Teatrebi da ipodromebi igeboda. dimitri
janeliZis varaudiT ki, qalaq ufliscixeSi arsebuli Teatris
nangrevebma dRemde moaRwia. es sakiTxebi kidev gamosakvlevia,
Tumca antikuri kulturis gavlenisa da antikur samyarosTan
saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli kulturuli siaxlovis Sesaxeb
axali Teoriebi da hipoTezebi istorikosTa uaxles kvlevebSi
saintereso mimarTulebas iZens. magaliTad, giorgi qavTaraZe
werilSi `warmarTuli iberiis RvTaebaTa arsisaTvis~1, `qarTlis
cxovrebaze~ dayrdnobiT, safuZvlian varauds gamoTqvams, rom
1
giorgi qavTaraZe, `warmarTuli iberiis RvTaebaTa arsisaTvis~, Tbilisi,
2009. http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1306&lang=ru

27
ax. w. I saukunis SuaxnebSi qarTlis anu iberiis samefos
dasavleT nawilSi apolonisa da artemides kulti yofila
damkvidrebuli da maTi saxelobis taZaric arsebula. qavTaraZe
fiqrobs, rom mcxeTa-armazcixis ZiriTad RvTaebebs Soris
apoloni da artemide RvTaebaTa wyvils – gacsa da gaims unda
Seesabamebodes, xolo armazi ki anatoliuri warmomavlobis
RmerTs _ iupiter dolixeuss, romlis kultmac Zv. w.
III saukunidan romSi SeaRwia.1 (qavTaraZis Teoria armazis
kultis zoroastruli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Sexedulebas
upirispirdeba).
yvelaferi mowmobs, rom saqarTvelo odiTganve mdidari
iyo sansaxobriv-saSemsruleblo Teatraluri kulturis
mravalferovani formebiT, aq arsebobda saferxulo misteria
da tragedia, romelic dialogis formiT igeboda da
epossa da dramas Soris Janrul mijnaze idga. wina aziisa
da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis geografiuli da kulturuli
garemo saintereso konteqsts uqmnida qveyanas, sxvadasxva
winaistoriulsa Tu istoriul etapze sxvadasxva kulturuli
centris dawinaureba Tavisebur kvals amCnevda da amdidrebda
TviTmyofadi identobis mqone qarTul kulturas.

kiTxvebi da davalebebi 1 _ 4 Tavebisadmi:

1. ras niSnavs termini Teatri?

2. romeli weli iTvleba msoflio Teatris dabadebis dRed?
3. vin aris dramatuli Teatris (berZ. sityvidan δρᾶμα _moqmedeba)
warmoSobisa da misi ZiriTadi Janrebis pirveli mkvlevari?
4. vin Seqmna `natia Sastra~ da ras narmoadgens es nawarmoebi?
5. rogor xasiaTs atarebda Teatrisa da dramis kvleva XIX
saukunis bolomde da ra Seicvala Semdeg?
1
giorgi qavTaraZe, `warmarTuli iberiis RvTaebaTa arsisaTvis~, Tbilisi,
2009. http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1306&lang=ru

28
6. daasaxeleT is ramdenime komponenti, romelTa gareSe Teatri ar
arsebobs.
7. gadmoeciT, rodis daiwyo uZvelesi ritualebis formireba da
CamoTvaleT primitiuli ritualis funqciebi.
8. SeadareT erTmaneTs Teatraluri qmedeba da rituali da axseniT
maT Soris kavSiri.
9. ra Seicvala kacobriobis cxovrebaSi Zv.w. X-IV
aTaswleulebSi?
10. rogori tipis RvTaebas scemdnen Tayvans kalendarul sakulto
dramaSi?
11. sad Seiqmna pirveli kalendaruli sakulto drama?
12. rogor aRiniSneboda saRvTo qorwinebis rituali SumerSi?
13. egviptis istoriis romel periods ekuTvnis `piramidebis
teqstebi~ da ra daniSnuleba hqonda maT?
14. ras warmoadgenda osirisis kulti da ras ganasaxierebda misi
Tavgadasavali?
15. ras gvamcnobs XII dinastiis faraon sensureTis moxelis _
ihernofretis mier aRmarTuli stela?
16. werilobiT gadmoeciT osirisis sakraluri misteriebis
ZiriTadi epizodebi da daasaxeleT osirisis datirebis scenis
monawileebi.
17. sad iZebneba qarTuli saTeatro kulturis uZvelesi sawyisebis
kvali?
18. romel RvTaebaTa kultebs enaTesaveba xeTebis nayofierebis
RvTaeba telefinusis kulti?
19. romel sityvas, toponimsa Tu saweso qmedebaSi xedavs qarTveli
Teatrmcodne dimitri janeliZe telefinusis kultis kvals?
(dawereT an zepirad gadmoeciT).
20. ra informacia SeiZleba amovikiTxoT iTifaluri figurebis
sakulto da mxatvruli aspeqtebidan?
21. romel adgilobriv samiwaTmoqmedeo kultebs ukavSirebs dimitri
janeliZe qarTul sanaxaobaTa warmoSobas da ra warmoqmna, misi
azriT, am kultebis wiaRma?
22. saferxulo dramis romel Janrebs ganasxvavebs janeliZe?
23. gadmoeciT is argumentebi, romlebic gvidasturebs, rom
antikur epoqaSi, metadre ki elinistur da romaul periodSi,
saqarTveloSi antikuri tipis Teatri unda arsebuliyo.
24. ra varauds gamoTqvams mkvlevari giorgi qavTaraZe saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli antikur kultebTan dakavSirebiT da ra wyaros
eyrdnoba is Tavisi poziciis gasamyareblad?

29
 5. berZnuli kultura
Zv. w. VII-V saukuneebSi

Cvens welTaRricxvamde VII-VI saukuneebis saberZneTSi

monaTmflobeluri sazogadoeba Camoyalibda, romelmac
gvarovnuli wyobileba Secvala. am epoqas arqaikis periods
uwodeben. gaizarda da ganviTarda berZnuli polisebi,
romlebic saberZneTs avtonomiuri TviTmmarTvelobis mqone
mxareebad hyofda. polisi olqisa Tu mxaris urbanul da
administraciul centrs warmoadgenda. gafarTovda berZnebis
mier dasaxlebuli teritoriebi, berZnuli koloniebiT
daifara xemlTaSua, Savi Tu marmarilos zRvis sanapiroebi,
ramac vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso kulturuli kavSirebis
qselis ganviTareba ganapiroba. aRniSnuli movlenebi berZnul
civilizaciaSi revoluciuri gadatrialebis saxeliT aris
cnobili.
qalaqebis ganviTarebas mohyva SeZlebul moqalaqeTa axali
fenis formireba, romlebic vaWrobasa da xelosnobas misdevdnen.
periodulad iqmneboda droebiTi `tiraniebi~, rac iseT
mmarTvelobiT sistemas niSnavs, rodesac mmarTvel xelisufals
Zalaufleba Zalismieri xerxebiT aqvs dapyrobili. tiranebi,
romlebic, umetesad axal socialur Zalebs warmoadgendnen,
xelisuflebas Zvel sagvareulo aristokratiul opoziciasTan
brZolisaTvis iyenebdnen.
arsebuli socialuri da politikuri brZolis procesSi
icvleboda da viTardeboda berZenTa samarTlebrivi cnobierebis
formebi, sagvareulo samarTlebriv normebs kanonebi cvlida,
sagvareulo erTobis gancdas, erTi mxriv, sapoliso
koleqtivis, meore mxriv ki individis gazrdili TviTSegneba
anacvlebda. xdeboda RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. simarTlisa da
samarTlianobis (dike) cnebebi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
wina planze moeqca da daweril kanonmdeblobaTa safuZveli
Seqmna. BberZenTa kanoncnobiereba kanonis uzenaesobis princips
emyareboda. adamianuri, RvTaebrivi Tu kosmiuri marTlwesrigis
idea maTi msoflmxedvelobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan aspeqts
warmoadgenda. Camoyalibda moqalaqis Rirsebis kodeqsis

30
Rirebulebebi, romlebic polisis kanonebis dacvisa da piradi
Rirsebis (areTe) idealebs moicavda. aristokratiuli Rirsebis
sagvareulo da memkvidreobiT gardamaval ideals axali,
formirebis procesSi myofi moqalaqis sayovelTao Rirsebis
ideali enacvleboda, romlis fuZemdeblur principebad
samarTali da sibrZne (sofia) yalibdeboda.
sibrZnis idealis safuZvelze iqmneboda ganyenebuli
filosofiuri azrovnebis wanamZRvrebi. ioniis qalaqebSi
berZnul filosofiasa da mecnierebas Caeyara safuZveli,
romlebic samyaros, bunebisa Tu kosmosis arsisa da raobis
mecnieruli principebiT axsnas cdilobdnen. mniSvnelovani
siaxleebi ganviTarda religiuri msoflmxedvelobis sferoSic,
socialur, politikur Tu kulturul cvlilebebs religiur
warmodgenaTa ganviTarebac axlda Tan. gansakuTrebuli
popularuloba SeiZina mokvdav da mkvdreTiT aRmdgom RvTaebaTa
kultebma. maT Soris yvelaze didi popularulobiTa da
gavleniT sargeblobda demetrasa da persefones elevsisis
kulti1, romelsac, savaraudod, kretuli Ziri hqonda, maTi
Tanmxlebi misteriebiT, aseve Rvinisa da nayofierebis RmerTis
– dionises kulti.
axali RmerTebis kultebis damkvidrebas tiranebic
uwyobdnen xels, radgan es sagvareulo aristokratiis
religiuri konservatizmis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da maTi
ideologiuri gavlenis Sesustebas emsaxureboda.
iTvleba, rom dionises orgiulma kultma samoqalaqo
erTobisa da Tanasworobis cnobierebis formirebis procesSi
1
kultis centrs aTenis maxloblad mdebare qalaqi elevsisi warmoadgenda,
sadac weliwadSi orjer misteriebi tardeboda. anTesterionis TveSi
(Teberval-martSi) mcire, xolo seqtemberSi (voidromionSi) didi misteriebi,
romlebic 9 dRes grZeldeboda. mxolod me-10 dRes aRwevdnen mistebi
(demetras kultis gandobilebi) Tavis mizans. miTis Tanaxmad, nayofierebis
(miwis, xorblis, marcvleulis) qalRmerTis qaliSvili persefone mindorSi
yvavilebs agrovebda, rodesac is qvesknelis meufe hadesma moitaca. demetras
glovas sazRvari ar hqonda. dedamiwaze mousavlianobam daisadgura, zevsi
iZulebuli gaxda hadesi SeTanxmebaze daeyoliebina, romlis mixedviTac
persefone wlis or mesameds dedasTan gaatarebda, erTs ki _ qmarTan.
gaxarebulma demetram mindorTa nayofiereba daabruna da saidumlo kulti
da misteriebi daafuZna.

31
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. dionisuri orgia adamianebs Soris
yvela bariers arRvevda, maT Soris socialur barierebsac.
kultis demokratiulobam male moupova, savaraudod, mcire
aziidan mosul RvTaebas popularoba da is WeSmaritad saxalxo
sarwmunoebad aqcia. dionise _ zevsis vaJi da olimpieli
RmerTi gaxda, maSin, rodesac misi miTi warmomavlobiT berZnul
olimposTan da Zvel berZnul RvTaebaTa panTeonTan sawyis
`genetikur~ kavSirSi ar imyofeboda. bunebis reproduqciuli
Zalebisa da ciklebis sayovelTaoobam, romelic nebismier
cocxal arsze vrceldeboda, adamianTa Tanasworobis,
solidarobisa da erTiani bedisweris niSniT kavSiris idea
dabada. dionises religia orgiis TiToeul monawiles RvTaebas
uTanabrebda da amiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi arsebul
uTanasworobas arRvevda.1
rogorc ukve iTqva, cnobilia, rom VI saukunis mmarTvelebi
specialurad nergavdnen dionises kults Tavis qveyanaSi.
ase, magaliTad, aTenelma tiranma pisistratem, romelic
demokratiul masebs eyrdnoboda da antiaristokratiul
politikas atarebda, aTenSi didi dionisiebis dResaswauli
1
dionises kultis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azri arsebobs, am
RmerTis saxels XIV saukunis kretul firfitebze vxvdebiT. zogi
mkvlevaris azriT, is mcireaziuli warmomavlobisaa (lidiur-frigiuli),
sxvebi masSi adreberZnulsa Tu winaberZnul fesvebs xedaven. herodote
dionises egvi pturi osirisis gansaxierebad miiCnevda, Tumca saberZneTSi
misi sayovelTao gavrceleba Zveli w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi iwyeba, polisebisa
da polisuri demokratiis formirebis procesSi. axalma kultma RmerTebisa
da gmirebis damkvidrebuli kultebi Seaviwrova. dionises popularulobas
misi warmomavlobac ganapirobebda. miTis Tanaxmad, dionise zevsisa da
mokvdavi qalis – semeles (Tebes mefe kadmosis qaliSvilis) vaJi iyo.
heras waqezebiT, fexmZime semelem zevsis namdvili saxis xilva moisurva.
zevsma winaswar micemuli piroba ver gatexa da cecxlovani saxiT warsdga
mis winaSe. qals cecxli moedo da daiwva. zevsma mxolod dRenakluli
dionises gadarCena moaxerxa da Cvili TeZoSi Caikera. zevsis TeZodan
dionise xelmeored iSva, iseve rogorc Rvino modis jer yurZnisa da Semdeg
Rvinis saxiT. heras eWvianoba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze sdevda dionises,
magram man yvela winaaRmdegobis daZleva moaxerxa da olimpiel RmerTebs
Soris daimkvidra adgili. dionises bunebis adamianuri sawyisi, herasagan misi
Cagvra nayofierebis, miwaTmoqmedebisa da mevenaxeobis RmerTs xalxisaTvis
gansakuTrebulad axlobels xdida, xolo mokvdavi qalis vaJis olimpiel
RmerTad qceva adamianebs Rirsebis grZnobiT aRavsebda.

32
daafuZna (536-sa da 531 ww. Soris). swored pisistrates
dros Sedga tragediis pirveli warmodgena.
axali tendenciebis gavleniT viTardeboda berZnuli
panTeizmis Zveli tradiciebic. kerZod, gansakuTrebuli
popularulobiT sargeblobda apolonis delfiuri religia,
romelic aristokratiul gvarebs Soris uxsovari droidan
arsebul sisxlis aRebis adaTs upirispirdeboda. delfuri
religiis centrs delfosSi mdebare apolonis taZari
warmoadgenda. apolonis delfuri kulti adamianisagan sakuTari
Tavis Secnobasa da yovelgvari biwierebisagan ganwmendas
moiTxovda. delfoseli apolonis taZarze amokveTili iyo
warwera – Seican Tavi Seni, romelic yvela mlocvelisadmi
iyo mimarTuli. antikuri wyaroebiT mis avtorad brZeni
qiloni saxeldeba, zogjer ki filosofosi Talesi. sxva
gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, ase upasuxa piTiam qilons SekiTxvaze,
Tu ra aris adamianisaTvis saukeTeso qmedeba. gacemuli
pasuxia. es delfiuri mowodeba sokrates filosofiis erT-
erT postulatad iqca.
orfikebis msoflxedvelobaSi misteriebis religiisa da
eTikuri Sexedulebebis erTgvari sinTezi ganxorcielda,
romelic adamianSi or sawyiss ganasxvavebda – RvTaebriv
dionisurs da borot `titanurs~ (dionise-zagreosis Sesaxeb
miTis mixedviT1). adamianis sxeuli orfikebisaTvis RvTaebrivi
sulis `samare~ da `satusaRo~ iyo.
1
orfizmi, romlis fuZemdeblad legendarul musikos orfeoss Tvlidnen,
ezoTerul swavlebad Camoyalibda, romelic dionises, delfuri apolonisa
da elevsisis kultebs eyrdnoboda. maTi SexedulebiT, adamianis sicocxle
tragikulia, radgan is Tavis Tavs ar ekuTvnis da aucileblobisa da
bedisweris tyveobaSia. orfikebi dionise-zagreosis miTs aRiarebdnen,
romlis mixedviTac dionise miwisqveSa samefos dedofal persefonesa da
zevsis vaJi iyo. eWvianma heram is amboxebul titanebs daaglejina. Tavis
dasaxsnelad dionise saxes icvlida, xan zevsis saxe miiRo, xan kronosis,
axalgazrda vaJis, lomis, cxenis, gvelis Tu xaris. titanebma dionise-xari
mokles da SeWames. ganrisxebulma zevsma titanebi Tavisi elviT dawva,
damwvari titanebis ferflidan ki kacTa modgma iSva. ase gaerTianda
adamianebSi tanjuli RmerTisa da meamboxe titanebis sawyisebi, ramac maTi
bunebis winaaRmdegobrivi, dramatuli xasiaTi ganapiroba. aTenam dionises
gulis gadarCena SeZlo, zevsma Svilis guli gadaylapa, Semdeg ki semeles
dauaxlovda, romelmac dionises meore sicocxle misca.

33
 filosofiis, religiur-mistikuri moZRvrebebis,
samarTlebrivi warmodgenebisa da kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebasTan
erTad, icleboda da viTardeboda xelovnebis formebi da
Sinaarsi. mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis zemoqmedebis Zalis
gaTvaliswinebiT, zogjer, filosofosebi da politikosebi
Tavis naSromebs leqsis metriTa da formiT qmnidnen. aTenelma
kanonmdebelma solonma Tavis reformaTa Sinaarsi leqsad
gadmosca, adreuli filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebic
poetur formaSi moaqcevdnen Tavis sabunebismetyvelo da
kosmologiur Sexedulebebs. leqsad gadmoicemoda moralis,
politikis, samarTlis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi. wamyvan
literaturl Janrad lirika yalibdeba. lirikis ganviTareba
miTis interpretaciisa da daniSnulebis formebsac cvlis.
izrdeba subieqturi, racionaluri da emociuri gamomsaxvelobis
xvedriTi wili.
VII-VI saukuneebis ioniaSi, TandaTan, iqmneba TxrobiTi
Janris literaturuli prozac, romelSic, miTologiur
motivebTan erTad, istoriuli Tematikac Semodis. VI saukuneSi
iwyeba literaturuli dramis Casaxvac, Tumca dramaturgia
Tavisi ganviTarebis simaRles ukve aTenis demokratiuli
polisis realobaSi, klasikur epoqaSi1 aRwevs.

1
klasikur epoqas saberZneTis istoriis V-IV saukuneebs, polisuri
saxelmwifo mowyobis ayvavebis periods uwodeben, rodesac berZnuli
kulturis mwvervals miaRwia da xelovnebis, mecnierebisa Tu politikuri
kulturis sferoSi normatiuli nimuSebi Seqmna.

34
 6. aTenis saxelmwifo

berZnul-sparsul omebSi (Zv. w. 500-479 weli) gamarjvebam

atikis qalaq aTenSi demokratiis formireba daaCqara. is
procesebi, romlebic solonis1 da klisTenes2 dros daiwyo,
TandaTan demokratiuli wyobilebis mwyobri saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyobis sistemad Camoyalibda. Zv. w. 510 wels aTenSi tiranTa
mmarTveloba dasrulda. Zv.w. V saukunis aTeni berZnuli
qalaqebis didi gaerTianebis hegemoni da lideri iyo (pirveli
sazRvao kavSiri). Tavis ganviTarebis mwvervals aTenis
demokratiulma polisma perikles mmarTvelobis xanaSi miaRwia.
aTenis saxelmwifos politikuri Zlierebis mwvervalsa da
demokratiuli reformebis dasasrulsac perikles epoqas
ukavSireben. es aris Zv. w. V saukunis 50-30-iani wlebi, e.w.
`perikles saukune~. perikle aTenis demokratiis saTaveSi,
faqtobrivad, 444 wlidan (Tukidides gandevnis Semdeg) 429
wlamde – gardacvalebamde darCa. Tukidides daxasiaTebiT,
perikle pativcemuli, Wkviani da `mousyidavi~ mmarTveli
iyo. man qveyanaSi ZalTa politikuri balansi daamyara. man
gaaZliera aTenis samxedro sazRvao gavlena, 445 wels aTenis
xelisuflebas daumorCila evbea, 440 wels – samosi. perikles
dros aTenSi intensiuri aRmSeneblobiTi da SemoqmedebiTi
saqmianoba mimdinareobda, aigo parTenoni, propileusi, erexTioni,
romlebsac, aTenis akropolisTan erTad, erTiani mxatvruli
kompleqsi unda SeeqmnaT. es nagebobebi fidiasisa da misi
skolis skulpturebiT iyo morTuli. am nagebobaTa didebuleba,
sisadave da daxvewiloba demokratiuli aTenis sulieri da
politikuri kulturis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. saerTod,
perikles epoqa xelovnebis uprecedento ayvavebis xana iyo.
xelovnebaSic, iseve rogorc berZnuli iedologiis yvela
sxva sferoSi, adamiani da misi problema centralur adgils
1
V saukuneSi aTenis arqonti da kanonmdebeli, arqontis Tanamdebobaze
arCeul iqna 594 wels, gaatara mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo reformebi,
gaaZliera aTenis saxalxo krebis mmarTvelobiTi funqciebi, safuZveli
Cauyara moqalaqeTa uflebebis demokratizacias.
2
aTeneli politikuri moRvawe, romelmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa aTenis
mmarTvelobiTi sistemis demokratizaciaSi.

35
ikavebs. yvelaze mkafiod es viTareba berZnul filosofiaSi
aisaxeba, romelic ioniuri skolis kosmologiuri, samyaros
Semswavleli etapidan anTroplogiur, adamianis Semmecnebel
etapze gadadis. filosofiur swavlebaTa centrSi adamiani
eqceva. Tavis kulminacias es xazi sofistebis moZRvrebaSi
aRwevs, sadac adamiani xdeba WeSmaritebisa da RirebulebaTa
sazomi da Semqmneli.
miuxedavad adamianis mimarT gansakuTrebuli
damokidebulebisa, misi Zalebis rwmenisa, aTenuri demokratia
sayovelTao Tanasworobis formas ar warmoadgenda, es
monaTmflobeluri demokratia iyo. aTenis mosaxleoba
uflebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT 4 kategoriad iyofoda:
yoveli 30 wels miRweuli aTeneli mamakaci sruluflebiani
moqalaqe xdeboda. 30 wlamde axalgazrda kacebi da qalebi,
romlebsac moqalaqeobis statusi hqondaT, SezRuduli
uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, mesame kategorias Tavisufali
aramoqalaqe ucxoelebi Seadgendnen, monebi aTenis araTavisufal
da uuflebo fenas warmoadgendnen.
aTenSi gacxovelebuli politikuri da kulturuli
cxovreba mimdinareobda. swored aTenis demokratiul polisSi
Caeyara safuZveli im samarTlebriv, msoflmxedvelobrivsa
Tu mxatvrul kulturul normebs, romlebmac, SemdgomSi,
jer antikuri samyaros, Semdeg ki ufro gviandeli evropis
ganviTarebis gzebi gansazRvres. aqedan iRebs saTaves evropuli
samecniero da filosofiuri azri, xelovnebis sxvadasxva
dargi da Janri, esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, romlebic dResac
normatiul mniSvnelobas inarCunebs.

36
 kiTxvebi da davalebebi 5 – 6 Tavebisadmi:

1. ra urbanuli da kulturuli procesebi ganviTarda saberZneTSi

Zv. w. VII-Vss.?
2. ra Rirebulebebi daedo safuZvlad berZenTa axal samarTlebriv
cnobierebas, kanonebs, romlebic koleqtiur sagvareulo
samarTlebriv normebs cvlida?
3. Tqveni azriT, ra roli iTamaSa piradi Rirsebis idealis – areTes
faqtorma berZenTa samoqalaqo da nacionaluri cnobierebis
formirebaSi?
4. ram ganapiroba axali kultebis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba
tiranebis mier?
5. romeli kultebi dawinaurda aTenis religiuri politikis
xelSewyobiT aTenSi?
6. Tqveni azriT, ra rols TamaSobda RmerT dionises popularulobaSi
is garemoeba, rom dedamisi Cveulebrivi mokvdavi qali iyo?
7. gadmoeciT dionises miTis orfikuli versia.
8. romeli delfuri mowodeba iqca sokrates filosofiis erT-erT
postulatad?
9. ram daaCqara atikis qalaq aTenSi demokratiis ganviTareba?
10. daaxasiaTeT perikles kulturuli politika aTenSi.

37
 7. Teatris dabadeba

rogorc dasawyisSive aRiniSna, VI-V saukuneebis mijnaze

saberZneTSi, kerZod ki aTenSi, dramatuli Teatri Seiqmna. misi
formirebis safuZvlebi im istoriul-kulturul garemoebaTa
erTobliobam ganapiroba, romlebic aq gansakuTrebiT VIII-
VII saukuneebidan moyolebuli ganviTarda. gavrcelda an
ganaxlda misteriuli kultebi, romlebmac jer saerTo-
saxalxo popularuloba moipova da Semdeg ki oficialuri
religiis nawili gaxda. maTi gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis
mizezebi am kultebis demokratiul, xalxur xasiaTSi unda
veZeboT. isini axal socialur garemos qmnidnen, romelSic
yvela daiSveboda, warmomavlobisa Tu mdgomareobis miuxedavad.
magaliTad, cnobilia, rom VIII-VII saukuneebSi dionises
kulti gansakuTrebiT qalebs Soris iyo gavrcelebuli,1
romlebic sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobas ar
Rebulobdnen. am kultebis sayovelTao xasiaTi mTeli atikis
mosaxleobas aerTianebda da weliwadis sakralur ciklebs
moicavda. rogorc dionises, ise elevsisis kultebs mdidari
sanaxaobrivi mxare hqondaT. maTSi RmerTis sikvdiliT gancdili
sevda misi dabrunebiT gancdil sixarulTan erTiandeboda.
dionises dResaswaulebis monawileebs RviniT ritualuri
Troba yoveldRiurobis tvirTisagan aTavisuflebda da
sayovelTao sicocxlesTan, koleqtivTan, TemTan Tu jgufTan
gaerTianebis grZnobas aniWebda. es ritualebi da misteriebi
saxalxo saSemsruleblo xelovnebis ganviTarebasac uwyobda
xels. dionises dResaswaulebs yvela qalaqSi aRniSnavdnen,
1
`mTaze Sefenili tyeebi drodadro simReriTa da SeZaxilebiT ivseboda;...
qalebi... xeebs Soris TmagaSlilni dahqrodnen, cxovelis tyavi emosaT, Tavze
surosagan dawnuli gvirgvinebi edgaT; xelSi tirsebi – sviiT Semkuli
joxebi epyraT; isini Tavawyvetilad rokavdnen pirvelyofili orkestris
hangebqveS: Wyiodnen fleitebi, JRerdnen litavrebi, cecxlmokidebuli kanafi
da fisi maTrobela kvamliT bolavda... tyis am velur dResaswaulebze
qalebi, romlebic didi xania Sin iyvnen gamoketilni da qalaqiT damonebulni,
revanSs iRebdnen: ramdenadac mkacri iyo maT mimarT sazogadoebis kanonebi,
imdenad didi iyo maTi TavaSvebuli ritualis enTuziazmi~ _werda aleqsan-
dre meni. Александр Мень, История религии, т.4. гл.4. Дионис. http://www.alex-
andrmen.ru/books/tom4/4_gl_04.html

38
mxiarul msvlelobas nayofierebis simbolo – falosi
mohqonda, mamakacebi satirebad iyvnen Cacmulni, saxeebs niRbebi
an Rvinis leqi ufaravdaT, qalebi menadebs ganasaxierebdnen.
xelSi suroTi Semkuli xis kverTxebi eWiraT, romelTac
girCebi agvirgvinebda. msvlelobaSi monawileebi nayofierebis
RmerTs SeZaxilebiT adidebdnen, `evoe, bakqos~1 gahyvirodnen
isini. pisistrates mier Zv.w. VI saukunis meore naxevarSi
dionises dResaswaulebisTvis saxelmwifo statusis miniWebam
isini nacionaluri zeimis rangSi aiyvana.
dionises kultis wiaRSi Seiqmna sagundo lirikis Janri
_ diTirambi. es iyo dionises sadidebeli sazeimo himni,
romelsac dResaswaulze gundi asrulebda. diTirambuli
poeziis Semqmnelad poeti arion metimnioseli2 iTvleba.
Zveli avtorebis Tanaxmad, swored man gadaamuSava diTirambi
(diTirambosi) da sakulto qmedebidan xelovnebis rangSi
aiyvana. arionma qorodan diTirambis wamomwyebi gamohyo, riTac
tragediis wyobas Cauyara safuZveli. poetikis IV TavSi
aristotele wers, rom tragediam mravali transformacia
ganicada, manam, sanam saboloo formas miiRebda. tragediis
saTaved mas diTirambis wamomwyebTa improvizaciebi miaCnia.
arionis diTirambebSi qoro kostiumirebuli iyo da
satirebs – nayofierebis Txisfexa RvTaebebs ganasaxierebda.
diTirambebSi, garda musikaluri nawilebisa, satirebis
deklamaciuri partiebic iyo CarTuli. berZnuli drama da
Teatri dionises kultis ritualuri mxarisa da diTirambis
sinTezis Sedegad Seiqmna. mkvlevarTa azriT, Tavdapirvelad
tragedias satirebis dramis saxe unda hqonoda, romlidanac
tragediisa da komediis dramaturgiuli Janrebi ganviTarda,
dionises dResaswaulis sazeimo da sevdianma nawilma tragedias
daudo saTave, xolo mxiarulma – komedias. sityva tragedia
(tragoidia) Txis simReras niSnavs (tragos – Txa, oide –
simRera), xolo komedia komosis simReras. `komos~ ewodeboda
im SezarxoSebuli xalxis procesias, romelic saerTo Rreobis
Semdeg imarTeboda. komosis wevrebi skabrezul (uwmawur)
simRerebs mRerodnen da garSemomyofT dascinodnen.
1
bakqi _ dionises, Rvinis RmerTis erT-erTi saxelia.
2
metimni an metimniosi – qalaqi kunZul lesbosze.

39
 tragediis formirebaSi zogi mkvlevari frenosis –
micvalebulis ritualuri datirebis gavlenasac xedvas, romelic
gardacvlilis xotbas Seicavs. frenosis literaturuli
formebi ukve homerosTan, pindaresa da simonide amorgoselTan
gvxvdeba. Semdgom is tragediaSic gadainacvlebs. es forma
gaxda, rogorc Cans, tragediis gmirisa da qoros erToblivi
godebis formaluri prototi pi.
ra Tqma unda, Teatrisa da dramaturgiis warmoSobis
mizezebi mxolod sakulto Tu literaturul winapirobebSi
ar unda veZeboT. misi dabadeba saberZneTis nacionalur
aRmavlobasa da aTenuri demokratiis formirebas ukavSirdeba.
saberZneTis mowinave qalaqebi kulturis, xelosnobisa da
vaWrobis mniSvnelovan centrebad iqca, kolonizaciis Sedegad
gaizarda berZnuli elinuri1 samyaros kulturuli sazRvrebi,
Seiqmna axali qalaqebi, gafarTovda berZenTa Tvalsawieri,
ramac xeli Seuwyo filosofiisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebas.
ganviTarda xelovneba da literatura, Camoyalibda adamianis
Rirsebisa da moqalaqeobis kodeqsi. yvela am da sxva garemoebaTa
Sedegad, atikis qalaq aTenSi Seiqmna berZnuli dramatuli
Teatri, romelic demokratiis arsebobis manZilze WeSmaritad
saerTo saxalxo xasiaTs atarebda.
berZnuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, dramatuli Teatris uadresi
warmomadgeneli dramaturgi Tespisi iyo. swored man istoriaSi
pirvelma 534 wels, did dionisiebze dadga tragedia. Tumca,
Tespisis nawarmoebebs Tanamedroveobamde ar mouRwevia. 494
wels dramaturgma frinixem dadga tragedia `mileTis aReba~,
xolo salaminis aRebas man tragedia `finikieli qalebi~
(476 weli) miuZRvna. tragediis dialogur formas qorodan
msaxiobis gamoyofam daudo safuZveli. adreul tragediebSi,
qoros ZiriTadi funqcia eniWeboda, xolo msaxiobs _ damxmare
statusi. amaze metyvelebs msaxiobis funqciuri saxelwodebac
– hipokrite, rac mopasuxes niSnavs. msaxiobs qorosTvis
1
elinebi _ berZnebis erT-erTi tomis saxeli, romelic mTeli berZeni
xalxis mimarTebiT pirvelad VII saukuneSi poet arqiloqesTan gvxvdeba.
berZnul-sparsuli omebis dros materikuli saberZneTis mimarTebiT ixmareba,
xolo makedonelis laSqrobis Semdeg berZenTa gansaxlebis mTel sivrceze
ixmareba.

40
movlenaTa Sesaxeb cnobebi mohqonda, ris mixedviTac icvleboda
qoros lirikuli ganwyobebi. is qoros wevrebs an qoros Tavkacs
– korifeoss esaubreboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom tragediis
arsebobis sawyis etapze, msaxiobi Zalze mcire partiebiT iyo
warmodgenili, mas ukve hqonda specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi –
SeeZlo daetovebina scena da ukan dabrunebuliyo, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, SeeZlo sxvadsxva personaJi ganesaxierebina yovel
Semosvlaze. VI saukunis bolodan tragediebis Semdeg satirul
dramas warmodgendnen. es iyo miTologiur siuJetze Seqmnili
piesa, romlis qoro satirebisagan Sedgeboda. satiruli dramis
Semqmnelad tradicia fliuntel pratinuss asaxelebs.1
dramaturgiis TandaTanobiTi formireba Teatris
Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobda. rac
ufro dinamikuri xdeboda dramis struqtura da viTardeboda
msaxiobis partia, miT ufro ixveweboda Teatraluri dadgmis
teqnikac. dramis literaturuli formisa da struqturis
ganviTareba mWidrod ukavSirdeba saTeatro gamomsaxvelobis
formirebas. am TvalsazrisiT, rogorc tragediis, ise
Teatraluri saxierebisa da tragediis dadgmis novatoruli
ganviTarebiT VI_V ss. mijnaze tragediis mamad wodebuli
esqile gamoirCeoda. tragediis ufro adreul warmoamdgenelTa
– Tespisis, friniqes, pratinesa da qeriles piesebs Cvenamde
ar mouRwevia. antikuri literaturis mkvlevarebis azriT,
esqilemde dramaSi lirikuli elementi dramatuls sWarbobda.
esqilem dramaturgiisa da Teatris istoriaSi fundamenturi
gadatrialeba moaxdina – man qorodan meore msaxiobi gamohyo,
amasTan, man principulad gazarda personaJis funqcia piesaSi
da moqmedebis centrSi adamiani moaqcia.

1
fliunti – damoukidebeli qalaqi CrdiloeT peloponesSi.

41
 8. Teatraluri sanaxaobis mowyoba

tragediebsa da komediebs mxolod dionisiebze TamaSobdnen.

aTenSi dionises oTxi yovelwliuri dResaswauli imarTeboda.
mcire anu soflis dionisiebs dekember-ianvarSi aRniSnavdnen,
maSin, rodesac axali Rvino isinjeboda, dResaswauls mxiaruli
TamaSebi da gadacmulTa procesiebi axlda Tan. leneiebi
soflis dionisiebis gagrZeleba iyo da aTenis gareubanSi
mdebare dionise-leneionis taZarTan ianvar-TebervalSi
aRiniSneboda. Teberval-martSi tardeboda anTesteriebi,
gazafxulis gamoRviZebis zeimi, romelic, amave dros,
Rvinis daduRebis aRniSvnasac warmoadgenda. anTesteriebi
basilisasTan1 dionises ritualuri qorwiliT sruldeboda.
dionises am cikls agvirgvinebda didi anu qalaqis dionisia,
gazafxulis saboloo gamarjvebis dResaswauli, dionisiaTa
apoTeozi. didi dionisia ramdenime dRes grZeldeboda.
dResaswaulze gamodiodnen gundebi, kostiumirebuli jgufebi,
ewyoboda dramatuli warmodgenebi. dionises oficialur
kultTan dakavSirebiT, Teatralur sanaxaobebs saxelmwifo
awyobda da marTavda Tavisi oficialuri warmomadgenlebis
meSveobiT. ciklis pirvel dResaswauls mcire anu soflis
dionisia warmoadgenda, romelic poseidonis TveSi (dekember-
ianvari) imarTeboda. Teatris formirebamde ewyoboda
falikuri msvleloba, sruldeboda falikuri da skabrezuli
Sinaarsis simRerebi, cekvebi, xolo msxverplad RmerTs mamal
Txas swiravdnen. mogvianebiT, mcire dionisiebze im dramebs
warmoadgendnen, romlebic qalaqis dionisiebze ukve iTamaSes.
soflis dionisiebis organizeba demarqebs, soflis arCeul
magistratebs evalebodaT. leneias dResaswauli lokalur
xasiaTs atarebda, radgan zamTarSi imarTeboda, rodesac
naosnoba wydeboda. mcire dionisiebs Soris yvelaze didi
popularulobiT aTenis navsadgur pireaSi organizebuli
dResaswaulebi sargeblobda. leneiebi, pisistrates dros,
VI saukuneSi daarsada. maTze tragediebsac warmoadgendnen da
komediebsac. yvelaze ufro farTo masStabiT qalaqis dionisia
1
basilisa – aTenis arqontis coli.

42
tardeboda, leneiasa da didi dionisias organizeba aTenis
arqontTa sabWos wevrTa – xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos
warmomadgenelTa valdebuleba iyo. imisaTvis rom dionisiaze
piesa daedga, dramaturgs arqontisTvis gundi unda moeTxova,
romelic berZnuli dramis aucilebel nawils warmoadgenda.
xdeboda piesebis pirveladi Sefaseba, ris Sedegad dramaturgi
iRebda (an ar iRebda) qoros. sadadgmod SerCeuli piesebs
saxelmwifo afinansebda. festivalis dawyebamde ramdenime
dRiT adre, SerCeuli dramaturgebi (sami tragikosi poeti
da aseve komediografosebi) e.w. proagonze Tavis nawarmoebs
pirvelad waradgendnen. proagoni imarTeboda odeonis SenobaSi,
romelic aTenis demokratiis liderma periklem musikaluri
SejibrebebisTvis aagebina. proagoni erTgvar generalur
repeticias warmoadgenda.
didi dionisia qalaqSi RmerTis simboluri SemobrZanebis
ritualiT iwyeboda, procesia cekviTa da TamaSebiT moiwevda
win, monawileebi gzad sakurTxevlebTan Cerdebodnen
ritualuri msxverplSewirvisTvis, procesia dionise
eleuTereusis1 sakurTxevelze samsxverplo xaris SewirviT
sruldeboda. warmodgenis daiwyebamde, irgvliv goWis sisxls
moapkurebdnen adgilis ganwmendis mizniT. broketisa da
hildis mixedviT2, mexuTe saukuneSi dionisiaze warmodgenebi
xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi imarTeboda, aqedan sami dRe
tragikos poetebs eTmoboda, TiToeuli maTgani TiTo dRes
trilogiad gaerTianebul sam tragedias da erT satirul
dramas warmodgenda. satiruli dramis qoro satirebisagan –
dionises Txisfexa mxleblebisagan Sedgeboda. ori danarCeni
dRe, savaraudod, diTirambis Semsrulebel gundebs eTmoboda.
aTenis TiToeuli fila or gunds amzadebda – mamakacTa
da vaJTa gundebs. 487 wlidan moyolebuli, xuTive dRes
TiTo komediografosis nawarmoebs TamaSobdnen. peloponesis
1
dionise eleuTereusi, ZvelberZnuli saxelidan Ἐλευθέριος, rac
ganmaTavisuflebels niSnavs. Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi dionisesa da
erosis epiTetia.
2
History of Theatre, Oscar G. Brockett,Franklin J.Hildy; Boston, New York, San
Francisco, Mexico City, Montreal, Toronto, London, Madrid, Munich, Paris, Hong
Kong, Tokyo, Cape Town, Sydney; 2003

43
omis dros, usaxsrobis gamo, komikosTa ricxvi samamde unda
Semcirebuliyo.
dramaturgebi da diTirambuli poetebi qoros arqontisagan
iRebdnen, xolo gundis momzadebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs
mdidari moqalaqeebi gaiRebdnen. aseT sponsors, romelic
gunds SejibrisTvis amzadebda, qoregosi erqva. qoregoss unda
uzrunveleyo gundis profesiuli momzadeba da Cacma. yoveli
dResaswaulisTvis 16-18 qoregosi iniSneboda. 10 qoregosi
aTenis filebis mier warmodgenil lirikul gundebs, xolo
danarCenebi ki komediis, tragediisa da satiruli dramis gundebs
amzadebda. gundis wevrebs qorevtebi erqvaT. maT moyvarulTa
wridan irCevdnen, Tumca, cxadia, garkveuli kvalifikacia unda
hqonodaT. Tavdapirvelad dramaturgebi TviTon amzadebdnen
gunds, Semdeg ki specialuri maswavleblebis profesia
Camoyalibda, romlebsac `qorodidaskalosebi~ erqvaT.
tragikuli gundis monawileebi, iseve, rogorc qoregosebi,
RvTaebis msaxurebad iTvlebodnen da safestivalo samzadisisas
samxedro valdebulebisagan Tavisufldebodnen. Sejibris
msajulebis arCevis wesi dadgenili ar aris. cnobilia, rom
gamarjvebuli dramaturgebisaTvis sami jildo iyo dawesebuli.
Sejibrze mesame adgilze gasuli wagebulad iTvleboda.
gamarjvebuli avtori iRebda honorarsa da suros gvirgvins,
rac dionises kultTan kavSirs gamoxatavda. gamarjvebuli
gundis momzadeba qoregosisaTvis didi pativi iyo. mas ufleba
eZleoda gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad Zegli aRemarTa. Zeglze
iwereboda dadgmis TariRi, gamarjvebuli dramaturgis saxeli,
piesis saxelwodeba, aseve qoregosis saxeli. dramaturgTa
Sejibris Sedegebi sagangebo protokolebSi – didaskaliebSi
iwereboda, es protokolebi aTenis saxelmwifo arqivSi
inaxeboda. ZiriTadad, am didaskaliebis Canawerebis Sesaxeb
informacia aleqsandrieli mecnierebis nusxebiT movida
dRemde.

44
 9. berZnuli Teatris arqiteqtura

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirveli dramatuli warmodgenebi

aTenSi centralur moedanze, wminda Savi alvis xis maxloblad
imarTeboda. daaxloebiT Zv. w. 500 wels, mayurebelTa
mozRvavebis gamo, xis saxeldaxelo skamebi Caimtvra, rasac
msxverpli mohyva. amis Semdeg, saxalxo krebis gadawyvetilebiT,
aTenis akropolisis samxreT ferdobze, dionise eleuTeriusis
wminda olqSi mudmivi Teatri aigo.
dionises Teatris centralur nawils warmoadgenda e.w.
orqestra, kargad datkepnili 27 metris diametris mqone
moedani, romlis SuaSi dionises samsxverplo iyo aRmarTuli.
samsxverplos kibeebze musikosebi ganTavsdebodnen, gundi ki
mis irgvliv, xan tragediis didebulsa da medidur cekvas
asrulebda, xan ki komediis kordaqsis Tavawyvetil ritmSi
rokavda. orqestras saxelwodeba berZnuli sityva orhesis-
idan modis, rac cekvas niSnavs. mayureblis ganTavsebis adgils
Teatroni erqva,sityvidan theästhai _ vucqer. dasavleT
da aRmosavleT ferdobebidan orqestrisaken gasasvlelebi
eSveboda, e.w. parodosebi, romlebsac poetTa brinjaos
qandakebebi amSvenebda. warmodgenis dasawyisSi gundi sazeimo
svliT swored parodosebiT Sedioda orqestraze. orqestras
mayurebelTa adgilebisagan dabali barieri mijnavda. mayurebeli
orqestris irgvliv mdebare ferdobze ijda, Tavdapirvelad xis,
mogvianebiT ki qvis safexurisebr skamebze. pirveli rigi, 76
adgiliT, sapatio stumrebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, aq dionises
qurumebi, arqontebi, Tanamdebobis pirebi da sxva mniSvnelovani
adamianebi isxdnen. rigebis raodenoba 78-s aRwevda. TeatrSi
sami iarusi iyo gamokveTili. dionises Teatrma antikuri
Teatraluri nagebobis zogadi arqiteqturuli principebi
gansazRvra.
orqestras wris e. w. mxebze mdebareobda karavi saxelwodebiT
skene (sityvasityviT, karavi). skene pirvelad xisa iyo, Semdeg
ki qvisagan aages. skene kulisebis funqcias asrulebda, aq
rekviziti inaxeboda, xolo msaxiobebi da qorevtebi scenaze
Tavisi Semosvlis jers elodebodnen. scenis wina fasadi

45
orqestraze gadioda da sami kari hqonda, mogvianebiT skenes
gverdiTi nagebobebi – e.w. paraskeniumebi miaSenes. skenes
fasaduri nawili dekoratiuli fonis funqciasac asrulebda.
dionises TeatrSi Zalze kargi smenadoba iyo, es Tavad
Teatris niJariseburi formiTa da specialuri akustikuri
gamaZliereblebiT iyo ganpirobebuli (qoTnebiT, romlebic
rigebs Soris xmas ireklavda da aZlierebda).

46
 10. Zveli berZnuli Teatris msaxiobi

rogorc cnobilia, tragedia qorodan erTi msaxiobis

gamoyofiT daibada. am msaxiobs mopasuxes anu hipokrites
uwodebdnen. TviTon sityva gvaCvenebs, rom adreul etapze
tragediaSi gunds prioritetuli mdgomareoba aqvs, xolo
msaxiobi mxolod `pasuxis gamcemad~ iwodeba. gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, Tespisi Tavisi tragediebis erTaderTi msaxiobi
iyo da TviTon monawileobda warmodgenebSi. esqile gundidan
meore msaxiobs gamohyofs, xolo sofokle – mesames. drama
viTardeba da ufro dinamikuri xdeba. msaxiobTa triadaSi
pirvel msaxiobs protagonisti, meores devtargonisti, mesames
ki tritagonisti hqvia (yvela am sityvis fuZea berZnuli
sityva agon, rac `Sejibrs~, `paeqrobas~ niSnavs. Sejibris
principi berZnuli kulturis yvela sferoSi farTod
gamoiyeneba, sportul TamaSebSi, rafsodTa SejibrebSi,
xelovnebasa da TeatrSi. agoni dramaSi ori sxvadasxva poziciis
dapirispireba- paeqrobas hqvia, protagonistis mowinaaRmdeges
antagonistsac uwodeben.) miuxedavad msaxiobTa ricxvis da
funqciis zrdisa, Zvel berZnul tragediaSi gundi arasodes
kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas da mis aucilebel nawilad rCeba.
gundis SemadgenlobaSi sawyis etapze 12 qorevti Sedioda,
sofoklem maTi ricxvi 15-mde gazarda. gundis meTaurs korifes
uwodebdnen. tragediis adreul etapze swored korife iwyebda
gundis partias da sazeimo anapests warmoTqvamda.1 dramaSi
ZiriTad rolebs pirveli msaxiobi – protagonisti asrulebda.
amitomac swored mas niSnavda arqonti, xolo or danarCen
msaxiobs Tavad protagonisti irCevda.
dionises kultis msaxuris statusi msaxiobs gansakuTrebul
pativsa da sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas aniWebda. msaxiobi
mxolod Tavisufali moqalaqe SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
dramaturgebis msgavsad, VI-V saukuneebSi msaxiobebi aqtiurad
monawileobdnen sazogadoebrivsa da politikur cxovrebaSi,
maRali Tanamdebobebis dakaveba SeeZloT. miuxedavad amisa, V
1
antikur leqsTwyobaSi: leqsis zoma, romlis terfi Sedgeba ori mokle da
erTi grZeli marcvlisagan.

47
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, rodesac protagonistis funqcias,
xSirad, jer kidev dramaturgebi iTavsebdnen, dramatul
Sejibrebze gamarjvebulebad mxolod dramaturgi da qoregosi
iTvlebodnen. samsaxiobo xelovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad,
izrdeba profesional msaxiobTa ricxvic. Zv.w. 449 wlidan
did dionisiebze tragediis protagonistebis konkursi
fuZndeba. komediis protagonistebis konkurss mxolod 425
wels SemoiReben.
Zveli berZnuli Teatris msaxiobi sasceno deklamaciis
ostati unda yofiliyo. saWiro iyo cekvisa da simReris
ostatobis floba. tragediis msaxiobs unda emRera komosi
– gundisa da msaxiobis lirikuli simRera da monodiebi
– solo partiebi, aseve, zogierT dramaSi gvxvdeba ori
msaxiobis monacvleobiTi sasimRero partiebi _ ameibeionebi.
sayofacxovrebo saubarTan miaxloebul nawilebs msaxiobebi
kiTxulobdnen, xan reCitativze, yvelaze emociur nawilSi
ki simReraze – melosze gadadiodnen. sagangebo varjiSebiTa
da momzadebiT berZnuli Teatris msaxiobebi deklamaciisa da
simReris didostatebad yalibdebodnen. maT SesaniSnavi diqcia
da mkafio, mJReri metyveleba da xma hqondaT. tragediis sacekvao
partias, romelsac gundi da msaxiobebi asrulebdnen, emeleia
erqva, es termini harmonias, graciasa da Rirsebas aRniSnavda.
sxvadasxva saxis cekva komediaSic sruldeboda. komediis
cekvis aRmniSvneli zogadi terminia kordaqsi. kordaqsis
moZraobebi mibaZvisa da groteskuli gazviadebis principiT
iqmneboda, klounadis elementebs Seicavda, rac naxtomebsa
da panCurebSic gamoixateboda. komediis fantastikuri
siuJetidan, misi animalisturi saxeebidan Tu omis partiis
kritikidan gamomdinare, kordaqsi, romelic gacilebiT ufro
Tavisufali da SeuzRudavi iyo formaluri TvalsazrisiT,
cxovelTa moZraobebs (krazanebi, bayayebi, frinvelebi),
samxedro ceremoniebs, erotikul moZraobebs da sxva cekvebsa
Tu ritualebs baZavda. xSirad, komedia gundis cekviT
sruldeboda, romelic saqorwilo msvlelobas ganasaxierebda,
rac dionises dResaswaulis falikuri zeimis msvlelobas
emsgavseboda. satirul dramaSi satirTa qoro cekvavda sikiniss

48
(SeiZleba Segvxvdes sikinida), cekvis saxelwodeba modioda
misi Semqmnelis, satir sikinisis saxelidan. sikinisi, rogorc
broketi da hildi weren, savaraudod, energiul naxtomebs,
cxenis moZraobis baZvas, erotikuli pantomimis elementebs
Seicavda.
berZnul TeatrSi qalebis rolebsac mamakacebi asrulebdnen.
rodesac piesaSi samze meti roli iyo, msaxiobebs ramdenime
rolis TamaSi uwevdaT. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, scenaze SeiZleboda
damatebiTi damxmare artisti SemoeyvanaT, Tumca misi
roli usityvo iyo. aseT msaxiobs paraqoregema erqva, rac,
sityvasityviT, `qoregosis damatebiT Semonatans niSnavs~.
paraqoregemas damatebas eridebodnen, radgan es zedmet
xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

49
 11. niRabi

Zveli berZnuli Teatris msaxiobi saxes niRbiT ifaravda,

amitom msaxiobis mimika speqtaklSi araviTar rols ar TamaSobda.
samagierod, mniSvnelovani iyo Tavad niRabi, romelic berZnuli
dramis sakulto warsulidan modioda, misteriaSi qurumi
saxes niRbiT ifaravda da RmerTs ganasaxierebda. berZnul
tragediaSi qalebis rolebs mamakacebi asrulebdnen, es niRbis
gamoyenebisa da ganviTarebis damatebiTi mizezi iyo. niRbis
gamoyeneba berZnuli Teatris zomiTac iyo ganpirobebuli,
msaxiobis mimikis danaxva dionises Teatris 17 aTas mayurebels
ar SeeZlo, xolo niRabi, iseve, rogorc kostiumis saSualebiT
proporciulad gazrdili sxeuli, orqestraze moqmedi
msaxiobis ukeT danaxvis SesaZleblobas qmnida. dionises
dResaswaulis monawileebi saxes Rvinis leqiTa da foTlebiT
iniRbavdnen, Tumca niRbis gamoyeneba gacilebiT ufro
praqtikuli iyo. tragikuli niRabi zomiT adamianis Tavis
zomas aRemateboda, mas tilosa da xisagan amzadebdnen. niRabi
ara mxolod saxes, aramed Tavsac faravda, amitom tragediis
niRabi parikiT sruldeboda, romelic niRabze magrdeboda.
niRabs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, wveric ukeTdeboda. niRbis
zeda nawili wagrZelebul Sverils warmoadgenda, romelsac
onkosi erqva. onkosi msaxiobs simaRles matebda. onkosis zoma
sxvadasxva iyo. niRbis gamometyveleba tragikuli grimasis
xasiaTs atarebda, grZnobisa da emociis detalizacia da
plastikuri gamosaxva, gansakuTrebiT tragediis ganviTarebis
adreul etapze, ar xdeboda, niRbebs piris Wrili hqonda,
rac xmis gavrcelebis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
arsebobs azri, rom niRbis piris are xmis gaZlierebisaTvis
Rrmavdeboda.
satirul dramaSi, romelic tetralogias asrulebda
da romlis funqcia tragediis daZabulobis ganmuxtva iyo,
satirTa qoro gansakuTrebul xasiaTs atarebda, satiris
niRabi cxovelisa da adamianis niSnebs aerTianebda da Txis
(satiris) da silenis (cxenkacis) simbiozs warmoadgenda.
satirebi da silenebi dionises mxleblebi iyvnen, amitom

50
satirulma dramam nayofierebis demonTa niSnebi gaaerTiana.
satiruli dramis satiris niRabs gaCeCili Tma, xSiri wveri,
brtyeli saxe da cxviri hqonda. satirul dramebSi RmerTebi da
gmirebic moqmedebdnen, romlebic Sesabamis tradiciul niRbebs
atarebdnen. satirebs xorcisferi triko ecvaT, romelsac
cxoveluri sawyisis gamomxatveli falosi asrulebda.
komediis niRabi groteskuli deformaciiT gamoirCeoda.
realuri pirebis gamomsaxvel personaJebs karikaturuli
niRbebi ekeTaT, Tumca portretuli msgavseba ar arsebobda.
msgavsebas xasiaTis raime Tvisebis gaZlierebiT gamoxatavdnen.
mravlad SemorCenil mcire zomis qandakebebze komediis
msaxiobis niRabs gadmokarkluli TvalebiT, `mongreuli~
cxviriTa da farTod dafCenili piriT gamosaxavdnen. berZnuli
Teatris niRabs sxvadasxva saRebaviT feravdnen.

51
 12. Teatraluri kostiumi

Zvel berZnul warmodgenas aTasobiT mayurebeli eswreboda.

yvelas kargad unda daenaxa orqestraze mimdinare moqmedeba.
amitom, msaxiobi sagangebod unda yofiliyo gamowyobili.
simaRlis gasazrdelad berZeni msaxiobebi fexze koTurnebs
(embatebs) icvamdnen – sandlebs, romlebsac maRali xisagan
damzadebuli (zogierTi wyaroTi tyavis ramdenime fenisagan
Sekerili) Ziri hqonda. imisaTvis, rom sxeulis proporciebi ar
darRveuliyo, Teatraluri samosis qveS specialur baliSebs
imagrebdnen da mxrebs xelovnurad iganivrebdnen. msaxiobis
samosi ramdenime nawilisagan Sedgeboda, mis fuZes qitoni
warmoadgenda, romelic koWebamde Tu terfebamde eSveboda.
am samosis prototips Zveli welTaRricxvis VI saukunis
dionises gamosaxulebaSi vxedavT, dionises qitons grZeli
saxeloebi aqvs da qalis samoss waagavs. qitonis zemodan
mosasxami (labada) icmeoda, grZelsa da farTo labadas
gimationi, ufro mokles ki qlamida ewodeboda. qitonis
qamari, Cveulebriv, zemoT iyo SemoWerili, rac sagrZnoblad
agrZelebda msaxiobis siluets. qitoni da qlamida, rogorc
wesi, mdidrulad irTveboda, zed sxvadasxva gamosaxuleba
iqargeboda da ixateboda, adamianebis, cxovelebis, mcenareebisa
Tu ciur sxeulTa saxiT, samoss zogjer, geometriuli
ornamentika amSvenebda. mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda samosis
feri, dionise muq yviTels `atarebda~, dedoflebis samosi
mewamuli salteebiT irTveboda, RmerTebs Salis qsovilis
Sesamosavi mTel sxeuls ufaravdaT. Savi feri mwuxarebasa
da ubedurebas gamoxatavda, xolo TeTri devnilobaSi myof
personaJebs ecvaT. qalis rolebis Semsruleblebs, SesaZloa,
peplosi – qalis kaba cmodaT. evripide Tavis rig personaJebs,
maTi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, Teatralur `ZonZebs~ acmevda.
es mxatvruli xerxi aristofanes aqvs gamasxrebuli piesaSi
`qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze~.
komediis msaxiobebs V saukuneSi Cveulebrivi sayofacxovrebo
samosi ecvaT, Tumca Zveli atikuri komediis bufonuri xasiaTis
gamo aq, komikuri da groteskuli elementebi Semodioda.

52
komikosi msaxiobebic iyenebdnen baliSebs, magram es sxeulis
nawilebis vizualuri deformaciisaTvis iyo gamiznuli.
komediis msaxiobs sxeulis specifikuri `moyvaniloba~ hqonda,
didi muceli da fumfula ukanali. msaxiobebs, dionises kultis
falikur nawilTan kavSiris `niSnad~, tyavis falosebi ekeTaT.
sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis gazrda samosis qveS baliSebisa Tu
dakecili qsovilis sqeli fenis damatebiT xdeboda. qitonebi
mokle iyo, rac ukanalisa da falosis `danaxvis~ saSualebas
aZlevda mayurebels. amiT xazi esmeboda yovelive sxeulebrivs,
miwiers, fiziologiurs – Rormucelobas, meqalTaneobas,
sxvadasxva tipis vnebas, gaiZverobas, pativmoyvareobasa da
sxv. komediis personaJis garegnuli saxe naturalistur
msgavsebas ar gulisxmobda, is gazviadebul saxes atarebda da
siciliuri komediisa da folkloris tipur niRbebs iyenebda.
komedia Tanamedrove politikosTa, xelovanTa, filosofosTa
karikaturul saxeebs qmnida, Tumca is individualur msgavsebas
ki ar isaxavda miznad, aramed groteskul gazviadebas, ase
gamohyavda aristofanes evripide, sokrate, kleoni Tu misi
sxva Tanamedroveebi.

53
 13. tragediisa da komediis struqtura

Zveli berZnuli tragedia moqmedebebad (aqtebad) ar

iyofoda. misi struqtura gundisa da msaxiobis partiebis
monacvleobiT ganisazRvreboda. tragedia orqestraze gundis
SemosvliT iwyeboda, rasac parodosi ewodeboda. Sesabamisi
saxeli erqva tragediaSi gundis sawyis simReras. zogjer
parodoss win prologi uswrebda, rogorc es, magaliTad,
esqiles tragedia `agamemnonSia~ trilogiidan `orestea~.
parodoss 3-4 stasimoni da 3-4 episodia (igive epizodi)
mosdevda, rolebSic dramatuli moqmedeba viTardeboda.
stasimonebi da episodiebi erTmaneTTan monacvleobdnen.
stasimonebs gundi asrulebda, episodiebs ki, msaxiobebi.
tragedia eqsodosiT, anu gundis orqestridan gasvliT, imave
finaluri simReriT sruldeboda. speqtaklisa da warmodgenis
struqtura identuri iyo.
qoro orqestraze ori mxridan marSiT Semodioda da
simReras asrulebda. vinaidan tragedia uwyvetad midioda,
qoro speqtaklis dasasrulamde scenaze rCeboda. berZnuli
dramis xasiaTisa da warmodgenis uantraqto msvlelobis
gamo, tragediaSi, ZiriTadad, moqmedebis ganviTarebis
adgili ar icvleboda. aseve didi ar iyo warmodgenil
movlenaTa xangrZlivoba, romlebic, Cveulebriv, erTi dRis
ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda. eposisagan gansxvavebiT, tragediis
siuJeti erTi mniSvnelovani movlenisa da personaJis
irgvliv ikvreboda da gmiris cxovrebis yvelaze dramatul
epizods gadmogvcemda. siuJeti dinamikurad viTardeboda da
personaJebi katastrofisaken mihyavda. tragediis siuJetis
aucilebel faqtors warmoadgens konfliqturi situacia,
romelic moqmedebis ganviTarebis safuZvelsa da berketebs
qmnida. sityva drama berZnulad xom moqmedebas niSnavs.
Zveli berZnuli tragediis gamocdileba Zv.w. IV saukuneSi
filosofosma aristotele stagirelma Tavis `poetikaSi~
ganazogada. `poetika~ msoflio kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili da dRemde aqtualuri filosofiuri teqstia.
Zveli atikuri komedia prologiT iwyeba, romelsac

54
dialogis forma aqvs (magaliTad, monebis dialogi aristofanes
`mSvidobaSi~, `mxedrebSi~ da a.S.). prologSi piesis eqspozicia
da moqmed pirTa urTierTmimarTeba ikveTeba. xSirad prologi
did saxumaro scenas warmoadgens, romelSic ramdenime moqmedi
piri erTveba, ikvreba siuJetis konfliqti, romelic SemdgomSi
ukve gundis (qoros) monawileobiT viTardeba. prologs,
iseve rogorc komediaSi parodoss – orqestraze gundis
Semosvla mosdevs. gundi energiulad erTveba moqmedebaSi da
romelime moqmedi piris mxares iWers. gundi or naxevargundad
iyofa, romlebic erTmaneTis monacvleobiT asruleben qoros
simReras. moqmedeba kulminacias e. w. agonSi aRwevs, romelsac
simetriuli struqtura aqvs, jer sruldeba gundis simRera,
romelSic gamoixateba mosalodneli kamaTis, paeqrobis
mimarT damokidebuleba, Semdeg gundis meTauri gamamxnevebeli
sityvebiT mimarTavs mokamaTes, ris Semdegac ukve personaJi
iwyebs Tavisi argumentebis gadmocemas, igive meordeba kamaTis
meore subieqtis kamaTSi CarTvis win – gundi asrulebs
simReras, mimarTavs meore mokamaTes, ris Semdegac ukve is
gadmoscems Tavis argumentebsa Tu pozicias. bolo sityva,
tradiciulad, im personaJisaa, romelmac am SerkinebaSi
unda gaimarjvos. aq sagundo da samsaxiobo dialoguri
elementebis sinTezTan gvaqvs saqme. agons, romelic komediis
yvelaze seriozul da kulminaciur nawils warmoadgens,
mosdevs parabasa, gundis mimarTva mayureblisadmi, romelic,
Cveulebriv, komediis siuJets ar ukavSirdeba. parabasas pirvel
nawils publicisturi xasiaTi aqvs, aq avtori mimdinare
politikur movlenebze, sxvadasxva aqtualur sakiTxze Tavis
Sexedulebebs gadmoscems, publicisturi Sinaarsis anapestebs
korifeosi asrulebs. amas mosdevs naxevargundTa simetriuli
simRerebi, e.w. epirema da antiepirema, sadac gundi samSoblosa
da RmerTebs ganadidebs, muzebs mimarTavs, bunebis lirikul
suraTebs xatavs, ganvlil dResaswaulebs igonebs da a.S. Tumca,
amave nawilSi gvxvdeba calkeul Tanamedroveze personaluri
Tavdasxmebic, adamianebze, romlebic samoqalaqo kodeqsis
normebs arRveven, samSoblosa da qveynis interesebze maRla
pirad interesebs ayeneben da a.S.

55
 agonis dasrulebiT, tragediis konfliqti, tradiciulad,
amowurulia. finaluri scenebi, Cveulebriv, epizodebis
monacvleobas warmoadgens, romlebSic mayureblis Tvalwin
mravalferovan personaJTa galerea Caivlis, romlebic
gamarjvebis nayofiT sargeblobas cdiloben. umetes SemTxvevaSi,
gamarjvebuli gmiri maT amasxaravebs da gawbilebulebs
gaabrunebs, zogjer gajoxavs kidec. am scenebSi, uxvad
iyo groteski da bufonada, klounadis elementebi. komedia
sayovelTao mxiarulebiTa da eqsodosiT sruldeba, romlis
drosac qoro orqestras tovebs.

56
 14. Zveli berZnuli warmodgena
dionises dResaswauli saerTo saxalxo zeimi iyo. masSi
yvela monawileobda, sadResaswaulo dReebi uqmed cxaddeboda,
Cerdeboda sasamarTlo procesebi, patimrebsac ki uSvebdnen
cixeebidan zeimSi monawileobis misaRebad. zeimobda yvela,
didi Tu patara, kaci, qali Tu bavSvi. dResaswaulze msaxurebi
da monebic daiSvebodnen. Rarib moqalaqeebs perikles dros
specialur fuls – Teorikonsac ki urigebdnen, romelic
sanaxaobaze dasaswrebad iWreboda mxolod.
mayurebeli TeatrSi diliT, mzis amosvlisas midioda da
saRamomde rCeboda warmodgenebze. yvelaze didi xalxmravloba
did dionisiebze iyo, speqtaklebze dasaswrebad mezobeli
qalaqebidan da sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoebidanac Camodiodnen.
mayurebeli emociebs aqtiurad gamoxatavda, mowonebis niSnad
taSs ukravdnen da SeZaxilebiT amxnevebdnen Semsruleblebs,
warumatebel dadgmas ki stveniTa da fexis bakuniT
aprotestebdnen.
warmodgena prologiTa da momdevno parodosiT iwyeboda.
scenaze gundi Semodioda, romelsac win fleitisti
miuZRvoda. is orqestris centrSi mdebare dionises
sakurTxevlis kibeebze Cerdeboda. tragediis gundi Tavidan
12 qorevtisagan Sedgeboda, sofoklem gundis wevrTa ricxvi
15-mde gazarda. komediis 24 qorevti Sedioda. gundis wevrebi
tragediaSi sxvadasxva asakobriv, socialur, sqesobriv,
sagvareulo jgufs Tu sxva niSniT gaerTianebul jgufs
ganasaxierebdnen. magaliTad, esqiles `mavedreblebSi~ gundi
danaosis qaliSvilebs warmoadgenda, `sparselebSi~ spars
uxucesebs, xolo `evmenidebSi~ eriniebs, romlebic orestes
sastiki danaSaulisTvis sdevnidnen. satirul dramaSi gunds
satirebi Seadgendnen, xolo komediis gunds, adamianebis garda,
SeeZlo cxovelebi da bunebis movlenebic ki ganesaxierebina,
magaliTad, aristofanes `bayayebSi~ bayayebi, `RrublebSi~
`axali RvTaebebi~ – Rrublebi da a. S.
tragediaSi, stasimonebis Sesrulebisas gundi orqestraze
xan erTi, xan sapriispiro mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeboda.
gadaadgileba leqsis ritmSi xdeboda. stasimoni or Tanabar
57
nawilad iyofoda, strofad da antistrofad, romlebic
erTmaneTs struqturulad zustad Seesabameboda. strofa,
sityvasityviT, mobrunebasac niSnavs. marTlac, TiToeuli
strofis bolos, gundi brundeboda da sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
gadaadgildeboda. TiToeul stasimonSi strofi da antistrofi
or-samjer meordeboda. gundi gmirisa da movlenebis mimarT
damokidebulebas gamoxatavda, is mimdinareobas afasebda, gmirebs
TanaugrZnobda. qoro did rols TamaSobda Zveli berZnuli
Teatris esTetikur-plastikur xatebaSi, mas monumenturobas
da vizualur struqturas aniWebda.
msaxiobi gundTan da sxva personaJebTan urTierTqmedebda.
tragediis msaxiobis xelovnebis deklamaciuri da musikaluri
xasiaTi, specifikuri kostiumi, romelic saTaves qurumis
samosidan iRebda, niRabi da fexsacmeli misi rolis
garegnul naxazs gasazRvravda. sikvdilis, TviTmkvlelobis,
sxva daramtuli movlenebis Sesaxeb mayurebeli macnesgan,
Sikrikisa Tu TviTmxilvelisgan igebda. magaliTad, tragediaSi
`agamemnoni~ argosel moxucebs momakvdavi agamemnonis xma
sasaxlidan esmodaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom msgavsi xasiaTis
scenebs orqestraze ar warmoadgendnen, TvalsaCinoebisaTvis,
Sesalebeli iyo mayureblisaTvis momxdaris dasturad
`daRupuli~ gmiris `cxedari~ warmoedginaT. amisaTvis
arsebobda e. w. ekiklema, specialuri borblebiani baqani,
romelsac scenaze gamoagorebdnen xolme. sasceno danadgarebs
Soris cnobilia e. w. eorema, laTinurad Deus ex machine,
anu RmerTi manqanidan. eorema zemodan eSveboda da RmerTis
moulodnel gamocxadebisa Tu gmiris cad asvlis efeqtis
Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda. eoremiT tragediis dadgmisasac
sareblobdnen da komediaSic iyenebdnen. magaliTad, swored
ase stovebda orqestras medea evripides tragediaSi `medea~,
eoremiT mifrinavda trigeosi olimpoze aristofanes komediaSi
`mSvidoba~.
berZnuli tragediis warmodgenaSi did rols TamaSobda
musika da simRera, sasimRero formebi mravalferovani iyo,
gundis simReriT dawyebuli da msaxiobis monodiiTa1 Tu

1
erTi adamianis sasimRero partia an deklamacia.

58
melosiT1 damTavrebuli. instrumentuli musika akompanirebas
uwevda reCitatiul partiebsa Tu gundis simReras. dramis
musikalur akompanements fleitaze asrulebdnen. specialuri
efeqtebisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis dasartymeli instrumenti
gamoiyeneboda.
berZnuli Teatris warmodgena Ria cis qveS imarTeboda.
speqtaklebis Cveneba adre diliT iwyeboda da gvian Ramemde
grZeldeboda. moqmedeba mrgval orqestraze mimdinareobda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, tragediis msaxiobi onkosiT
amaRlebul niRabsa da koTurnebs atarebda, rac mis plastikur
SesaZleblobebs zRudavda. tragediaSi did rols asrulebda
macne, romelsac sxvadasxva ambis _ Zaladobis, TviTmkvlelobisa
Tu sxva tragikuli movlenis Sesaxeb informacia mohqonda.
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, fleitaze damkvreli specialuri
xis fexsacmlis `bakuniT~ warmodgenis msvlelobas ritmul
Tanxlebas uqmnida. musikas warmodgenisTvis dramaturgi,
mogvianebiT ki musikosi-fleitisti qmnida. fleitas Zvel
berZnul dramaSi simboluri datvirTvac hqonda, radgan is RmerT
panis aucilebeli atributi iyo. berZnulad panis fleitas
siringa erqva. pani dionises Tanmxlebi RvTaeba iyo, romelic
satirebTan erTad xorcieli siyvarulisa da nayofierebis
Zalebs ganasaxierebda. broketi da hildi varaudoben, rom
musika berZnul tragediaSi emociaTa ilustraciisa da
gaZlierebisTvisac gamoiyeneboda. aq sxvadasxva musikaluri
wyoba arsebobda, rogorc sakuTriv berZnuli, ise mcireaziuri
– ionuri, doriuli, lidiuri, frigiuli da sxv. komediisa da
tragediis musikaluri Tanxlebis ritmuli da melodiuri wyoba,
dramis Janrebidan gamomdinare, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda.
rogorc vxedavT, Zveli berZnuli tragediis warmodgenaSi
sxvadasxva saxis sasceno efeqtebi iqmneboda. mdidrulad
dekorirebuli kostiumebi, mizanscenaTa plastikuri
skulpturuli kompoziciebi sanaxaobas didebulebas aniWebda,
xolo instrumentuli da vokaluri Tanxleba speqtaklis
ritmul organizebas axdenda da damatebiT emociur aqcentebs
qmnida.

1
danamReri, melodia.

59
 kiTxvebi da davalebebi 7 – 14 Tavebisadmi:

1. romelma istoriul-kulturulma garemoebebma ganapiroba aTenSi

dramatuli Teatris Seqmna?
2. rogor marTavdnen dionises dResaswaulebs da ratom sargeblobda,
Tqveni azriT, isini esoden didi popularulobiT?
3. ra roli iTamaSa tragediis ganviTarebaSi diTirambulma
poeziam?
4. gadmoeciT tragediis ganviTarebis safexurebi Tespisidan
esqilemde.
5. rodis imarTeboda dionises dResaswaulebi?
6. rogor xdeboda Teatralur sanaxobaTa mowyoba? ganmarteT,
ras niSnavs Semdegi terminebi: qoro, qoregosi, qorevti,
qorodidaskalosi.
7. ra informacias inaxavda didaskaliebi?
8. sad imarTeboda aTenSi pirveli dramatuli warmodgenebi?
9. werilobiT gadmoeciT, rogori iyo dionises Teatris ZiriTadi
mowyobis principi.
10. CamoTvaleT da ganmarteT berZnul saTeatro arqiteqturasTan
dakavSirebuli terminebi.
11. ra profesiuli Cvevebi da pirovnuli Rirsebebi unda hqonoda
Zveli berZnuli Teatris msaxiobs?
12. ra socialuri statusi hqonda Zveli berZnuli Teatris
msaxiobs?
13. rogori da ra saxelwodebis cekvebi sruldeboda tragediaSi,
komediasa da satirul dramaSi?
14. aRwereT niRbis funqciis genezisi ritualidan dramatul
warmodgenamde.
15. rogori iyo berZnuli Teatraluri kostiumi tragediasa da
komediaSi?
16. sad Cans berZnuli Teatraluri kostiumis prototipi?
17. werilobiT gadmoeciT, Tu rogori iyo berZnuli tragediisa da
Zveli atikuri komediis struqtura, qoro.
18. ra cvlilebebi ganicada tragediis qorom Tespisidan
sofoklemde?
19. aRwereT, rogor marTavdnen Zvel saberZneTSi warmodgenas:
organizeba, moqmedebis msvleloba, ritmi da moZraoba, musikaluri
gaformeba, dramis struqturis saTeatro transformacia,
metyveleba, sasceno efeqtebi da sxv.

60
 15. esqile

esqiles, xSirad, tragediis mamas uwodeben. miuxedavad

imisa, rom is pirveli tragikosi poeti ar yofila, swored
mis SemoqmedebaSi miaRwia berZnulma tragediam pirvelad Tavis
WeSmarit masStabsa da sidiades. rogorc aRvniSneT, esqilem
qorodan meore msaxiobi gamohyo, riTac dramis qmediToba
gazarda da misi arsi gamokveTa. legendaruli poeti da mamaci
meomari, legendis Tanaxmad, elevsisis kultis saidumlo
codnasac gaxldaT naziarebi. igi aTenis istoriuli aRmavlobis
Tanamonawile da Semoqmedi iyo. esqile Zv. w. 524 (525?) wels
aTenis maxloblad mdebare patara qalaq elevsisSi daibada,
atikis erT-erT sakulto centrSi, sadac tiranma pisistratem
demetrasa da persefones misteriebisTvis axali taZari aago.
esqiles mama evforioni didgvarovan memamuleTa ojaxidan
warmosdgeboda. dramaturgma Tavisi warmomavlobisaTvis
Sesatyvisi ganaTleba miiRo. mis msoflmxedvelobaSi berZnuli
aristokratiisa da axali demokratiuli msoflmxedvelobis
saukeTeso tradiciebi SeerTda.
epoqa, romelSic esqiles mouwia cxovreba, didi istoriuli
da politikuri cvlilebebis xana iyo. 521 wels aRmosavleTis
udidesi saxelmwifos _ sparseTis samefo taxtze dariusi
avida, Tavdapirvelad, man Tavisi samefos da ukve dapyrobili
teritoriebis konsolidaciis procesi daasrula da Tavi
`msoflios mefed~ gamoacxada. dariusis Semdegi mizani mTeli
maSindeli msoflios dapyroba iyo, man ieriSi dasavleTze
miitana da Trakia, helesponti da mcire aziis kunZulebi
daimorCila. berZnul-sparsuli omebis msvlelobisas sparselTa
jarma saberZneTis mniSvnelovani teritoriebi daikava, maT
Soris atikasa da Tavad qalaq aTenSic ki SeiWra. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom swored am periodSi, aRmavlobis gzaze myofi
berZnuli `dasavluri~ kulturisa da aRmosavluri samyaros
samxedro da politikuri Sejaxebis dros Camoyalibda,
sabolood, berZenTa eTnikuri da kulturuli cnobiereba,
safuZveli Caeyara evropuli civilizaciis `dasavlur~
TviTSegnebasa da Rirebulebebs.

61
 Zv. w. 499 wels ioniis qalaqebi sparselebis winaaRmdeg
ajanyda, rasac, Sedegad, xangrZlivi berZnul-sparsuli omebi
mohyva, romlebic intervalebiT 449 wlamde gagrZelda. am
omebSi samma brZolam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa berZenTa
saboloo gamarjvebaSi, es iyo maraTonis brZola (Zv.w.490w.),
sadac TiTqmis mxolod aTenelTagan Seqmnilma patara jarma
masze ricxobrivad upiratesi sparsuli armia daamarcxa,
salaminis sazRvao brZola (Zv.w.480w.-iT), romelSic berZnebma
brwyinvale strategiuli gamarjveba moipoves da brZola
plateasa (qalaqi beotiaSi) da mikales koncxTan (Zv.w. 479
weli).
sparselebTan brZolaSi aTenis mamakacTa umravlesoba
monawileobda. maT Soris iyo esqilec, romelmac maraTonisa da
salaminis brZolebSi rigiTi jariskacis statusiT ibrZola.
swored am gamocdilebam daawerina mas berZenTa Tavisuflebisadmi
miZRvnili patriotuli tragedia `sparselebi~. gadmocemiT,
esqiles, romelic 456 wels siciliis qalaq helaSi
gardaicvala, TviTon Seudgenia sakuTari epitafia, romelSic
maraTonis brZolaSi gamoCenili simamaciT amayobda da arafers
ambobda Tavis poetur Rvawlze.
antikuri avtorebisa da mkvlevrebis mowmobiT, esqiles
90-mde tragedia dauweria, Tumca, Tanamedroveobamde mxolod
Svidma moaRwia. aqedan sami piesa dRevandelobamde moRweul
erTaderT trilogiaSia gaerTianebuli. trilogiaSi sami
tragedia Sedioda. dramaturgTa SejibrSi monawileobisaTvis
misaRebad saWiro iyo trilogiisa da satiruli dramis
wardgena, rac erTobliobaSi tetralogias qmnida. satiruli
drama komediur-satiruli xasiaTis nawarmoebi iyo da masSi
satirTa qoro monawileobda.
esqiles tragediebSi moqmedeba monumenturi didebulebiT
xasiaTdeba. es monumentalizmi Tematuri masStaburobiTa da
esTetikuri formiT miiRweva. is axali berZnuli realobis
`damfuZnebeli mamaa~, romelic sazogadoebisa da adamianis
yofierebis fuZemdeblur principebs gamokveTs. esqiles
SemoqmedebaSi RvTaebrivsa da adamianur samyaros uzenaesi
marTlwesrigis erTiani kanonebi ganagebs. sparselebze

62
gamarjveba esqilesTvis uzenaesi samarTlianobis principis
kanonzomieri gamoxatulebaa, romelic mxolod Tavisufali
adamianebis nebayoflobiTi erTobiT miiRweva. misi tragediebis
Sinaarsebi, ZiriTadad, miTologiuri istoriebidan aris
aRebuli. erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgens piesa `sparselebi~
(Zv.w. 472 weli), romelic salaminis brZolaSi berZenTa
istoriuli gamarjvebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs da, savaraudod,
aseve tetralogiis nawili unda yofiliyo.
esqiles tragediebi berZeni mayureblis mravalaTasiani
auditoriis winaSe TamaSdeboda, warmodgenas, faqtobrivad,
yvela Tavisufali moqalaqe eswreboda. Teatralur Sejibrs
Tavisufali moqalaqeebi nacionaluri ideis irgvliv unda
gaemTlianebina, sicocxlis sakraluri Rirebulebis, adamianuri
Rirsebisa da uzenaesi samarTlianobis rwmena ganemtkicebina.

63
 16. mavedreblebi

esqiles tragediebis daTariRebasa da maTi daweris

TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebiT, sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs.
dramaturgis Svid piesas Soris, mkvlevarTa didi nawili
uadresad `mavedrebel qalebs~ miiCnevs. varaudoben, rom piesa
Zveli welTaRricxvis 90_80-ian wlebSia dawerili. sxva
SexedulebiT, `sparselebi~ ufro adre Seiqmna.
isini, vinc `mavedreblebs~ ufro adreulad miiCneven, Semdeg
argumentebs iSvelieben: piesaSi gundi jer kidev wamyvan adgils
ikavebs, `mavedreblebs~ `koleqtiuri~ gmiri hyavs – danaosis
qaliSvilTa qoro; piesas arqauli struqtura aqvs, radgan
qoros partiebi gacilebiT ufro vrcelia, vidre personaJebis;
aleqsei losevis azriT, piesa ufro oratorias hgavs, vidre
dramas, es yovelive ki imaze metyvelebs, rom `mavedrebelni~
esqiles adreul nawarmoebTa ricxvs unda ganekuTvnebodes.
masSi mocemuli xasiaTebi jer kidev sakmaod sqematuria,
dinamikur ganviTarebas moklebuli, aseve ar aris xasiaTTa
konfliqti. piesa tetralogiis pirvel nawils warmoadgens.
masSi Sedioda tragediebi `egviptelebi~ da `danaidebi~ da
satiruli drama `amimona~.
`mavedrebelnSi~ esqiles msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi principi ikiTxeba – adamiani Tavis arCevanSi
Tavisufalia da masze Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi Tanadgomas
imsaxurebs. danaosis 50 qaliSvili egviptosis vaJebs
gamoeqcnen da argoss Seafares Tavi. aqedan iyo warmoSobiT
maTi winapari nimfa io – argosis mefisa da mdinaris RmerT
inaqes qaliSvili, romelic zevsma Seiyvara. ios zevsis eWviani
coli hera sdevnida, Zroxadqceuli fexmZime qalis tanjva
mxolod egvipteSi dasrulda, sadac devnilma Seafara Tavi
da epafosi Sva _ `Sexebis Svili~. epafoss belusi SeeZina,
beluss egviptosi da danaosi. egviptosis ormocdaaTma vaJma
danaosis ormocdaaT qaliSvilze daqorwineba ganizraxes.
qaliSvilebma ar isurves qorwinebaSi Sesvla, mamasTan erTad
egviptidan gaiqcnen da argoss Seafares Tavi.
tragedia `mavedrebelni~ prologiT iwyeba, sadac naTlad
Cans qaliSvilTa gadawyvetilebis mizezi:

64
 `ar mousjia qalaqidan Cveni mokveTa
sisxlis samsjavros,
aramed gvdevnis sisxliT naTesav
egviptel vaJTa da CvenTa Soris upatiur qorwinebaze
Cveni uari.
mamaman Cvenman danaosma darbaiselma...
urCeulesi gza gvirCia WirTagan xsnisa:...
movkidebodiT argosis miwas,
sadac odesme dasabami daedo Cvens gvars~.1
qaliSvilebi da maTi mama imedovneben, rom argosSi
TavSesafars miiReben. danaidebi sisxlis aRmrev qorwinebas
gaurbian. es miTi, luis henri morganis2 gamokvlevaSi
`pirvelyofili sazogadoeba~ qorwinebis e.w. turanul3 sistemas
ukavSirdeba. am sistemis mixedviT da-Zmebs (biZaSvilebs)
Soris qorwineba ikrZaleboda da warmomavlobas dedis
xaziT iTvlidnen. am mosazrebas is garemoebac amyarebs, rom
ltolvilebma swored argoss miaSures, radgan maTi gvaris
dasabamad argosis miwa miaCniaT – ios samSoblo. esqiles
Tanamedrove aTenis sazogadoebaSi qorwinebis patriarqaluri
normebi moqmedebda (patriarqaluri samarTalis damcvelad
gvevlineba Tavad dramaturgi trilogiaSi `orestea~).
Sesabamisad, danaidebis miTis interpretacia da naTesaobis
dedobrivi principis win wamoweva esqiles tragediaSi saojaxo
samarTlis am formisadmi konkretuli interesiT ar unda
yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. savaraudod, dramaturgs berZenTa
nacionaluri erTobis principebis gamokveTa surda, rac
berZenTa gansaxlebis farTo geografiuli arealiT SeiZleba
aixsnas. patriotulad ganwyobil esqiles unda, rom mayurebels
qveynis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi berZnebisadmi solidarobisa
da maTTan sisxlismieri kavSiris gancda gauZlieros. zogierT
mkvlevars miaCnia, rom piesa propagandistuli xasiaTisaa da
1
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978. gv.21
2
Морган Л. Г. - Древнее общество, или Исследование линий человеческого
прогресса от дикости через варварство к цивилизации. Л. 1935
3
turanuli sistema e.w. `punaluas~ tradiciidan aRmocenda, romelic
gulisxmobda da-Zmebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalvas da warmomavlobas dedis
xaziT iTvlida.

65
danaosis qaliSvilebi sparselTa mier Seviwroebul da devnil
ioniel berZnebs ganasaxiereben, romlebsac sruliad legitimuri
ufleba aqvT, rom samSobloSi eZebon TavSesafari.1
miuxedavad imisa, rom danaosis qaliSvilebis qoro erTgvar
koleqtiur gmirs warmoadgens, masSi adamianTa garkveuli niSniT
gamorCeuli jgufis Tavisufali nebis mkafio gamoxatuleba
ikiTxeba. `mavedreblebi~ trilogiis (satirul dramasTan
erTad, tetralogiis) pirveli nawilia. savaraudod, danarCen
nawilebSi xasiaTebis Semdgomi individualizebis principiT
unda ganviTarebuliyo (miTis Tanaxmad, danaidebi iZulebulebi
gaxdebian dayabuldnen qorwinebas da biZaSvilebs gahyvnen
colad. mamis darigebiT, qorwinebis Rames ormocdacxra qali
Tavis qmars moklavs, mxolod erTaderTs Seebraleba meuRle
da sikvdilisagan ixsnis mas).
qaliSvilebi, upirveles yovlisa, iZulebas gaurbian. maT
sakuTari mtkice nebeloba gamoavlines da gadamwyveti nabiji
gadadges. Tavisufleba maTTvis upirvelesi Rirebulebaa.
danaosis rCeviT, qalebi RmerTebis samlocveloSi
sakurTxevelTan dasxdebian TeTr babTebSebmuli zeTisxilis
rtoebiT xelSi, radgan
`bomini2 farze, cixe-qvaze umtkices Tqmula~.
danaosi maT vedrebaSic zomierebis principis dacvisaken
mouwodebs, rac berZenTa msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi
fuZiseuli principia.
`mostumriade ucxo qveynelT viT SegferodeT.
mouTxreT Tu viT sisxlmarTal xarT da viT
devnilxarT.
oRondac sazRvars nu gadavalT keTilzomiers~.3
danaosis es Segoneba, romelic qaliSvilTa vedrebis formas
Seexeba, Zalze mniSvnelovania zogadad adamianis qcevisa da,
maT Soris, scenaze msaxiobis scenuri qcevis saSemsruleblo
esTetikaze berZenTa Sexedulebis gaazrebisaTvis. mwuxarebasac
zomiereba da TavSekavebuloba marTebs. zomierebis principi
.berZenTaTvis adamianis socialuri da esTetikuri qcevis
1
Н. Сахарный. Трагедии Эсхила ( Эсхил. Трагедии. - М., 1971).
2
sakurTxeveli.
3
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978. gv.27.

66
safuZvelia, swored ase SeiZleba miaRwio idealsa da
srulyofilebas (mogvianebiT, berZeni filosofosi platoni
`kalokagatiis~ – siqvelis cnebas Semoitans, termini eTiko-
esTetikuri da socialur-eTikuri srulyofilebis idealis
gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneboda).
egviptidan devnilebTan argosis mefe pelazgosi modis
amaliT. miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxoebi garegnobiTa da
CacmulobiT berZnebs ar hgvanan (stumaro, miTxrob ar-
sarwmunos, daujerebels,/ rom TiTqos Zveli argeuli
tomisa iyoT, aqaurTa ki ar gcxiaT Tqven araferi,/ vgoneb,
libiis tomis qalebs ufrore hgvanobT,/ nilosis mxares Tu
ixarebs egeTi jiSi.), rodesac moismens maT damajerebel
argumentirebul istorias, aRiarebs, rom WeSmaritad yofilan
`naTesavebi am Zvel miwisa~. mis SekiTxvaze, Tu rad moadgnen
`ambions RmerTTa~, qoros winamZRoli miugebs: `imad, rom
mxevlad egviptosis modgmas ar veqce~.
devnilTa mier moyvanili argumentebi pelazgosSi
TanagrZnobasa da daxmarebis survils aRZravs. mis winaSe
WeSmaritad Tavisuflebismoyvare berZnebi arian. Tavisuflebis
idealisken swrafva swored berZnuli identobisa da
cnobierebis unikaluri Tvisebaa. savaraudod, swored am
ori faqtoris – berZnuli warmomavlobisa da metadre ki
Tavisuflebisaken ltolvis, piradi Rirsebis grZnobis
arseboba moupovebs qaliSvilebs pelazgosis simpaTias. amasTan,
mas stumarTmoyvareobis valdebulebac akisria da RmerTebis
risxvis SiSic aqvs. is ukve mzadaa daxmarebis xeli gauwodos
qalebs, Tumca ki xvdeba, rom am nabijiT, SesaZloa, sakuTari
samefo daayenos safrTxis winaSe. maT Txovnaze: `ar gadagvce
egviptosis vaJebs~, is miugebs: `samZimos rasme, axal omis
sababs mTavazob~.
pelazgosis saxeSi mkafiod ikiTxeba esqiles
Tanamedroveobis idealuri mmarTvelis niSnebi. is gulmowyalea,
patrioti, RmrTis moSiSi, magram misi mTavari maxasiaTebeli
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba da racionaluri azrovnebaa. Zalze
mniSvnelovania pelazgosis damokidebuleba xelisuflebisa da
Zalauflebis fenomenisadmi. miuxedavad samefo statusisa, is

67
Tavs qveynis msaxurad ganixilavs da ara mflobelad.
`Tqven ar uzixarT Cemi kerZo sasaxlis keras,
amiT mTels qalaqs emuqreba sasisxlo saqme
da xams, rom xalxma TviT eZios aw gzebi xsnisa.
amad ar ZalmiZs, rom axlave SegpirdeT rasme,
vidre am ambavs ar vauwyeb moqalaqeTa~.1
argosel moqalaqeTa keTilganwyobisa da mxardaWeris
mosapoveblad, pelasgosma danaoss adgilobrivi RmerTebis sxva
salocavebis molocva da moqalaqeTaTvis Tavisi sawuxaris
gandoba daavala. mxolod amis Semdeg mimarTa man xalxs da
zevsis mimarT stumarTmoyvareobis valdebuleba Seaxsena,
Tanac auwya, rom TavSesafris mavedrebelni maTi Tanamoqalaqeni
iyvnen.
argoselebma erTxmad dauWires mxari devnilebs, maT dacvaze
pasuxismgebloba aiRes. pelasgosma mdevris mier gamogzavnili
macne gawbilebuli gaabruna. omis muqaraze ki miugo, rom
argosSic moiZebnebian uSiSari mamakacebi.
tragedia mTavrdeba danaosisa da qaliSvilebis
argoselebisadmi miZRvnili samadlobeli sityvebiTa da
RmerTebisadmi vedrebiT, rom iZulebiTi qorwinebis safrTxes
aaridon isini.
faqtobrivad, erTaderTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis
uSualo mowmeni da Tanamonawileni vxdebiT am tragediis
gacnobisas, pelasgosis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da
argoselebis mier qaliSvilebis dacvaze pasuxismgeblobis
aRebis gadawyvetilebaa.
erTi SexedviT, es sakmaod sarisko nabijia, romelsac
Sedegad SeiZleba egviptelebTan omi mohyves. Tumca, esqilesa
da misi Tanamedroveobis msoflmxedvelobis rakursSi es
arCevani gamarTlebulia, radgan is dikes – samarTlianobis
– sasargeblod keTdeba. samarTali ki Tavisuflebisa da
simarTlisaTvis mebrZolTa mxarezea. eladis Tavisufali
demokratiuli wyobileba piesaSi araerTxel upirispirdeba
aRmosavleTis erTpirovnulobasa da despotizms.

1
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978, gv.37.

68
 17. sparselebi

tragedia `sparselebSi~, romelic esqilem salaminis sazRvao

brZolas miuZRvna (Zv. w. 472 w.), uzenaesi samarTlianoba erTiani
kosmiuri, socialuri da politikuri marTlwesrigis safuZvlad
warmogvidgeba. sparselebze gamarjvebam, SeiZleba iTqvas, ara
marto saberZneTis, aramed msoflio civilizaciis bedic
Secvala, radgan berZnuli klasikuri kulturis uprecedento
aRmavloba ganapiroba. salaminis brZolaSi gamarjvebis Temas
`sparselebamde~ oTxi wliT adre (476 w.) Tespisis mowafem,
dramaturgma friniqemac mimarTa da tragedia `finikieli
qalebi~ Seqmna. berZnuli Teatri cdilobda TanamoqalaqeebTan
erTad gaeazrebina Tanamedroveobis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi
da maTSi istoriuli da moraluri kanonzomierebebi epovna.
`sparselebSi~ salaminis brZolis ambavs tragediis
mayurebeli sparsTa TvalTaxedvidan Seityobs. es didi
emociuri da ideologiuri zemoqmedebis mqone mxatvruli
xerxia, romelsac esqile berZenTa gamarjvebisTvis meti wonisa
da mniSvnelobis misaniWeblad iyenebs da amasTan, istoriul
masalas tragediis formas aZlevs.
tragedia spars uxucesTa qoros parodosiT iwyeba,
romelsac sparseTis brwyinvale laSqris bedi aSfoTebs. mefeT-
mefe qserqse saberZneTze salaSqrod aris wasuli. susaSi1
mRelvarebaa.Aaziis saukeTeso vaJkacebi ucxo mxareSi ibrZvian2.
sparsTa laSqari uZlevelad iTvleba, magram gamarjvebis
ambavi agvianebs. sabediswero SiSi ipyrobs qserqses dedasa
da gardacvlili dariusis3 qvrivs _ dedofal atosas4. is
Tavis winaswarmetyvelur sizmars uyveba uxucesTa qoros:
ori RviZli da esizmra atosas, erTs sparsuli samosi ecva,

1
aqemenidTa imperiis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi.
2
sparselebis LlaSqari egvi ptelebs, asirielebs, lidielebs, misielebs,
kilikielebs, baqtrielebs da mefeT-mefis sxva qveSevrdom qveyanaTa mefeebsa
da meomrebs aerTianebs.
3
darius I, sparseTis mefe aqemenidTa dinastiidan, mmarTvelobis wlebi 522-
486.
4
kiros II didis qaliSvili.

69
meores ki _ doriuli1 kaba. uecrad debs Soris SuRlma ifeTqa,
erTmaneTs waekidnen, qserqsem maTi daSoSmineba ganizraxa da
qalebi uRelSi Seaba. sparsi danebda uRels, xolo eladis
mkvidri ajanyda, apeurebi gawyvita, uReli daamsxvria da Tavi
gaiTavisufla, qserqse ki Tavisi mwuxare mamis ferxTiT miwas
daenarcxa. qoro urCevs atosas, RmerTebsa da dariosis suls
evedros da daxmareba da mfarveloba sTxovos. amasobaSi macnes
qserqses sastiki marcxis ambavi moaqvs. berZenTa flotma 310
xomaldiT sparselebis 1000-mde gems sZlia, xmeleTsa Tu zRvaze
sparselebis xocva-Jleta daiwyo, mefeT-mefe iZulebuli gaxda
salaminidan gaqceuliyo. ltolvili jari mowinaaRmdegem,
SimSilma da sicivem TiTqmis sul gawyvita. qmris akldamasTan
midis sasowarkveTli atosa, iqneb misi aCrdilisgan gaigos
rame sanugeSo, Tumca dariosi sparsTa laSqris ganadgurebasa
da qserqsesTan erTad mxolod erTi muWa razmis dabrunebas
winaswarmetyvelebs. dariosi afrTxilebs sparselebs, rom
amieridan arasodes gabedon saberZneTze galaSqreba, radgan
yovelTvis dasamarcxeblad iqnebian ganwirulni.
tragedia savsea simbolikiT, romelic berZenTa gamarjvebas
winaswarmetyvelebs. dedofal atosasa da qoros dialogi,
macnes mier moTxrobili ambavi berZenTa moraluri da
samarTlebrivi upiratesobis dasturia. rodesac dedofali
ekiTxeba macnes, Tu vin aris berZenTa meTauri, macne miugebs,
rom isini `kacTagan visme ar hmoneben, qeds ar ixrian~. am
sityvebiT esqile berZenTa Tavisuflebasa da maTi brZolis
samarTlian xasiaTs usvams xazs2. garda adamianebis Tavisufali
nebisa, berZenTa gamarjveba uzenaesi marTlwesrigisa da
samarTlianobis kosmiuri kanonebiTac aris ganpirobebuli3.
maTTvis samyaro harmoniuli da gawonasworebuli kosmosia,
romlis xelyofa pirvandel qaosSi dabrunebis saSiSroebas
1
berZnuli kaba; dorielebi, berZenTa erT-erTi didi eTnikuri jgufi.
2
salaminis gamarjvebaSi udidesi roli Seasrula saxelmwifo moRvawisa
da mxedarmTavar Temistokles strategiam, romelic aTenis sazRvao flots
xelmZRvanelobda. Tumca esqiles panberZnuli nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba
aqvs mxedvelobaSi, romelSic saberZneTis 20-mde polisi Tu mxare iyo
nebayoflobiT warmodgenili.
3
berZnul miTologiaSi msoflwesrigis am erTian kanons simarTlis qal-
RmerTi dike ganasaxierebda.

70
qmnis. amitom is, vinc wesrigsa da samarTlianobis zenaar
principebs arRvevs, sxvis uflebebsa da siwmindeebs xelyofs,
isjeba. danaSauli, faqtobrivad, dadgenili wonasworobis
winaaRmdeg wasvlas gulisxmobs, rac, umeteswilad, adamianis
ampartavnebiT (hibrisiT) aris gamowveuli.
esqiles SemoqmedebaSi Cans, Tu rogor transformacias
ganicdis tradiciuli msoflmxedveloba axali demokratiuli
faseulobebis formirebis procesSi. viTardeba samarTlebrivi
da moralur-eTikuri normebi, iqmneba geopolitikuri xedva,
romelic Rirebulebebisa da politikuri reJimebis sxvaobas
emyareba. esqiles TvalsazrisiT, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
saxelmwifos mowyobis principebi da adamianisa da misi
Tavisuflebis xedva ganasxvavebs. `elinebis sparselebze
gamarjveba, _ wers Teatrmcodne da filosofosi elene
TofuriZe, _ aris ara mxolod erTi erisa Tu saxelmwifos
mier meores damarcxeba, aramed Tavisuflebis monobaze
gamarjveba, tiraniis safuZvlebis Seryeva~.1
aRmosavluri despotia adamianis hibrisis safuZveli xdeba,
SeuzRudav Zalauflebas usazRvro pativmoyvareoba moaqvs.
zomierebis darRveva gonebis dabnelebas iwvevs.2 hibrisiT
Sepyrobilma qserqsem, Tavisufali saberZneTis triumfaluri
dapyrobis mizniT, helespontis RvTaebrivi nakadis da bosforis
srutis talRebis `urC monasaviT~ `jaWvebiT~ Sekvra3
ganizraxa, taZrebi daangria da bomonebi da sakurTxevlebi
daamxo. ampartavnebiT dabrmavebuli, RmerTebis nebas ar Seepua
da samyaros mowyobis uzenaesi wesebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra.
sizmris, dariosis aCrdilisa da winaswarmetyvelebis
scenebis SemotaniT esqile istoriuli movlenis
miTologizebas axdens, riTac mis mniSvnelobas xazs usvams
da damatebiT legitimacias aniWebs. amave dros, dramaturgi
1
Е.И. Топуридзе, «Человек в античной трагедии», gv. 53.
2
berZnebi ambobdnen ata daeuflao. qalRmerTi ata sicruis, sisulelis,
droebiTi sibrmavis personifikacia iyo, romelsac adamiani daRupvamde
mihyavda.
3
sparsma inJinrebma qserqses gankargulebiT helespontze pontonuri xidi
aages, romelSic 674 gemi erTmaneTTan bagirebiT daakavSires. xidi aT dReSi
aigo da zed 240-mde jariskacma da samxedro Zalam gaiara. swored es miaCnia
esqiles qserqses hibrisad da samyaros wesrigis darRvevad.

71
salaminis brZolisa da berZnul-sparsuli omebis istoriuli
da politikuri mniSvnelobis gaazrebasa da Zveli msoflios
mowyobis istoriul-kulturul models gvTavazobs, romelic
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis urTierTmimarTebis dRemde
aqtualur koncefcias qmnis. esqiles TvalsazrisiT, `dasavleTi~
da `aRmosavleTi~ kosmiuri balansis principiT aris gayofili,
sparselebs aziaSi batonoba eboZaT, berZnebs _ evropaSi. is
am balansis SenarCunebis momxrea, rac msoflioSi wesrigsa
da mSvidobas uzrunvelyofs. amave dros, misTvis dasavleTi,
rogorc kulturul-RirebulebiTi da geografiuli sivrce
aRmosavleTze maRla dgas. am upiratesobis `kanonizacia~
esqiles `sparselebis~ erT-erT ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens.
`sparselebSi~ berZnuli tragediis ZiriTadi eTikuri
problemebic ikveTeba, rogorebicaa tragikuli danaSaulisa
da sasjelis, Tavisuflebisa da despotiis sakiTxebi.
berZenTa Tvalsawieridan esqiles tragedia maTi moraluri
da politikuri upiratesobis dasturs warmoadgens (Tanac am
upiratesobis mteri aRiarebs, rac kidev ufro damajerebels
xdis mas). isini samarTlian oms awarmoeben da Tavisufalni
arian. samarTlianobasa da TavisuflebasTan erTad, berZenTaTvis
umniSvnelovanes Rirebulebas sibrZne, codna warmoadgens.
ampartavnebis mTavari mizezi ucodinrobaa. qserqses hibrisi
sibrZnis arqonam gamoiwvia. teqstSi mas ramdenjerme uwodeben
`sulels~, `ugunursa~ da `SeSlils~.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos tragediis svediani, mwuxare
aspeqti, romelic mzardi emociuri zemoqmedebiT viTardeba.
politikuri mdgenelis garda, aq Zlieria humanisturi
zogadsakacobrio mxare, romelic sparsTa udidesi danakargis
mimarT TanagrZnobiT gadmoicema. SfoTis atmosfero
avismomaswavebeli sizmrebiTa da winaswarmetyvelebebiT
mZafrdeba, macnes monaTxrobi sparselebis srul samxedro
da adamianur marcxs gadmoscems, xolo dariosis aCrdilis
winaswarmetyveleba maT samomavlo revanSis perspeqtivasac
ukargavs. tragedia qorosa da gadarCenili qserqses erToblivi
tiriliT sruldeba, romlebic wagebul brZolaSi usaxelod
daRupul meomrebs dastirian. esqiles sparselebis mimarT

72
SurisZiebis grZnoba ar amoZravebs, mas miaCnia, rom sakuTari
danaSaulisaTvis maT sakmarisi sasjeli da mwuxareba moimkes
da qserqses ampartavnebis msxverplad iqcnen.
berZnuli Teatris istoriaSi `sparselebs~ gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia. es Cvenamde moRweulTa Soris erTaderTi
piesaa, romlis siuJeti miTologiidan ki ara, istoriidan aris
aRebuli. `mavedreblebisgan~ gansxvavebiT, aq gundi gadamwyvet
rols aRar TamaSobs, Tumca personaJebis saxeebs (atosa,
qserqse, macne, dariosis aCrdili) jer kidev fragmentuli
xasiaTi aqvs. miuxeadavad amisa, sparselebSi mkafiod gamoCnda
antikuri berZnuli demokratiis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da
msoflgancda.

73
 18. SvidTa laSqroba Tebeze

Zv.w. 467 wels daidga esqiles CvenTvis cnobili kidev erTi

piesa `SvidTa laSqroba Tebeze~, savaraudod, Tebes ciklis
trilogiis finaluri tragedia. tragediis Sinaarsi berZnuli
miTologiis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili – labdakidebis
ojaxis miTis mniSvnelovani epizodis damuSavebas warmoadgens.
labdakosi _ Tebes mefe _ Tebes damaarsebeli kadmosis
SviliSvili, laiosis mama da oidiposis babua iyo. `SvidTa
laSqroba Tebeze~ mogviTxrobs oidiposis SvilTa qiSpobisa
da TebesTvis brZolis ambavs. oidiposis sikvdilis Semdeg,
Zmebi winaparTa taxtisTvis gadaemternen erTmaneTs. eteoklem
ufrosi Zma polinike xelisuflebas CamoaSora da qalaqidan
gaaZeva. polinikem argosSi monaxa TavSesafari da mefe adrastes
qaliSvili SeirTo colad. man xelisuflebis dabruneba
gadawyvita da Zlier mokavSireebTan erTad mSobliuri qalaqis
winaaRmdeg gailaSqra.
tragedia polinikes Tebeze laSqrobisa da Tebes eteokles
xelmZRvanelobiT Tavdacvis ambavs mogviTxrobs. esqile ganzrax
irCevs miTis iseT epizods, romelic, upirveles yovlisa,
Tebes damcvelTa Tavganwirvasa da patriotizms warmogvidgens.
jer kidev Zlieria berZnul-sparsuli omebis gamoZaxili.
dramaturgi arc amJamad Ralatobs Tavis laitmotivs –
samSoblosaTvis berZenTaA gmiruli brZolis Temas.
tragediis prologi kadmosis qalaqis mkvidrTa mimarT
eteokles mimarTviT iwyeba, sadac esqilesTvis damaxasiaTebli
patriotuli ganwyoba JRers:
`Tqven ki valad gZevT yvelas, vinac ukve gamoscda
kvirtobis asaks, vis vaJobis daudga xani,...
eSveloT qalaqs da mSobliur adgilis RmerTTa...~.1
miuxedavad imisa, rom eteokle Zmis winaSe marTali ar
iyo, polinikes danaSauli esqilesTvis Seudareblad ufro
mZimea – samarTlianobis aRdgenis saxeliT igi mtris jars
Caudga saTaveSi da Tebeze wamoiyvana. amitomac xdeba misi
tragediis gmiri eteokle. is winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis
1
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978. gv.115.

74
adamiania, magram samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli da dauRalavi
mebrZoli. saqmeSi Wkviani, saqmiani da mxnea. is swrafsa da
mkafio gadawyvetilebebs iRebs, Tumca pirquSi da ficxi
xasiaTi aqvs. Zalian mkacria Tebel gogonaTa gundis mimarT,
rodesac isini, omiT SeSinebulni, qalaqis mfarvel RvTaebebs
safrTxisagan xsnas evedrebian. eteokle maT simxdaleSi
adanaSaulebs:
`gana eg aris miSveleba, xsna qalaqisa,
gulgamxneveba Semocixul mxedrionisTvis –
qalaqis mfarvel RmerTTa kerpebs rom mimTxvevixarT
da godebT, yviriT, mZulvebelno gonTsaunjisa?~1
igi urCevs qalebs, nacvlad imisa, rom Tavisi moTqma-
godebiT moyvasni suliT dascen, sjobs, elinTa wesis Tanaxmad,
RmerTebs gamarjveba da Tanadgoma SesTxovon da mebrZolebi
gaamxnevon. pelazgosis msgavsad, eteokle pativs scems
samSoblos RmerTebs da maT mekvaSireebad da mfarvelebad
mouxmobs. Tumca, misi sityvebi cxadyofs, rom is udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebs sabrZolo ganwyobas da Znelbedobis
Jams suliT gautexelobas. misi pozicia aqtiuri qmedebisa da
sakuTari Zalebis rwmeniT aris ganmsWvaluli.
amave dros, eteoklem icis, rom is sagvareulo bedisweriT
ganwirulia. misi sabrZolo SemarTeba da optimizmi ZmasTan
pirispir Serkinebis sabediswero da gamomwvev gadawyvetilebas
erwymis. esqiles adreul SemoqmedebaSi eteokle pirvel
WeSmaritad tragikul gmirad iTvleba. marTlac, am
personaJSi erTiandeba sakuTari ganwirulobis grZnoba da
samSoblos gamarjvebisa da misi keTili momavlis rwmena,
Zmisdami siZulvili da mxedarTmTavris simamace, qalebisadmi
qedmaRloba da mmarTvelisa da meomris talanti.
macne atyobinebs eteokles, rom mtris Svidma
mxedarTmTavarma Tebes Svidi WiSkari SetevisTvis dainawila.
eteokle eqvsi WiSkris dasacavad sagangebod SerCeul mamac
meTaurebs agzavnis. meSvide WiSkars ki, romelsac polinike
utevs, TavisTvis itovebs.
1
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978. gv.120.

75
 `o, Slegi RvTisa da RmerTebis saZulvebeli,
oidiposis didmtirali modgma bedkruli!..
me gadavwyvite Severkino mag vaJkacs Tavad,
Cems uwinares ese saqme arvisad jer-ars.
sardali sardlis winaaRmdeg, Zma – Zmis, mteri – mtris,
unda gavidnen sabrZolvelad...~1
is acnobierebs Tavis danaSaulsa da pasuxismgeblobas
da mis mierve provocirebuli konfliqtis gadaWras Tavis
valad Tvlis. sabediswero viTarebaSi eteokle Tavis Tavze
iRebs ZmasTan sasikvdilod Sebmis pasuxismgeblobas da Tebes
labdakidebis sagvareulo SuRlisagan aTavisuflebs.
`garna am saqmis moTavebas maCqarebs RmerTi.
axvetos qariT mTeli modgma laiosisa
da kokitosis2 bnel dinebas misces febosma~.3
eteokles saxeSi tragikuli gaorebis niSnebi aSkaraa,
erTi mxriv, is samSoblos momavlisa da keTildReobisaTvis
mebrZoli gmiria, racionaluri strategosi da mmarTveli,
meore mxriv ki _ sabediswero ganwirulobis gancdiT aRsavse
adamiani. Seqmnili viTareba mas sagvareulo codvasa da mamis
wyevlas axsenebs (`aha, kvlav mama, odindeli wyevla wyeuli!/
gamomSral Tvalebs ar maSorebs mamis aCrdili/ da meubneba:
sikvdilio, sikvdili mxolod~4). Tumca eteokle poulobs Tavis
TavSi Zalas, daZlios es tragikuli gaoreba da Tavisufali
neba gamoavlinos.
antikurobis mkvlevar aleqsei losevis azriT, eteoklesa
da labdakidebis ganwiruloba Zveli sagvareulo mmarTvelobis
ganwirulobasac unda gamoxatavdes. mmarTvelobis Zveli
gvarovnuli wyoba iRupeba, Tumca mis adgilas aRmocendeba
axali, polisuri formis saxelmwifo, romlis Seqmnisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis Tavganwirva Rirs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom tragediaSi epikuri sawyisi sWarbobs
da movlenaTa Sesaxeb macnesa da qorosagan SevityobT, is
Zalze qmediTia, daZabuli, sabrZolo JiniTa da patriotuli
1
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978. gv.138.
2
miwisqveSeTis mdinare.
3
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978. gv.139.
4
iqve.

76
SemarTebiT damuxtuli. esqile mtris mxedarTmTavarTa
individualur daxasiaTebasac gvTavazobs, maT Soris erT-
erTi – misani amfiaraesi, mokavSireobisa da vaJkacobis valma
Caaba SvidTa laSqrobaSi, Tumca is fiqrobs, rom polinikem
argosis mefe adraste saxifaTo avantiuraSi CaiTria. macnes
gadmocemiT, man pirdapir uTxra polinikes, rom is Tavisi
qveynis moRalatea da misi mekavSireoba pativs ar sdebs
Rirseul meomars.
tragediis finalSi misi orive xazi – patriotuli da
tragikuli logikur dasasrulamde midis, Tebe gadarCa monobis
uRels, magram misi mefeni _ mtrebi da Zmebi erTmaneTis
xeliT daecnen.
macne: `qalaqis saqme warimarTa keTilwaRmarTad,
magram Tavkacma misam orma, orma sardalma,
skviTur maxviliT monagarze iyares wili~.1
tragediis dasasruls qoros frenosi daRupul gvars
daitirebs, xolo finalSi Semodis axali pesonaJis – antigones
saxe, romelic axali konfliqtis dasawyisis mauwyebelia –
kadmosis qalaqis Tavkacebma moRalate polinikes dakrZalva
da datireba akrZales, xolo eteokle gmirad aRiares.
tragediis es finali TiTqos movlenaTa Semdgomi dramatuli
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, labdakidebis ojaxSi kidev
arian Tavisufali sulis adamianebi da maTi sabediswero
istoria jerac ar dasrulebula.
esqiles adreul tragediebSi mkafiod gamoikveTa rogorc
patriotuli da politikuri motivebi, ise dramatuli sawyisis
ganviTareba da tragikuli gmiris saxis genezisi.

1
esqile. tragediebi. Tbilisi, 1978. gv.145.

77
 19. orestea

esqiles `orestea~ (458 w.) erTaderTi trilogiaa, romelic

istoriam berZnuli literaturis antikuri periodidan
srulad Semoinaxa. is sami tragediisagan Sedgeba: `agamemnoni~,
`qoeforebi~ da `evmenidebi~. trilogia tetralogiis nawili
yofila, masSi Semaval satirul dramas _ `protevss~ Cvenamde
ar mouRwevia. `protevsSi~ troas omis Semdgom spartis mefe
menelaosis (agamemnonis Zmis) samSobloSi dabrunebis ambavi
iyo gadmocemuli.
`oresteaSi~ berZnuli miTologiis sagvareulo danaSauliT
damZimebuli kidev erTi cnobili – atridTa ojaxis istoriis
mniSvnelovani finaluri epizodebia moTxrobili. atridebis
genealogia tantalosidan iwyeba. maT tantalidebsa da
pelopidebsac uwodeben, rogorc tantalosisa da misi vaJis –
pelopes STamomavlebs. am gvaris istoriaSi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis, Ralatisa da SurisZiebis
motivebi.1. esqiles `sparselebsa~ da `SvidTa laSqrobaSi~ ukve
mkafiod gamoikveTa poetis interesi danaSaulisa da gmirobis,
pativmoyvareobis, Tavisuflebisa da TviTnebobis Temebisadmi.
rogorc tiraniis mowinaaRmdege da samarTliani da kanonieri
sazogadoebis Senebis momxre, mas adamianebis zneobrivi
srulyofa da mankierebaTagan ganTavisufleba surs. trilogiaSi

1
tantalosis mTeli gvari dawyevlili iyo. man RmerTebi ganarisxa, risTvisac
hadesSi samudamo tanjva miusajes, misma vaJma pelopem Zalaufleba eSmakobiTa
da RalatiT Caigdo xelSi, pelopes vaJebma atrevsma da Tiestem erTmaneTs
taxtis gamo mravaljer umtyunes, bolos atrevsma Tiestes vaJebi daxoca
da mamas maTgan damzadebuli kerZi aWama, egisTem, atrevsis vaJma, jer atrevsi,
Semdeg ki misi vaJi agamemnoni mokla, agamemnonis Svilma orestem Tavis da
eleqtrasTan SeTanxmebiT, SurisZiebis gamo biZa da moRalate deda daxoca.

78
igrZnoba orfikuli1 Teosofiis2 gavlena, romelic adamianis
bunebasa da qcevaSi boroti titanuri sawyisis arsebobis
Sedegebs xedavs. `mokvdavT aniWebs Tavxedobas/samarcxvino
boroti Ziri~,3 _ ambobs `agamemnonis~ parodosSi qoro. es
fraza pirdapir migvaniSnebs dionise-zagreosis orfikul
miTze. orfizmis warmodgena samyaroze, rogorc ori sawyisis
brZolaze, adamianzec vrceldeboda. adamiani da sazogadoeba
samyaroseul dualizms imeorebda da Sinagani dramatizmiT,
or sawyiss Soris brZoliT xasiaTdeboda.4 Teatris Teoriis
Tanaxmad, Teatris daniSnuleba SiSiTa da TanagancdiT
afeqtTagan5 ganwmendaa, rac Sinagani konfliqtis gadalaxvas,
dramatuli winaaRmdegobis daZlevas gulisxmobs. tragediis
fabula ise unda SerCeuliyo, rom mayurebels samyarosa da
sazogadoebaSi moqmedi kanonzomierebebi daenaxa. atridTa

1
orfizmi, Zv.w.-is me-6 saukunis religiuri moZraobaa, romelic dionises
kultis reformas ukavSirdeba. gadmocemiT, orfikuli doqtrinis
fuZemdeblad miTologiur orfeoss miiCnevdnen, romelic apolonisa da
dionises Tayvanismcemeli iyo. orfikebs samyaros Seqmnis Tavisi evoluciuri
modeli hqondaT, romelic Teogoniuri Sinaarsis poemaTa nawyvetebSi
ikveTeba. am modelis Tanaxmad, zevsma adamianebi im titanebis ferflisgan
Seqmna, romlebmac misi vaJi dionise daglijes, amitom adamianebSi ori
sawyisia – RvTaebrivi dionisuri da boroti titanuri.
2
wignSi `dionise, logosi, bediswera~ aleqsandre meni orfikebis RvTisme-
tyvelebas Teosofias uwodebs. radgan orfizms safuZvlad sxvadasxva rw-
mena-warmodgenaTa, okultizmisa da mistikis ekleqtikuri mTlianoba daedo.
orfizmi gamodioda zogadsakacobrio dualizmis ideidan, naTelisa da bne-
lis, borotisa da keTilis, wesrigisa da qaosis dapirispirebidan. misTvis
samyaro mudmiv moZraobasa da or sawyiss Soris brZolaSia, am brZolis
Sedegi da nayofia adamianic.
3
esqile, tragediebi, Targmani gigla sariSvilisa, Tbilisi, 1978. `agamemnoni~,
gv. 217-128.
4
pisistrates tiraniis periodSi, romelmac dionises saerTo-saxalxo
dResaswauli daafuZna, orfizmi aTenSi TiTqmis saxelmwifo religiad
gadaiqca, Tumca misi gardacvalebis Semdeg es tendencia aRar ganviTarda.
verc elevsisisa da verc orfikulma kultebma ver Caanacvles, sabolood,
berZnuli poliTeisturi tradicia, Tumca tragediis ganviTarebaze
gadamwyveti zemoqmedeba moaxdines (aleqsandre meni).
5
aristoteles grZnobaTa TeoriiT Relvisgan, negatiuri emociebisgan
ganwmenda. Tumca afeqti, SeiZleba, sasiamovnoc iyos.

79
gvaris miTologiuri istoria Tavisi dramatuli koliziebiT1
saukeTeso masala iyo trilogiis Sesaqmnelad. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am miTis Tematikas adreul poeziaSic vxvdebiT (mag.
homerosTan, kiklikuri poeziasa Tu sxva.), swored esqiles
dramaturgiul nawarmoebSi SeiZina man WeSmariti masStabi
da mniSvneloba. am miTis mixedviT, tragediebi sofoklem da
evripidemac Seqmnes.
esqilem trilogiisTvis atridTa miTis delfuri versia
airCia, romlis Tanaxmadac sagvareulo codvis da danaSaulebaTa
jaWvisgan orestes apoloni ganwmends (delfuri religia
sisxlis aRebis gvarovnul adaTs upirispirdeboda). Tumca,
esqile gascda miTis religiur aspeqts da is filosofiursa da
eTikur WrilSi warmoaCina. dramaturgi etapobrivad gviCvenebs
sazogadoebis RirebulebiTi da samarTlebrivi cnobierebis
evolucias, romelic sagvareulo SurisZiebisa da `sisxlis
aRebis~ adaTis gadalaxvaSi aisaxeba. mkvlevarTa azriT, es
procesi, esqiles xedviT, Zveli gvarovnuli wyobilebis
daSlasa da axali demokratiuli weswyobilebis formirebas
axlavs Tan. amas garda, istoriul aspeqtSi `oresteaSi~ e.w.
mamobrivi da dedobrivi samarTlis brZolas xedaven, rac
pirvelyofili gvarovnuli wyobilebis daSlasa da axal
civilizaciur safexurze asvlas ukavSirdeboda.2 Zvelsa da
axal msoflgancdas Soris brZola `oresteaSi~ apolonisa da
eriniebis dramatul winaaRmdegobaSi gamoikveTa.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nawarmoebi ramdenime planSi viTardeba
– socio-istoriulSi, religiur-filosofiursa da eTikurSi.
1
kolizia _ interesTa Sejaxeba, dapirispireba, cxovrebiseul konfliqtTa
mxatvruli asaxva.
2
dedobrivi samarTali ganviTarebis ufro adreul safexurs axasiaTebda
da mxolod patriarqatis saboloo formirebisa da zewolis Semdeg
knindeba. `jer kidev Zvelebs aocebda qalTa Zalauflebisa da didebulebis
gamovlineba~, _ wers bahofeni (`Классики мирового религиоведения.
Антология~, gv. 220). a. bebelis azriT, aTenSi, mamobrivma samarTalma
dedobrivi sakmaod adre Caanacvla da amisaTvis Zlieri winaaRmdegobis
daZleva dasWirda. misi analizis Tanaxmad, dedobrivi samarTlis mixedviT,
klitemnestras sruli ufleba hqonda, qaliSvilis msxverplSewirvis gamo
ganawyenebuls, agamemnonis laSqrobaSi yofnisas egisTosi aerCia qmrad (a.
babeli, qali da socializmi, 1959, rusul enaze).

80
masSi sainteresod aris Serwymuli esqiles msoflgancdis
ori aspeqti _ skeptikuri, romelic adamianis bunebis
fuZiseuli mankierebis xedvaSi mdgomareobs da istoriul-
progresistuli, romelic kulturisa da sazogadoebis
samarTlebrivi evoluciis rwmenaSi gamoixateba. es garemoeba
eteokles xasiaTis dualizmsac mogvagonebs (`SvidTa laSqroba
Tebeze~), romelsac, erTi mxriv, progresisa da samSoblos
keTili momavlis sjera, Tumca am momavalSi sagvareulo
codvebiT damZimebuli labdakidebis adgils ver xedavs. am
mxriv `oresteaSi~ esqile ufro `win~ midis, is, rac Tebes
trilogiaSi ver moxerxda, aq surs rom ganaxorcielos
da oreste sagvareulo SurisZiebisa da ZalauflebisaTvis
danaSaulebrivi brZolis mankieri wridan `gamoixsnas”.
rogorc humanists, mas adamianis Sinagani Zalisa da eTikuri
potencialis sjera.

81
 20. agamemnoni

trilogiis pirveli piesa _ `agamemnoni~ troas omidan

argosis mefe agamemnonis dabrunebisa da egisTesa1 da dedofal
klitemnestras mier misi mokvlis ambavs gviyveba. iseve rogorc
`sparselebSi~, `agamemnonSic~ esqile saxelmwifosa da qveynis
mimarT mmarTvelis pasuxismgeblobis Temas exeba. tragediis
moqmedeba im momentSi iwyeba, rodesac sasignalo cecxls
berZenTa gamarjvebis ambavi moaqvs. magram gamarjvebis sixaruls
moaxlovebuli katastrofis gancda amZimebs. cecxls pirvelad
sasaxlis saxuravze modaraje guSagi amCnevs: `svebednieri
netav xelze xels Semaxebdes/ xelmwife igi, samSobloSi
mobrunebuli~, natrobs igi da iqve amatebs: `sxva ambebze ki
unda vdumde.../ saxls ena hqondes – ucxadesad gviTxrobda
yovels~.2 SfoTisa da molodinis sayovelTao gancda Zliersa
da pativmoyvare dedofal klitemnestras ukavSirdeba. romlis
orazrovani qceva argosel moxucTa qoroSi yvelaze pirquS
molodinebs aCens. qoro im dros ixsenebs, rodesac sabrZolo
JiniT aRtkinebuli `orskiptrosan atridTa jgufi~(argosis
mefe agamemnoni da spartis mefe menelaosi) troasken
salaSqrod gaemarTa. Sin mxolod uZluri moxucni darCnen.
aTi wlis win saomrad ganwyobil berZenTa giJur aRtkinebas
qoro bartyebdakargul gamwarebul ZeraTa frTxials adarebs
da miaCnia, rom es omi ara mxolod troelTaTvis, aramed
berZnebisTvisac RvTis risxva iyo.
`risxva daatydaT danaelebs3
msgavsad troelTa..
gardasaxdeli gardaxdebis bedis gangebiT,
verc SesawiriT, verc jadosnobiT,
verca Tu cremliT Searbileb risxvas RvTaebrivs~.
saomari laSqroba sabediswerod daiwyo. Zlierma pirqarma
xomaldebs troasken sazRvao gza Seukra. gamgzavrebis amaod
momlodine jarSi mzardma ukmayofilebam daisadgura. qurumebma
1
agamemnonis biZaSvili – Tiestes vaJi.
2
esqile, tragediebi, `agamemnoni~, gv. 212.
3
danaelebi – berZenTa erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeli, argivelebTan da
aqavelebTan erTad. am saxels ukavSirdeba iseTi miTologiuri sakuTari
saxelebi, rogorebicaa _ danaosi, danaida, danaia.

82
uamindoba qalRmerT artemide risxviT axsnes. samxedro
eqspediciis gadasarCenad agamemnonma umZimesi gadawyvetileba
miiRo _ qalRmerTis risxvis dasacxrobad sakuTari qaliSvilis
– ifigenias artemisisTvis msxverplad Sewirvas daTanxmda.
`dakla asuli mSobelma mamam,/ rom sxva qalisTvis/ daeZra
jari da xomaldebi~, 1 ase afasebs agamemnonis saqciels qoro.
mZime iyo troas omi, Zviri daujda saberZneTs es gamarjveba
da pativmoyvare atridebis axireba, ukana gzac damRupveli
gamodga, berZnuli flotis didi nawili qariSxalma gaanadgura.
sixaruli da mwuxareba erTmaneTs gadaejaWva, sul ufro
metad wuxs qoro da SurismaZiebeli RmerTebis risxvisa
eSinia, Tumca imedovnebs, rom qalRmerTi dike daifaravs
cixe-qalaqs, magram danaSaulisa da SurisZiebis jaWvi jer ar
gamwydara (boroti mama warmoSobs borots,/ viT cudi mama2).
gamarjvebuli agamemnoni qalaqSi etliT Semodis, Tan mefe
priames tyve qaliSvili _ naTelmxilveli kasandra mohyavs,
rogorc samxedro alafi. agamemnonis gamomwvevi gamoCena mefis
hibrisis kidev erTi niSania esqilesaTvis. mcireodeni yoymanis
Semdeg, is klitemnestras dagebuli mewamuli xaliCiTac
aivlis sasaxlis kibeebs. avismomaswavebeli atmosfero
kasandras naTelxilvis scenaSi apoTeozs aRwevs, grZneul
xilvaSi is atridTa saxlis sisxlian warsuls dainaxavs da
Tavzardacemuls aRmoxdeba: `RvTismgmobelTa adgilia eg sra-
palati, mowme mkvlelobis da jalaTobis, ganestilia iataki
moyvasis sisxliT~.3 kasandras saxes nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebuli
tragizmi, Zala da Rirseba gamoarCevs, romelic qalma yvela
ubedurebis miuxedavad SeinarCuna. uuflebo tyve umaRles
adamianur Tavisuflebas amJRavnebs da miuxedavad imisa, rom
gardauvali sikvdili aSinebs, SiSze amaRldeba da sakuTari
aRsasrulis Sesaxvedrad sasaxleSi Sedis.
sasaxlis karis zRurblze kasandras gauCinarebis Semdeg,
Senobidan sasikvdilod daWrili agamemnonis kvnesa moismis.
klitemnestram didi xnis wina Cafiqrebuli SurisZiebis gegma
1
esqile, tragediebi, Targmani gigla sariSvilisa, Tbilisi, 1978. `agamem-
noni~, gv. 128.
2
iqve, gv. 236
3
iqve, gv. 248.

83
aRasrula, agamemnons qaliSvilis sikvdili azRvevina da Tavis
sayvarel egisToss1 taxtisaken mimavali gza gauxsna. qoro
rwmundeba, rom samefo tiraniis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda
_ `unda davfiqrdeT, avbediTi moCans niSnebi,/saxelmwifoSi
tirania mzaddeba mZime~.2 argoselebi winaaRmdegobis gawevas
Seecdebian (`ara, Cven amas ar moviTmenT, umal gvamebad/
gadaviqceviT, tiranias sikvdili gvijobs~3), magram isini,
jerjerobiT, uZlurni aRmoCndebian taxtis uzurpatorebis
Zalmomreobis winaSe. klitemnestra xalxis winaSe gamodis,
Tavi qeduxrelad uWiravs. man ukve Caidina danaSauli, axla
misi legitimacia sWirdeba. amitom is Semtev taqtikas
irCevs. esqile remarkaSi wers: `farTod iReba sasaxlis kari,
gamoCndeba klitemnestra, xelSi sisxliani xanjali uWiravs.
darbazis siRrmeSi mosCans agamemnonisa da kasandras gvamebi~.4
misi TavxedobiTa da gambedaobiT Tavzardacemuli qoro
klitemnestras mokveTiTa da orestes SurisZiebiT emuqreba. am
gamowvevas qali muqariTve pasuxobs: `...Cemi muqarac daixsome,
mzad var brZolisTvis...5 Sens win dgas axla diacis saxiT/
demoni Zveli, Surismgebeli, vinac atrevsis bilwi lxinisTvis,/
balRebisaTvis/ iZia Suri~.6
dramaturgi klitemnestras pativmoyvare, Zlier da
SurismaZiebel qalad gvixatavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
Tavisi simarTle gaaCnia, is mainc erT-erTi rgolia im jaWvSi,
romelic sisxliani SurisZiebisa da ZalauflebisaTvis Cadenil
danaSaulTagan Sedgeba.
tragedia qoros vrceli partiebiT da xasiaTTa
statikurobiT jer kidev axlosaa oratoriis JanrTan, Tumca
is didi dramatuli muxtiT aris aRsavse da masSi mkafiod
ikiTxeba esqiles msoflmxedvelobis ZiriTadi postulatebi,
romelTa Tanaxmadac TviTnebobas, ampartavnebasa da Zalmomreobas
damRupveli Sedegebi mohyveba, radgan samyaroSi samarTliani
sazRauris uzenaesi principi dike batonobs.
1
Tiestes vaJi, agememnonis biZaSvili da sasikvdilo mteri
2
iqve, gv. 260.
3
iqve, gv, 261
4
iqve, gv, 261
5
iqve, gv. 263
6
iqve, gv. 267

84
 21. qoeforebi

trilogiis meore tragediSi _ `qoeforebi~1 moTxrobilia,

Tu rogor mokles agamemnonisa da klitemnestras vaJma
orestem2 da misma megobarma piladem3, samarTliani Surisgebis
mizniT, klitemnestrasa da egisTe. piesis eqspoziciuri nawili
agamemnonis saflavze viTardeba. fokididan dabrunebuli
davaJkacebuli oreste, romelsac Tan erTguli megobari
pilade axlavs, agamemnonisa da inaqes4 saflavebs miaSurebs
pativis misagebad. aq is Tavis da eleqtras xvdeba, romelsac
Tan damtirebel qalTa qoro axlavs. im RamiT dedofalma
klitemnestram saSineli sizmari naxa, `_ mezmanao _ vSobe
drakoni,/ ... balRis saxvevSi vaxvevdio, axalSobil gvels....
sisxlis lekerti amohqonda ZuZus kertidan~5, _ hyveba is.
orakulebma sizmari moklulis sulis SfoTvas daukavSires
(`_ ar isvenebso moklulis suli,/dastrialebso mkvlelis
binas wyevliT da krulviT~6). dazafrulma klitemnestram
mxevlebi wamohyara gamTeniisas da agamemnonis sasaflaoze
`gamoreka~ SesawiraviT, im imediT, rom mokluli qmris sulis
momadlierebas moaxerxebda.
iseve, rogorc kasandras zmaneba `agamemnonSi~, klitemnestras
sizmaric tragikuli gardauvalobis ganwyobas qmnis. es ori
piesa TiTqos samyaros fuZiseuli wonasworobis maTematikuri
1
sityva qoeforebi, ritualuri ZRvenis mimrTmevs niSnavs, swored ritualuri
ZRveni miaqvT saflavze orestes, eleqtrasa da klitemnestras mier
gamogzavnil msaxur qalebs.
2
oreste – agamemnonisa da klitemnestras umcrosi vaJi,romelic sabediswero
movlenebis dros fokidaSi imyofeboda, sadac mas mefe strofiusi da misi
mamida _ dedofali anaqsibia zrdidnen Tavis vaJ piladesTan erTad.
3
pilade – miTologiis personaJi, fokidis mefe strofiusisa da agamemnonis
da anaqsibias vaJi, orestes sayvareli megobari. zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad,
pilade delfuri amfiqtionias damaarsebelia. amfiqtionia, igive delfuri
kavSiri im berZnul tomTa kavSirs warmoadgens, romlebic apolonis delfuri
samisnos siaxloves binadrobdnen da mis dasacavad da pativis misagebad
gaerTiandnen. (Кулишова О.  В.  Дельфийский оракул в системе античных
межгосударственных отношений. СПб, 2001. С.171).
4
inaqe _ argolidis damaarsebeli da pirveli mefe.
5
esqile, tragediebi, `qoeforebi~, gv. 297-.298.
6
esqile, tragediebi, `qoeforebi~, gv. 276.

85
principiT erTiandeba _ sazRauri sazRauris wil – aseTia
dikes kanoni. pirvel piesaSi agamemnoni da kasandra iRupebian,
meoreSi – klitemnestra da egisTe am proporciul princips
`agamemnonSi~ naTelmxilveli kasandrac ganWvrets:
`qalisTvis, Cemi sikvdilisTvis zRavs TviTon qali,
bedkrul kacisTvis daecema mxolodre kaci~.1
eubneba is argosel moxucTa qoros.
`qoeforebis~ mxevali qalebis simRera tirani monarqebis
mimarT argosSi arsebul erTsulovan siZulvils gadmoscems
(`Zala gvibrZanebs, brunds da marTals qalbatonisas/ mware
zizRiT ganvadidebdeT~2), moZaladeebis xelSi xalxi SiSsa
da gaWirvebaSi cxovrobs. agamemnonisa da klitemnestras
qaliSvili eleqtra msaxur qalTa xvedrs iziarebs. dedis mier
aTvalwunebuli, mas siZulviliTve pasuxobs. mamis saflavTan
misuls sityva ver mouZebnia, rom mokluls mkvlelis
mier gamogzavnili Sesawiri miarTvas. viTarebis sazareli
orazrovneba kidev ufro amZafrebs qaliSvilis da msaxurTa
protests. maTi locva SurisZiebisTvis vedrebas emsgavseba,
eleqtra mamas misi Svilebis mZime xvedrs amcnobs:
`Cven varT ltolvilni, maTxovarni Cveniv dedisa,
man egisTosze, Sens jalaTze gagvcvala mamav,
monis xvedria Cveni xvedri, xolo oreste
uqonelia da uwilo~.3
eleqtra RmerTebs, miwas, zecas, samarTlianobis qalRmerT
dikesa Tu mamamisis suls samarTlis aRsrulebisa da
SurisZiebisaTvis mouxmobs. klitemnestras wargzavnilebi
dedoflis daRupvas SesTxoven RmerTebs da ise aqceven
samsxverplo zedaSes. saflavTan msxverplSewirva ufro didi
‘msxverplSewirvis’ ritualuri dasawyisi xdeba.
saflavze eleqtra Tmis mokvecil kululsa da nafexurebs
SeniSnavs da orestes kvals amoicnobs. didi xnis unaxav
da-Zmas Sexvedris sixaruli da SurisZiebis gadawyvetileba
aerTianebT. eleqtra, oreste, pilade da msaxuri qalebi
klitemnestrasa da egisTes winaaRmdeg pirs Sekraven. `dikes
1
esqile, tragediebi, `agamemnoni~, gv.259.
2
esqile, tragediebi, `qoeforebi~, gv.272.
3
iqve, gv.260.

86
laxvari guls gaupobs,/ vinc gaqela dikes dideba~, daaskvnis
qoro. oreste da pilade klitemnestras orestes daRupvis
cru cnobas miutanen da dasturis niSnad brinjaos urniT
TiTqosda misi damwvari cxedris ferfls gadascemen. jer
egisTe ewireba SurisZiebas, sasaxlidan misi ganwiruli
yvirili ismis. male klitemnestrac gaiziarebs mis xvedrs.
Tumca orestes uZneldeba dedis mokvla, magram pilade
apolonis davalebasa da muqaras gaaxsenebs mas da movaleobis
aRsrulebisaken ubiZgebs. dedis vedreba da Segoneba veRar
abrkolebs orestes, sityvebiT:
`fuWi ar iyo SiSi Seni sizmareuli.
Sen mohkal – scode, gklav da vcodav samagierod...~1
igi movaleobad miCneuli marTlmsajulebis sazarel vals
aRasrulebs.
piesis eqsodosSi `agamemnonis~ finaluri scenis formaluri
ganmeoreba xdeba2, oreste xalxTan gamodis, mis ukan
siRrmeSi moCans egisTesa da klitemnestras gvamebi. orestes,
klitemnestrasgan gansxvavebiT, moqalaqeebis winaaRmdegobis
daZleva ar sWirdeba, piriqiT, xalxi madlobas uxdis mas
rogorc mxsnels da argosisaTvis Tavisuflebis momtans:
`wyvileul drakons sasikeTod mohkveTe Tavi,
sruliad argoss mianiWe Tavisufleba~,3 eubnebian isini
ufliswuls. miuxedavad amisa, orestes stanjavs Cadenili
qmedebis simZime: _ `davyureb ager, Cems ubedur xvedrze
mglovari,/ da vwyevli zizRiT Cems sisxlian, mware
gmirobas~.
man icis, rom CadenilisTvis pasuxi moeTxoveba, rom misi
tanjvis gza jer ar dasrulebula da SecodebaTa gamosyidvisa
da maTgan ganwmendis mZime gza aqvs gasavleli.
orestes winaSe mdgomi dilema erT-erTi yvelaze
tragikulia dramaturgiis istoriaSi. or aTeul saukuneSi,
sruliad sxva epoqaSi, Seqspiris piesaSi daniis ufliswuli
1
esqile, tragediebi, `qoeforebi~, gv.314
2
danaSaulis aRsrulebis Semdeg klitemnestra argosis moqalaqeebis winaSe
gamodis da pirdapir mimarTavs maT, mis ukan agamemnonisa da kasandras gvamebi
moCans.
3
esqile, tragediebi, `qoeforebi~, gv.318

87
hamletic msgavsi amocanis winaSe dadgeba. hamletisagan
SurisZiebas mamis aCrdili moiTxovs, orestesagan _ apoloni.
piesaSi xSirad aris saubari imaze, rom orestes apolonis
brZanebam da muqaram ubiZga am nabijis gadadgmisaken. amis
Sesaxeb Tavadac laparakobs:
`Tavad loqsiam STamagona, misanma RmerTma,
gabeduleba – Tu am saqmes aRvasrulebdi...
ara da mZimes, aRuwonels damdebda sasjels...~
Tumca, miuxedavad RmerTis monawileobisa, oreste mainc
ar aris mxolod uflis zenaari nebis brma aRmsrulebeli.
misi Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is
cnobierad kisrulobs am umZimes pasuxismgeblobas, romelic,
misi rwmeniT, adamianur da zeciur samyaroSi wonasworobisa
da samarTlianobis aRdgenas emsaxureba. gansxvavebiT
klitemnestrasagan, is samarTlianobas angarebis gamo ki
ar imizezebs, aramed sakuTari mrwamsis Tanaxmad moqmedebs.
aleqsei losevis azriT, `oreste da apoloni erTmaneTis
sadari arsebebi aRmoCndebian, ramdenadac ar unda aRematebodes
ZaliT pirveli ukanasknels~.1
orestes zeadamianuri Zalis saqcielma mis adamianur
bunebas umZimesi dartyma miayena, saSinelma mRelvarebam moicva
misi arseba, goneba aeria, suli aemRvra:
`riT dasruldeba yovelive, Tavad ar vuwyi,
gzas ascda TiTqos etli Cemi, ver daviurve
Slegi cxenebi, veRar viWer azrTa sadaves,
SefarTxalebul gulSi SiSma ikivla ukve,
acekvda guli idumali dairis xmaze~. 2
SurisZiebis qalRmerT eriniebiT devnili GgonebaSeSlili
oreste garbis. argoselebi ki movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas
elian:
`... es mesame gaavdreba aRar viciT
ras mogvitans, xsnas Tu daRupvas~. 3

1
esqile, tragediebi, `qoeforebi~, gv.318
2
iqve, gv.320
3
iqve

88
 22. evmenidebi

trilogiis mesame tragediaSi `evmenidebi~ dedobrivi

samarTlis Tanaxmad upatiebeli codvis – dedis mkvlelobisagan
orestes ganwmenda unda ganxorcieldes. orestes codva da
moraluri tvirTi imdenad mZimea, rom misi gamarTlebisaTvis
mxolod adamianuri argumentebi ar kmara. saWiroa globaluri,
samyaroseuli masStabis konteqsti. amitomac, Tu pirvel or
tragediaSi konfliqti adamianTa Soris TamaSdeboda, trilogiis
mesame nawilSi Zvel da axal RvTaebaTa dapirispireba, Zveli
da axali marTlwesrigis Widili gamodis wina planze.
tragediis erTiani msoflmxedvelobis wvdomisaTvis
gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia prologi, romelic apolonis
taZris win iSleba. remarka gvamcnobs: `apolonis taZari.
orqestraze gamodis piTia, misani qali~.
piTia: RmerTTa dasidan locvas Cemsas jer Sevavedreb
RmerTqal gaias1 pirvel misans, merme Temidas2,
vinc dedis Semdeg manteonze amaRlebula –
aseTi aris gadmocema, xolo mesame
titanidia, febe3 miwis momdevno qali,...
romelman feboss,4 axalSobils uboZa taxti,
swored aqedan warsmodgeba saxeli misi.5
piTias locvis Sesaval nawilSi CamoTvlili RmerTebisa
1
igive qalRmerTi gea. gea pirveli flobda delfosis samisnos.
2
femida – marTmsajulebis qalRmerTi; esqiles versiit titanidaa, titanida
Tebes da. Temidan dedamisi geasagan miiRo delfosis orakuli, romelic
Semdeg febes gadasca.. femida zevsis meore coli, zevsisagan SeeZina sami
moira: kloto (Zafis mrTveli), laqeisi (bedi), atroposi (garduvaloba)
da sami ora: evnomia (kanonierebis mfarveli), dike (samarTlianoba), airene
(mSvidoba). esqielsTan femida Zlier uaxlovdeba geas da mis erT erT
hi postasadac ki moiazreba.
3
titanida febe, titan kois coli, titanida latonas deda, apolonisa da
dianas bebia. titanebi, geasa da uranosis Svilebi iyvnen, eqvsi vaJi da eqvsi
qali.
4
RmerTi apoloni, igive febosi, igive loqsia, sakulto saxeli. loqsia
berZnuli Loxias-idan modis, rac orazrovans niSnavs. igulisxmeba apolonis
xSirad bundovani,winaaRmdegobrivi winaswarmetyvelebebi,romlebsac samfexze
mjdomi qurumi axmovanbda.
5
esqile, tragediebi. `qoeforebi~, gv. 322

89
da maTTan asocirebuli RvTaebebis mfarvelobis sferoebi
kanonTan, marTmsajulebasTan samarTlianobasa da mSvidobasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. kargad Cans delfosis samisnos erTgvari
misia, romelic marTlmsajulebis, kanonierebisa da samoqalaqo
siqvelis principebis damkvidrebas emsaxureba. amasTan, aq
gamokveTilia erTgvari memkvidreobiTobisa da Tvisebrivi
evoluciis principi, romelsac apolonis delfuri religiis
formirebis etapamde mivyavarT. niSandoblivia, rom esqiles
versiaSi apoloni TviTon ki ar aarsebs delfosis samisnos,
aramed memkvidreobiT iRebs mas.1 is pirveli mamakaci RmerTia,
romelsac es wminda samisno gadaeca. es xazi im versiis
sasargeblod metyvelebs, romlis Tanaxmadac tragedia dedobrivi
samarTlis adreuli safexuridan mamobrivi samarTalis ufro
maRal safexurze gadasvlasa da civlizaciuri progresis
asaxvas warmoadgens.2
piTias teqstSi apolonis mier delfosos taxtis
memkvidreobiT miReba zevsis nebis gamoxatulebaa:
` ...zevsisagan kurTxeuli da ganbrZobili
taxtze avida, viT meoTxe naTelmxilveli.
amrigad zevsis orakuli gaxlavT loqsia~.
amiT esqile apolonis qmedebas uzenaes legitimacias
aniWebs.
miuxedavad amisa, dedobrivi RvTaebebis mier Zalauflebisa
da Zveli samarTlebrivi principebis daTmoba mtkivneuli
dramatuli procesia. eriniebi, romlebic gavrcelebuli
versiiT, geam qronosis mier dakodili uranosis sisxlisgan
gaaCina, apolons upirispirdebian da dedis mkvleli orestes
ganadgureba surT.
apolonis nebas mindobili da eriniebisagan devnili oreste
delfosSi mis taZars afarebs Tavs. apoloni Zils mohgvris
1
cnobili miTis Tanaxmad, apolonma Tavisi samisno iq daaarsa, sadac piToni
mokla, drakoni, romelic apolonis deda latonas sdevnida.
2
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq, iseve rogorc `sparselebSi~, evropuli kulturis
Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis gacnobierebasTan gvaqvs saqme. Tu `sparselebSi~
Tavisuflebis ideaa win wamoweuli, `oresteaSi~ evropuli civilizaciis
dinamikuri, revoluciuri da dialeqtikuri bunebaa xazgasmuli, romelic
winaaRmdegobaTa brZolisa da axala xarisxSi dazavebis gziT warmoCndeba.
T.b.

90
SurismaZiebel qalRmerTebs da orestes Tavis Tanadgomas
aRuTqvams. is orestes aTenSi gaagzavnis, aTena paladas1 qalaqSi,
sadac igi marTlmsajulebas hpovebs. eriniebs klitemnestras
aCrdili aRviZebs sayvedurebiT da movaleobisaken mouwodebs.
apolonis cbierebiT aRSfoTebulni isini RmerTs wminda
mantikuri2 keriis SebRalvasa da RmerTebis wesis RalatSi
adanaSauleben, romelsac apolonma mokvdavTa wesi amjobina:
`mantikuri wminda keria
RmerTTaganma SebRala Tavad,
RmerTTa sawesos amjobina mokvdavTa wesi.
moirebis meufeba daamxo Zveli~.3
citirebuli strofis bolo striqoni mimdinare brZolis
masStabebze mowmobs, romelsac ara mxolod miwieri, aramed
zeciuri samyaroc moucavs. am brZolis centrSia moqceuli
oreste, romelsac adamianuri da RvTaebrivi marTlmsajulebis
winaSe mouwevs pasuxisgeba.
esqiles sruliad gacnobierebuli mizani amoZravebs,
rodesac is Tavis trologias aTenis areopagis mier orestes
gasamarTlebiT asrulebs. swored areopagSi4 unda gaerTiandes
adamianuri da zenaari marTlmsajuleba, mniSvnelovani
1
aTena palada – sibrZnis qalRmerTi. aTenis mfarveli RvTeaba.
2
mantika – Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi mkiTxaobis forma iyo, romelic
sxvadasxva niSanTa axsniT RmerTebis nebis dadgenas isaxavda miznad. aq
eriniebi delfosis samisnos gulisxmoben, sadac mokvdavni RmerTebis nebis
Sesatyobad modiodnen.
3
esqile, tragediebi, `qoeforebi~, gv. 328
4
areopagi – Zveli sasamarTlo aTenSi, romlis dafuZneba aTenis istoriis
miTiur warsuls ganekuTvneba. esqiles `evmenidebis~ Tanaxma,d areopags
aTena palada moiwvevs orestes gasasamarTleblad. istoriuli mniSvneloba
areopagma solonis droidan SeiZina, romelmac areopags ganvrcobili
uflebamosileba mianiWa. aeropagis wevrebad mTeli cxovrebiT iniSnebodnen,
maT yofili aqrontebisagan irCevdnen, romlebmac es pativi samSoblosadmi
uxinjo msaxurebiT moi poves. solonis gadawyvetilebiT,areopags ganaTlebaze,
zneobasa da religiur rwmenaze, aseve kanonebis samarTlian aRsrulebaze
meTvalyureobac daevala. kritikul viTarebebSi, rodesac saxelmwifos
safrTxe emuqreboda, areopagi saxelmwifos marTvas Tavi Tavze iRebda,
rogorc es moxda berZnul-sparsuli omebis epoqaSi. areopagis sxdomebi Ria
cis qveS imarTeboda. kenWisyrisaTvis patara kenWebs iyenebdnen. Tu xmebis
zustad orad gaiyofoda, sasamarTlos gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamohqonda,
radganac iTvleboda, rom braldebulis mxare aTena paladam daikava.

91
msoflmxedvelobrivi da samarTlebrivi gardatexa unda moxdes.
poeti xazs usvams aTenis rols axali saxelmwifoebrivi
azrovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, sisxlis aRebis gvarovnuli
wesidan samarTlis ufro maRal safexurze gadasvlaSi.
aTena palada, romelsac orestem xsnisaTvis mimarTa, marto
ver iRebs Tavis Tavze am mZime saqmis gansjis pasuxismgeblobas,
is erTpirovnuli ganCinebisagan Tavs ikavebs da samsjavros
mowvevas ganizraxavs, faqtobrivad, is gvevlineba aTenis
areopagis damaarseblad:
`.... mZimea Cemi arCevani...
.... rakiRa es sakiTxi TaTbirs moiTxovs,
radgan axloiT sasikvdilo braldebas ganvCxrekT,
viwvev samsjavros samudamo kanonisaTvis.
... mibrZanebia, Rirseuli moqalaqeni
sabWos warudgnen da marTali qmnan samarTali,
daicvan fici, rac sworia, ar gaamrudon~.1
sasamarTlos Catarebis adgilad is aresis saxelobis
maRlobs airCevs, sadac odesRac amorZalebs `aRumarTavT
didebuli axalqalaqi~.
`de, am alagis moSiSeba hqondeT niadag,
rom imeufos samarTalma da saTnoebam.
... arc anarqia mirCevnia, arc tirania
Cveni qveynisTvis...~2
sityvebi, romlebic esqilem aTenas warmoaTqmevina, erTgvar
saprogramo datvirTvas atarebs da demokratiuli aTenis
samarTlebriv da saxelmwifoebriv kredos ayalibebs (`arc
anarqia mirCevnia, arc tirania~).
sasamarTlo Seikribeba da mxareebs mousmens. eriniebi
axal RmerTebs Zveli RmerTebis gaTelvas abraleben. apoloni
aqtiurad icavs `axlebis~ pozicias da eriniebs zevsis mimarT
upativcemulobas abralebs.
sasamarTlos aTena Tavmjdomareobs, bWobis dasasruls is
kenWisyras gamoacxadebs da Tavis xmas orestes aZlevs. xmebi
tolad gaiyofa, rac orestesaTvis gamamarTlebel ganaCens
1
esqile, tragediebi, `evenidebi~, gv.341
2
iqve, gv.350

92
niSnavs. gaxarebuli oreste madlobas uZRvnis qalRmerTsa da
qalaq aTens da apolonTan erTad argosSi brundeba.
piesis dasasruls aTena eriniebis mrisxanebis dacxrobas
cdilobs, is maT saTanado pativsa da didebas aRuTqvams da
formalurad Zalauflebas unawilebs, aTenis mfarvel RvTaebaTa
statussa da adamianebis keTildReobaze zrunvas sTavazobs.
TviTon omsa da qalaqis Tavdacvaze zrunvas iRebs Tavis Tavze,
`rom gamarjvebiT ixarebdes qveyana ese~. amis Semdgom eriniebi
evmenidebad (mowyaleebad, qvelebad) iwodebian.
daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored eriniebis
finaluri transformacia warmoadgens tragediis saboloo
mizans, rogorc dramatuli procesis dialeqtikur
Sedegs, didi xnis darRveuli wonasworobis aRdgenasa da
winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gziT axali msoflwesrigis
damyarebas. faqtobrivad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom esqiles
dramatul trilogias didi epikuri Zala aqvs, tragikosi
poeti gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaTa bewvis xidze gaivlis da
udidesi Zalis kaTarziss aRwevs. niSandoblivia isic, rom
sasurveli wonasworobis miReba ara argosis, aramed aTenis
miwaze xerxdeba, romelic Tvisobrivad axali cnobierebisa da
samarTlis subieqtia.

93
 23. mijaWvuli promeTe

tragedia `mijaWvuli promeTes~ dadgmis TariRi ucnobia,

sxvadasxva varaudiT, is 460-sa da 440 wlebs Soris unda
warmoedginaT.1 arsebobs `ganTavisuflebuli promeTesa~ da
`cecxlis momniWebeli~ promeTes nawyvetebic, Tumca, ar
aris cnobili, iyo Tu ara es sami piesa erTiani trilogiis
nawili.
promeTes miTis adreul versias hesiodes `Teogoniasa~ da
`samuSaoebsa da dReebSi” vxvdebiT2. Tumca, esqiles tragediaSi
promeTes figuris mniSvneloba da masStabi, hesiodesTan
SedarebiT, ganuzomlad didia. erTi mxriv, is tiraniasTan
brZolis ideas warmoadgens, meore mxriv ki, adamianTa modgmis
damcveli, sakacobrio kulturis Semqmneli, warmmarTveli da
progresis mamoZravebelia. `mijaWvul promeTeSi~ promeTes bedi
mWidrod ukavSirdeba kacobriobis beds. esqiles tragediaSi
is titan iapetisa da Temida-gaias vaJia3. titanomaqiis4 dros
promeTem scada daerwmunebina titanebi, rom olimpielTa
winaaRmdeg xerxiT emoqmedaT da ara uxeSi ZaliT, magram
maT ar ismines promeTes rCeva da `mliqvneloba~ da `Cxibva~
daswames mas. maSin promeTe zevss miemxro da titanebis
damarcxebaSi daexmara. Tumca, zevssa da promeTes Soris
Tanxmoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. rodesac zevsi mamis5
taxtze avida, man Tavis mokavSire RmerTebs uflebamosilebani
gaunawila da daukanona, adamianebs ki araferi ganuwesa,
radgan maTi ganadgureba surda. zevsis mier Seqmnili axali
samyaros marTlwesrigi promeTesTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda,
1
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, `miJaWvuli promeTe~ esqiles nawarmoebi ar
aris da ufro gvian, 230 wlisaTvis unda Seqmniliyo.
2
hesiode, Zveli berZeni poeti, cxovrobda VIII-VII ss. didaqtikuri
mimarTulebis poeziis warmomadgeneli, dRevandelobamde moaRwia misma orma
epikurma poemam: `Teogoni~ da `samuSaoebi da dReebi~.
3
hesiodesTan is iapetisa da klimenes vaJad, xolo apolodorusTan iapetisa
da azias vaJad saxeldeba. esqile Temida-gaias versias irCevs, romelic
berZnul miTologiaSi RvTaebrivi marTlwesrigis qalRmerTi iyo.
4
titanomaqia _ Zveli RmerTebis – titanebis aTwliani omi olimpielebi-
sa da zevsis winaaRmdeg.
5
qronosi

94
Tavidan is olimpielebs ufro progresuli samyarosa da
qveynierebis Seqmnis imediT SeuerTda, magram imedi gaucruvda.
zevss adamianebis mosvra undoda, surda, `... rom sul axali
aRezarda modgma gamgone~.1 promeTes es sityvebi tragediis
ideis amosavals warmoadgens. naTeli xdeba, rom adamianTa
modgmas aqvs promeTesaTvis umTavresi Tviseba – Tavisufali
neba. zevsisTvis ki, rogorc tiranisTvis, Tavisufali nebis
gamovlena miuRebelia. amitomac surs mas kacTa mospoba
da swored amitom itvirTa promeTem adamianTa dacva da
gaZliereba. /`me xelviwife, Tanavelme mokvdavTa modgmas da
avaSore maT hadesSi ferflad ganpneva~/.2 promeTem RmerTebs
RvTaebrivi cecxli mostaca da adamianebs uboZa, maT cnobieri
cxovreba daawyebina, Zala da Rirseba misca3. Tumca manamde man
mokvdavT bedis ganWvretis winaTgrZnoba dauxSo da brma imedi
Caunerga.4 savaraudod, esqilesTvis progress adamianebis ori
ZiriTadi Tviseba ganapirobebs – Tavisufali neba da imedi. es
Tvisebebi, codnasTan da mizanSewonil saqmianobasTan erTad,
qmnis civilizaciis arsebobis safuZvels..
promeTe dawvrilebiT aRwers Tavis saamayo Rvawls
okeanidebis qorosTan saubarSi. misi monaTxrobidan irkveva,
rom man mxolod cecxli ki ar uboZa kacTa modgmas,
aramed kulturis sikeTeebic aCuqa maT: aziara maTematikasa
da damwerlobas /aRmovuCine me maT ricxvi – sibrZneTa/
Soris gamorCeuli da pirvelma miveci wigni _ / xsovnad
1
esqile, tragediebi, `mijaWvuli promeTe~, gv.172.
2
iqve, gv.173.
3
manamde kacTa modgmis yofas titani ase axasiaTebs:
`... ugunurni iyvnen isini,
vidre gonT me ar moviyvane da cnobiervyav.
amiT imis Tqma ki ar minda, rom kacT vamcireb,
aramed imis, rom me maTi mwyalobeli var.
icqirebodnen TvaliT, magram veras xedavdnen,
ismendnen yuriT, magram arra eyurebodaT.
mTeli sicocxle TiTqos sizmris sameufoSi
daabijebdnen. ...
4
promeTe: `bedis ganWvretis winagrZnoba davuxSe mokvdavT.~
qoros gamZRoli qali: `sad moi pove sneulebis ese wamali?
promeTe: me brma imedi Cavunerge maT mxolooden~ gv. 173.

95
yovelTa, dedad yovel xelovnebaTa/, aswavla miwaTmoqmedeba,
mecxoveleoba, sakvebis momzadeba, mSenebloba, naosnoba da
gemTmSenebloba, medicina Tu misnoba, wiaRiseulis mopoveba da
damuSaveba, frinvelTa da cxovelTa zne Tu ciur sxeulTa
moZraobis kanonebi da mantikis saidumloebani.
esqiles zevssa da promeTes Soris konfliqti
msoflmxedvelobriv WrilSi gadahyavs. promeTes TviTnebobiT
ganrisxebulma zevsma titani dasaja da skviTiis (Tu kavkasiis)
mTebSi misi kldeze mijaWva brZana samudamo satanjvelisaTvis.1
zevssa da promeTes Soris, ase vTqvaT, konceptualuri
SeuTanxmeblobaa. promeTe Tavisufal nebas ganasaxierebs, xolo
zevsi tiranias, romelic sxvis Tavisuflebas ver egueba.
trilogiis prologSi Cven zevsis mier promeTes sastiki
dasjis mowmeni vxdebiT. Zala, ufleba da zevsis vaJi _
mWedlobis RmerTi hefesto promeTes kldes ajaWvaven. hefestos
umZims am valdebulebis aRsruleba, Tumca mamis urCobas ver
bedavs – Zalis karnaxiT is jer mklavebs miujaWvavs kldeze
titans, Semdeg ki gulis ficars ganugmiravs rkinis soliT.
tragediis qoros titan okeanes asulebi – okeanidebi
Seadgenen, romlebic biZaSvilis sanugeSeblad modian. piesis
atmosfero zevsis tiraniis gancdiT aris ganmsWvaluli,
romelmac xelisufleba Zaladobrivad Caigdo xelSi. promeTe
mas eWviT avadmyofs uwodebs, radgan `yvela tirani avadmyofia/
axlobelT mimarT eWviTa da miundoblobiT~,2 zevsis mimarT
is Seurigebel poziciaze dgas da kompromisze wasvlas
ar apirebs. promeTe kategoriulad uaryofs titan okeanes
konformistul rCevas, rom Seeguos da damorCildes axal
realobasa da zne-Cvevebs, `rakiRa RmerTebs aw axali marTavs
tirani~.3 promeTe mzadaa, amayad zidos Tavisi xvedri iseve,
rogorc misma Zmam atlantma, romlis mZlavr mxrebze mTeli
cis TaRi asvenia.
tragedia monumenturad statikuria, mis centrSi promeTes
1
miTografosisa da gramatikosis aplodorusis (Zv.w. 186-120. `miTologiuri
biblioTeka~) mixedviT, adamianebi promeTem Seqmna wylisa da miwisagan
RmerTebisagan malulad da cecxlic uboZa maT.
2
esqile, tragediebi, `mijaWvuli promeTe~, gv.172
3
iqve, gv.176

96
monoliTuri figura dgas, romlis xvedrs mTeli qveyana
glovobs, mas dastirian kolxeTis mkvidri amorZalebi, skviTiis
momTabareni Tu ariis mamaci modgma.1 `kavkasiis mTaTa axlore~2
jaris godeba da SubTa zriali gaismis. zevsTan mebrZoli
titanis figura mTeli kacobriobis, progresisa da adamianTa
civilizaciis mebrZoli sulis simbolo xdeba, xolo mis mier
kacTaTvis boZebuli codna sakacobrio kulturis safuZvlebs
aerTianebs. azrovneba, mexsiereba,xelosnoba, xelovneba Tu
sibrZne – yovelive misi RvTaebrivi ZRvenis nawilia.
zevsis tiraniis suraTs Zroxadqceuli ios Semosvla
aZlierebs. ios heras3 mier SeCenili krazana sdevnis. yvela es
ubedureba argosis mefe inaqes asuls zevsis trfobam daawia.
promeTem, rogorc winaswarmetyvelma icis, rom momavalSi mas
swored ios STamomavali4 gaaTavisuflebs.
Tumca, xsnis Soreuli perspeqtiva ar amcirebs tragikuli
movlenebis dramatizms. amayi da Zlieri promeTe mzadaa
nebismieri tanjva daiTminos da qedi ar mouxaros zevssa da
mis sulmokle msaxurT. swored erT-erTi maTgani – hermesi
ewveva mas tragediis dasasruls. is emuqreba titans, rom
zevsi auracxel satanjvels mouvlens, Tu igi misi bedisweris
saidumlos ar gaamxels, magram promeTe Seudrekelia. tragediis
dasasruls zevsis mrisxanebis mowmeni vxdebiT _ uecrad Weqa-
quxilis, elvis, grigalisa da mtvris qarbuqi amovardeba da
pirquSi klde, masze mijaWvul promeTesTan erTad, qvesknelSi
gauCinardeba.
rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, `mijaWvuli promeTe~
trilogiis nawili unda yofiliyo. Tu CvenTvis cnobili
erTaderTi trilogiis _ `oresteas~ mixedviT vimsjelebT,
zevssa da promeTes Soris pragmatuli kompromisi unda
1
arias modgma _ Zveli sparsuli tomi, romelic iranis aRmosavleTiT,
kavkasiis siaxloves saxlobda.
2
iqve,180.
3
hera, zevsis coli, kronosisa da reas qaliSvili, qorwinebisa da mSobiareTa
mfarveli qalRmerTi. miTologiaSi eWviani xasiaTiTa da zevsis satrfoTa
devniTaa cnobili.
4
herakle, alkmenesa da zevsis vaJi, mis miwier mamas amfitrioni erqva.
cnobilia, rogorc berZen gmirTa Soris udidess, sikvdilis Semdeg ukvdaveba
eboZa da olimpoze amaRlda.

97
moZebniliyo, iseve, rogorc es `oresteaSi~ evmenidebsa da aTenis
mfarvel axal RmerTebs Soris xdeba. samwuxarod, CvenTvis
ucnobia, Tu rogor ganviTardeba konfliqti SemdgomSi da ris
safuZvelze moxdeba zevsisa da promeTes dazaveba. Serigebis
formaluri mizezi cnobilia: miTis Tanaxmad, promeTem zevss
moirebis saidumlo unda gaumxilos da uTxras, Tu vin gauCens
`missave dammarcxebel da dammonebel Svils~.1 Tumca, rogorc
`oresteaSi~ vnaxeT, Zveli da axali RmeTebis dazaveba da
eriniebis transformacia axali marTlwesrigis damyarebisa da
wonasworobis aRdgenis safuZveli gaxda. Sesabamisad, promeTes
Sesaxeb trilogiaSic zevssa da promeTes Soris sasurveli
msoflmxedvelobrivi kompromisi unda moZebniliyo, romelic
berZenTa samoqalaqo da saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
ganviTarebisa da progresis gamarjvebis gamomxatveli unda
yofiliyo.

1
miTis Tanaxmad, es qalRmerTi Tetida unda yofiliyo. amisTana damRupveli
Sedegebis Tavidan asarideblad, zevsma fetida mokvdav mefe peleass miaTxova.
am kavSiridan troas omis udidesi gmiri aqilevsi daibada.

98
 24. klasikuri epoqis elinuri
samyaros ZiriTadi msoflmxedvelobrivi
principebi esqiles tragediebSi

esqiles tragediebSi klasikuri epoqis elinuri

samyaros ZiriTadi da uzogadesi msoflmxedvelobrivi
principebi da Sexedulebebi ikveTeba. samyaros safuZvelSi
uzenaesi marTlwesrigis principi devs, romelic yovelive
arsebulze vrceldeba da bunebasa da kulturas moicavs. am
marTlwesrigis darRveva gardauval disbalanss iwvevs da
damrRvevs qaosad ubrundeba. ase daemarTa qserqses, romelsac
`demonma~ daubinda goneba, hibrisma Seipyro. qserqsem berZenTa
Tavisufal samyaroze gailaSqra da bosforis dineba xidiT
SeboWa, ris gamoc samarTliani marcxi iwvnia, mis winaaRmdeg.
berZenTa garda, bunebis Zalnic gaerTiandnen, mefem uzarmazari
laSqari dakarga da suzaSi Sercxvenili da sasowarkveTili
dabrunda. `sparselebSi~ mkafiod ikveTeba samyaros mowyobis
dasavlur-aRmosavluri dualizmi, xolo am gayofis safuZvelSi
Tavisuflebis eTikuri principi devs. adamianis Tavisufali neba
dasavluri kulturis prerogativaa, aRmosavleTi morCilebaze
dgas, dasavleTi ki Tavisufal nebaze. Tavisufali arCevanis
Tema jer kidev `mavedreblebSi~ ikiTxeba, ormocdaaTma
qaliSvilma saqmroTa TviTnebobas sakuTari Tavisufali neba
daupirispira. maT Tavisi winapris – ios samSoblo argolidas
miakiTxes TavSesafareblad. isini Tavs berZnebad Tvlian, ris
safuZvelsac ara imdenad sisxli, aramed eTikuri cnobiereba
aniWebT. aqve ixateba pelasgosis saxe, xelisufalisa, romelic
TanamoqalaqeTa nebas udides angariSs uwevs da mxolod maTi
TanxmobiT iRebs gadawyvetilebas. Tavisufali nebis gandideba
da tiraniisadmi daumorCileblobaa `mijaWvuli promeTes~
umTavresi Tema. adamianTa modgmis gadarCenac xom maTi
Tavisufali bunebis gamo iTava promeTem. man saSualeba ar
misca zevss, rom kacTa arsebuli modgma moesra da axali
morCili modgma Seeqmna.
esqiles nawarmoebebiT `fuZndeba~ samyaro da nacionaluri
kosmosi, Tavisi universaluri kanonebiTa da RirebulebebiT.

99
`oresteaSi~ samarTlebrivi cnobierebis ganviTarebas,
safexurebrivad, argosidan, apolonis delfiuri religiis
gavliT, aTenSi mivyavarT, sadac aTena areopags, sisxlis
samarTlis sasamarTlos aarsebs, riTac sisxlis aRebis uZveles
gvarovnul adaTs axali, ufro progresuli formiT cvlis.
esqiles trilogiis ZiriTad ideas mesame damagvirgvinebeli
tragediis saxelwodeba `evmenidebi~ qmnis. SurismaZiebeli
qalRmerTebi mowyaleebad gardaiqmnebian. aq xazgasmulia
adamianis eTikuri da emociuri cnobierebis evolucia,
maRali humanuri principebis formireba. amasTan, esqile,
rogorc nacionaluri kulturis `obieqturad mikerZoebuli~
propagandisti, evoluciis gzas Zalis Zveli centrebidan
aTenisaken warmarTavs, aq iyris Tavs RvTaebrivi da adamianuri
samyaros progresi, xolo sisxlis aRebis danaSauli Tu
valdebuleba mowyalebis ufro maRali principiT daiZleva.
es tragedia SeiZleba grigol robaqiZis drama `lamaraSi~
ganviTarebul viTarebas SevadaroT, rodesac iCo mindias
vaJkacobiTa da TavdadebiT moixibleba da Svilis mkvlelobas
Seundobs.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom esqile Tavisi
dramaturgiis samyaroSi klasikuri epoqis berZnul samyaros
`qmnis~, mis geografiulsa da kulturul mijnebs gansazRvravs
da ZiriTad RirebulebiTsa da humanur principebs afuZnebs.

100
kiTxvebi da davalebebi 15 _ 24 Tavebisadmi:

1. gadmoeciT esqiles biografia da imsjeleT mis

msoflmxedvelobaze.
2. ratom eniWeba esqiles biografiaSi esoden didi mniSvneloba
berZnul-sparsul omebs?
3. gaixseneT, ras warmoadgenda tetralogia, ra nawilebisgan
Sedgeboda is da ra kavSiri iyo tetralogiaSi Semaval
tragediebsa da satirul dramas Soris.
4. ratom iTvleba `mavedreblebi~ esqiels adreul dramad da rogoria
nawarmoebis siuJeturi da kompoziciuri Taviseburebebi?
5. daaxasiaTeT tragediis humanisturi arsi da imsjeleT berZenTa
nacionaluri cnobierebis formirebaze.
6. daaxasiaTeT pelasgosi – argosis mefe.
7. gadmoeciT, mokled. tragediaSi asaxuli miTis Sinaarsi.
8. SeadareT erTmaneTs berZnebisa da egviptelebis qceva adamianis
pirovnuli Tavisuflebis pativiscemis WrilSi.
9. ra mniSvneloba hqonda berZnul-sparsul omebSi gamarjvebas
msoflio civilizaciisa da klasikuri berZnuli kulturis
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT?
10. ra movlenebia asaxuli esqiles 472 wels Seqmnil tragediaSi
`sparselebi~.
11. visi Tvalsawieridan aris danaxuli movlenebi?
12. ras naxulobs sizmarSi dedofali atosa da risi mauwyebelia
sizmris simbolika?
13. ra aris hibrisi, romelmac qserqses goneba daubnela da bosforis
Tavisufali dinebis SeboWva ganazraxina?
14. vin iyo gaerTianebuli qserqses laSqarSi?
15. vin ibrZoda berZenTa mxridan?
16. raSi mdgomareobda berZenTa moraluri upiratesoba?
17. ra xerxi gamoiyenes berZnebma sparselTa flotis
dasamarcxeblad?
18. vis aCrdils mimarTavs dedofali atosa Svilis bedis
gasagebad?
19. ra gafrTxilebas aZlevs qserqses gardacvili dariosis
aCrdili?
20. gadmoeciT esqiles piesis – `SvidTa laSqroba Tebeze~ Sinaarsi
da problematika.

101
21. SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom `oresteaSi~ esqilem gadalaxa
orfikuli Teosofiis pesimizmi da sazogadeobis RirebulebiTi
evolucia samarTlebriv da eTikur WrilSi dainaxa. nawarmoebSi
sainteresod aris Serwymuli esqiles msoflgancdis ori aspeqti
_ skeptikuri, romelic adamianis bunebis fuZiseuli mankierebis
xedvaSi mdgomareobs da istoriul-progresistuli, romelic
kulturisa da sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi evoluciis rwmenaSi
gamoixateba.
22. waikiTxeT leqciaze da ganixileT guSagis teqsti trilogiis
pirveli piesidan `agamemnoni~.
23. moZebneT piesis teqstSi dedofal klitemnestras xasiaTis
aRmweri monakveTebi, romlebic gundis stasimonebsa Tu sxva
personaJebis teqstSi JRers.
24. ganixileT agamemnonis sasaxleSi Sesvlis epizodi da kasandras
naTelxilva.
25. agamemnonis daRupva da misi mizezebi.
26. argosidan aTenamde – orestes devnda da gasamarTleba, eriniebis
evmenidebad gardaqmna. moyeviT da ganixileT.
27. aRwereT promeTes Rvawli adamianebis winaSe da misi konfliqtis
mizezebi zevsTan. tirani da eWvianoba.

102
 25. sofokle
(496-406ww.)

aTenis meore udidesi poeti – sofokle daibada Zv. w. 496

wels, aTenTan axlos, kolonosSi. Zveli avtorebis Tanaxmad,
sofoklem 120 (zogierTi avtoris mixedviT 123) tragedia
dawera, Tumca dRevandelobamde mxolod Svidma tragediam
da erTi satiruli dramis (`kvalis maZieblebi~) nawyvetebma
moaRwia.
arsebobs atikis sami tragikosi poetis – esqiles,
sofoklesa da evripides _ salaminis brZolasTan dakavSirebis
tradicia (Zv.w. 480 weli). esqile am brZolaSi uSualod
monawileobda, sofoklem biWebis qoros SemadgenlobaSi izeima
salaminis gamarjveba, xolo evripide am saxelovani brZolis
wels _ 480 wels daibada. Sesabamisad, esqiles Semoqmedeba
aTenis demokratiis adreul xanas ganekuTvneba, sofoklesi
– misi ayvavebis periods, xolo evripide krizisis epoqis
poetia.
es mimarTeba xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom Zv. w. V saukunis
damdegs salaminis brZolaSi gamarjvebam udidesi roli iTamaSa
berZenTa eTnocnobierebisa da Tanamedrove msoflmxedvelobis
Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. swored am didi istoriuli gamowvevis
gadalaxvam Seuwyo xeli aTenis demokratiis saxelmwifoebrivi,
filosofiuri Tu mxatvruli kulturis formirebas, adamianisa
da misi Tavisufali nebis Sesaxeb warmodgenaTa evolucias da
dramis saboloo Camoyalibebas. `maTi (sami tragikosi poetis
– T.b.) tragediebis wamyvani problema Tavisufali arCevanis
problema da im Rirebulebis problemaa, romelic am arCevanis
orientirs warmoadgens, radgan am ukanasknelzea damokidebuli
ara mxolod arCevanis ganmaxorcielebeli individis bedi,
aramed adamianTa mTeli sazogadoebis, uzenaesi samarTlianobis
ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba~,1 Dwers Teatrmcodne elene
TofuriZe.
adamianis Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi
sofokles dramaturgiaSi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris
1
Человек в Античной Трагедии, Е. И. Топуридзе, Тбилиси, 1984. gv.46.

103
gamokveTili. amboben, rom sofoklem tragedia ufro miwieri
da adamianuri gaxada, Tumca misi tragediebis gmirebi, esqiles
personaJTa msgavsad, Zlieri, mebrZoli da Tavisi principebis
erTguli adamianebi arian. isini WeSmaritebas, samarTalsa
da adamianur TviTrealizacias eswrafvian. miznisken mimaval
gzaze maT mravali tanjva da tkivili xvdebaT, Tumca
sakuTar principebs arasodes Ralatoben, radgan zneobrivi da
samoqalaqo valis aRsruleba surT. maTi qmedeba Tavisufal
arCevans efuZneba, romelsac isini sakuTari eTikuri mrwamsis
Tanaxmad akeTeben. qarTveli filosofosi niko WavWavaZe wers:
`swrafva... Tavisuflebis batonobisaken aucileblobis yvela
formaze... adamianis kulturSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ZiriTad
stimuls warmoadgens, romelic kulturis ganviTarebas
Signidan gansazRvravs~.1 aTenis demokratiis arsi saxelmwifo
cxovrebaSi yvela aTenelis Tanamonawileobis pirobas qmnida.
sofokles gmirTa Sinagani Tavisufleba, maTi adamianuri
siTamame swored am Tanasworobis principis gamoxatulebas
warmoadgens. A

1
Н.З. Чавчавадзе, Внешние и внутренние факторы развития культуры, «Мацне»,
1977, №4, gv. 177.

104
 26. sofokles cxovreba da Semoqmedeba

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, sofokle mdidari ojaxidan iyo.

mamamiss iaraRis saxelosno hqonda. niWierma da mravalmxrivma
axalgazrdam im dros xelmisawvdomi saukeTeso ganaTleba
miiRo. kargi garegnobis, aTleturi aRnagobisa da musikaluri
niWis gamo, 16 wlis sofokle salaminis gamajvebis aRniSvnisas
biWebis gundSi Seiyvanes RmerTebis sadidebeli peanis1
Sesasruleblad. mogvianebiT, poeti Tavad werda musikas
sakuTari tragediebisaTvis.
sofokle aqtiurad iyo CarTuli aTenis politikur
cxovrebaSi. axalgazrdobaSi axlos iyo kimonTan – aTenis
samiwaTmoqmedo partiis meTaurTan, Semdeg aTenis legendarul
strategossa da aTenis mmarTvel perikles daumegobrda. 443/42
wlebSi, mas, rogorc mdidar moqalaqes, delosis sazRvao
kavSiris erTiani xazinis xazinadarTa komisiis Tavmjdomaris
Tanamdeboba ekava. 441 wels sofokles strategosis
Tanamdeboba ukavia da periklesTan erTad kunZul samosis
winaaRmdeg mowyobil eqspediciaSi monawileobs. rogorc
antikurobis mkvlevari sergei radcigi wers, sofokles
mier am ori arCeviTi Tanamdebobis dakaveba imaze metyvelebs,
rom is aTenis sazogadoebis umaRles da umdidres nawils
ekuTvnoda da, amasTan, TanamoqalaqeebSi avtoritetiTa
da gavleniT sargeblobda. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans,
sofokles politikosisa da mxedarTmTavris gansakuTrebuli
niWi ar gamouvlenia (gadmocemis Tanaxmad, samosis eqspedicia
damarcxda), rasac misi Tanamedrove poeti ion qioselic
aRniSnavs Tavis mogonebebSi2. 413 wels sofokle probulosTa
kolegiis wevri gaxda. kolegias sirakuzis brZolaSi3 aTenis
1
peani _ RmerTebis sadidebeli samadlobeli himni, romelic apolonis
(mogvianebiT heliosis, dionisesa da asklepiosis) pativsacemad imRereboda.
peani aseve apolonisa da asklepiosis epiTetic iyo, rogorc mkurnali
RmerTebisa.
2
Афиней, X I I I , 81, p. 603Е-604D
3
sirakuzis kampania – 415-413 wlebi. AaTenma, Tavisi politikuri gavlenis
gasaZliereblad spartasTan mosalodneli omis win, mdidari siciliuri
qalaq sirakuzis dapyroba gadawyvita. Ksamxedro kampania, sabolood, aTenis
marcxiT dasrulda.

105
damarcxebis Semdeg aTenis saxelmwifoebrivi da finansuri
saqmeebis mowesrigeba daevala. bolos mas asklepiosTan
dakavSirebuli erT-erTi religiur-samedicino centris
qurumis Tanamdeboba ekava, xolo gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavad
miiRo gmiris wodeba deqsionis saxeliT. sofokle 406 wels
90 wlis asakSi gardaicvala.
sofokle aTenis oqros xanis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli
iyo. V saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis aTenis saxelmwifom Tavisi
Zlierebisa da avtoritetis mwvervals miaRwia. berZnul
qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris aTenis saxelmwifom wamyvani
adgili daimkvidra. is didi sazRvao kavSiris meTauri gaxda.
kavSirSi 150-ze meti qalaq-saxelmwifo iyo gaerTianebuli.
TiToeuli mokavSirisagan aTeni yovelwliurad did fulad
Semonatans iRebda. aTenis mmarTvelma periklem sakavSiro
xazina kunZul delosidan aTenSi gadmoitana, ramac kidev
ufro gazarda polisis politikuri da ekonomikuri Zliereba.
perikle Tavisi demokratiuli reformebiT iyo cnobili,
is Tavisufal aTenelTa interesebs gamoxatavda da 15-jer
airCies strategosad (445-430ww.). misi reformebis wyalobiT,
gaizarda saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi saSualo fenis aTenelTa
Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba. Mman arqontis Tanamdebobaze
asarCevad aucilebeli qonebrivi cenzis moTxovna gaauqma da
saxelmwifo moxeleebs anazRaureba dauniSna. periklem aTenSi
mTeli saberZneTidan moizida xelovanebi da mecnierebi. moqandake
fidiasis TavmjdomareobiTa da perikles TaosnobiT Seqmnilma
specialurma komisiam qalaqis rekonstruqciis gegma SeimuSava,
aigo iseTi Senobebi, rogorebicaa parTenoni _ aTena-parTenosis
(qalwulis) taZari, qalRmerT nikes taZari da erexTeioni –
adgilobrivi gmiris, erexTeusis saxelobis taZari da mravali
sxva arqiteqturulad srulyofili nageboba. V saukunis aTenSi
moRvaweobdnen moqandakeebi _ fidiasi, mironi da praksiteli.
Yyvaoda medicina, filosofiuri azri, viTardeboda ritorika
da oratoruli xelovneba. Teatraluri warmodgenebis
sayovelTao (moqalaqeTaTvis) xelmisawvdomobisaTvis,
periklem SemoiRo specialuri fuladi erTeuli – Teorikoni,
romelic aTenis Rarib moqalaqeebs usasyidlod urigdebodaT.

106
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, perikles dros arcerTi aTeneli misi
gankargulebiT sikvdiliT ar dausjiaT.
sofokle Tavisi xelovnebiT aTenis oqros xanis erT-
erTi mTavari Semqmneli da Tanamonawile iyo. is megobrobda
periklesTan, herodotesTan, filosofos arqelaosTan. misi
Semoqmedebis mkvlevrebis varaudiT, sofokle sofistebTanac
urTierTobda da maT moZRvrebas icnobda. amaze misi
nawarmoebebis analizic metyvelebs. cnobilia sofist
protagoras gamoTqma _ `adamiani yvela sagnis sazomia –
arsebulTa, rom isini arseboben da ararsebulTa, rom isini ar
arseboben~. sofistebis moZRvrebam adamiani yofierebis centrSi
daayena. sofistebs xSirad maTi moZRvrebis pragmatulobisa da
WeSmaritebis fardobiTi bunebis aRiarebis gamo akritikebdnen.
sofistebis pragmatizmis kritikuli aRqmis gamoZaxili
sofokles tragediebSic SeiniSneba. antikurobis mkvlevar
losevis azriT, sofokles zogierT tragediaSi sofistebTan
polemikis kvalic SeiniSneba.
dRevandelobis Tvalsawieridan, sofokles biografiuli
cnobebis simwiris gamo, Znelia misi mrwamsis, Sexedulebebisa Tu
politikuri gemovnebis Sesaxeb mxolod faqtebze dayrdnobiT
msjeloba. samagierod, misi tragediebi sofokles msoflgancdis
Sesaxeb gacilebiT mets gveubneba. mouxedavad amisa, naTelia,
rom tragikosi poeti aqtiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebiT
cxovrobda da gamokveTili politikuri Tu religiuri mrwamsi
hqonda. Tumca, mis tragediebSi, RvTaebrivi Careva iSviaTad
xdeba. xolo piesebis mTavar mamoZravebel RerZsa da Zalas
adamianebi, maTi arCevani da qceva warmoadgens.
tragikosTa SejibrSi sofoklem pirvelad Zv.w. 468
wels gaimarjva. amis Sesaxeb plutarqe mogviTxrobs.
gamarjvebul trilogiaSi Sedioda tragedia `triptolemosi~
(Tanamedroveobamde ver moaRwia). jildos miniWebaSi
monawileobdnen aTeneli mxedarTmTavari kimoni da aTi
strategosi. sofoklem 20-jer (tronskis mixedviT 24-jer)
moipova pirveli jildo, xolo mesame adgilze arasodes
gasula. misi bolo tragedia `oidiposi kolonosSi~ poetis
gardacvalebis Semdeg warmoadgines (sofokle Zv.w. 406 wels
gardaicvala).

107
 sofokles Cvenamde moRweuli nawarmoebebis Sinaarsi sami
miTologiuri ciklidan aris aRebuli _ `aiasi~, `eleqtra~
da `filoqtetesi~ troas ciklis miTologiur gadmocemebs
warmogvidgens, `oidipos mefe~, `antigone~ da `oidiposi
kolonosSi~ _ Tebes ciklisas, xolo `traqisel qalebSi~
gaTamaSebuli movlenebi herakles Sesaxeb Tqmulebebis
ciklidanaa aRebuli. rac Seexeba maTi Seqmnis TariRebs da
Tanmimdevrobas, `aiasi~ moRweul tragediaTa Soris uadresad
aris miiCneuli da 450 (?) wliTaa daTariRebuli, Semdeg modis
`antigone~ _ 442 weli, `traqiseli qalebi~ _ savaraudod,
438 weli, `oidipos mefe~ _ sxvadasxva daTariRebiT, 434/432
an 429/425 ww., `eleqtra~ _ 417 weli, `filoqtetesi~ _
409 da `oidiposi kolonosSi~ _ ukanaskneli tragedia,
romelic ukve sofokles gardacvalebis Semdeg, 401 wels
misma SviliSvilma warmoadgina dramaturgTa Sejibrebaze.

108
 27. aiasi

`aiasi~ Cvenamde moRweul sofokles tragediaTagan

uadresad aris miCneuli, Tumca ukve am nawarmoebSi ikveTeba
adamianis TviTSemecnebis sofoklesaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tema. sakuTari Tavisa da samyaros Sesaxeb codnis SeZena
RirebulebaTa gadafasebis mtkivneulsa da mtanjvel process
warmoadgens, romelsac win umecrebiT gamowveuli `sigiJe~
Tu `sibrmave~ uZRvis. sibrmaves iluziebis tyveobaSi yofna
ganapirobebs, radgan adamiani garemosa da TviTSefasebis
sistemas qmnis, romelic erTaderT realobad miaCnia. amis
safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia, ganviTardes konfliqti adamianis
subieqtur xedvasa da realobas Soris. aiasis qcevis kodeqsi
meomruli Rirsebisa da moralis principebs efuZneba. misi
azriT, is, vinc am kodeqsis principebs pirnaTlad icavs
da srulyofilebas aRwevs, pirvelia pirvelTa Soris da
RmerTebsac ar udebs tols. aseTad aiasi sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs
da uneblieT ampartavnebasa da hibrisSi vardeba.
piesis siuJeti kikliuri poemidan (Zv. w. VIII-VII
ss.) `mcire iliadadan~ aris aRebuli. aiasi (igive aias
telamonidi, kunZul salaminis mefe, romelic 12 xomaldiT
SeuerTda troaSi laSqrobas) homerosis `iliadaSi~ erT-erTi
TvalsaCino personaJia, is yovelTvis mzadaa daexmaros Tavis
megobrebs da TanamebrZolebs. swored is airCies heqtorTan
orTabrZolisTvis aqavelebma aqilevsis nacvlad, rodesac
agamemnonze ganawyenebulma aqilevsma omSi monawileobaze
uari ganacxada. heqtorisa da aiasis orTabrZola daRamebamde
gagrZelda, Tumca imdenad Tanaswori iyo maTi Zalebi, rom
vercerTma ver gaimarjva. mowinaaRmdegeebi erTmaneTis simamacem
ise aRafrTovana, rom maT niSnad pativiscemisa saCuqrebi
gacvales – aiasma heqtors Tavisi sartyeli misca, heqtorma ki
xmali usaxsovra. am saCuqrebma orives cxovrebaSi sabediswero
roli iTamaSa (mokluli heqtoris cxedari aqilevsma aiasis
sartyeliT miaba etls mtverSi saTrevad, aiasma ki heqtoris
xmliT moikla Tavi). poemis gadarCenili nawilidan irkveva,
rom swored aiasma gamoitana daRupuli aqilevsis cxedari

109
brZolis velidan. aseTi meomaria is aiasi, romelsac sofokle
Tavisi tragediis centralur gmirad aqcevs, Tumca Cven mas
misi cxovrebis sabediswero momentSi gavicnobT, rodesac
mTeli misi ganvlili gzis gadafaseba unda moxdes.
tragediis Sinaarsi Semdegia: aqilevsis gardacvalebis
Semdeg gadawyda, rom misi iaraRi da saWurveli berZenTa Soris
saukeTeso meomars gadascemoda. aqavelTa mxedarTmTavrebma
agamemnonma da menelaosma (atridebma), jildo odisevss
miakuTvnes. am gadawyvetilebam aiasi saSinlad aRaSfoTa. man
gadawyvita, rom RamiT aqavelTa beladebi daexoca. berZenTa
damcvelma aTena paladam meomars goneba daubnela, `SeSlili~
aiasi saqonels daeria da daxoca, xolo nawili Tavis karavSi
Seiyvana da iq daaba javris sayrelad. rodesac gons moego da
Tavisi namoqmedari ixila, sircxvili da uimedoba daeufla,
mis TvalSi arsebobam azri dakarga. Sewuxebul meuRlesa da
salaminel mebrZolebs Tavi ise moaCvena, TiTqos atridebTan
dazavebas apirebda, TviTon ki zRvis napirze heqtoris naCuqar
xmals daego da Tavi moikla. tragediis daskvniT nawilSi
aqavelebi daoben, dakrZalon Tu ara moRalate. sabolood,
odisevsis rCeviT, gadawyveten, rom RvTaebriv kanonebs scen
pativi da igi miwas miabaron.
Aaiasisa da aqavelebis dapirispirebas ramdenime mizezi
aqvs. aqedan umTavresi aiasis pativmoyvareobaa. konfliqti
TanamebrZolTa mxridan misi Rirsebis arasaTanado aRiarebasa
da cnobas emyareba. misi mizani TviTdamkvidrebaa, romlisTvisac
is gmirobis gzas irCevs. magram sakmarisia, misi upiratesoba ar
scnon, sakuTari Tavis rwmenas kargavs da Rirsebis SenarCunebis
erTaderT gzad damcirebis mizezis mospobas – atridebisa
da odisevsis mokvlas miiCnevs. amiT is samarTlianobisa da
Selaxuli Rirsebis aRdgenas apirebs. misi mrisxaneba misi
sisustisa da uZlurebis gamoxatulebaa. amitomac sjis mas
ase sastikad sibrZnis qalRmerTi aTena palada. aTena Tavis
favorit odisevss gadaarCens, aiass droebiT sigiJes mohgvris da
Sinaur cxovelebs daaxocinebs. AqalRmerTi amasac ar dasjerda,
odisevsis TandaswrebiT dascinebs SeSlils. aTenas sityvebiT,
aiasi `mxolod adamiania~, romelsac RmerTebTan gatolebisa

110
da maTi Seuracxyofis ufleba ara aqvs. is afrTxilebs
odisevss – rom RmerTebTan TavSekavebuli unda iyos, radgan
maT `RvTismosavebi~ uyvarT, xolo `amayebi~ ki sZulT.
Asofokle, erTi mxriv, gvaCvenebs, rom aiasis gadawyvetileba
safuZvelSive mcdaria. sxvisi mokvliT sakuTari upiratesobis
mtkiceba iseTive amaoa, rogorc umweo cxovelebTan `gmiruli
Serkineba~. aiasi beladTa gadawyvetilebam ki ara, sakuTarma
qcevam daamcira. Tumca, misi danaSaulis tragikuloba gmiris
adamianuri TvisebebiT aris ganpirobebuli. is pirdapiri da
gulwrfeli adamiania. misTvis ucxoa diplomatia, rainduli
wesebiT moqmedebs da saerTo saqmisaTvis Zal-Rones ar iSurebs.
amdenad, misTvis ucxoa is motivebi, romlebiTac cbieri
argivelebi moqmedeben (agamemnoni da menelaosi). aiasi xvdeba,
rom maTi Sefaruli Suri gamoiwvia, Tumca Zalmomreobis garda
verafers upirispirebs mtrul garemos. wregadasuli mrisxaneba
mas sakuTari pirdapiri da rainduli bunebis sawinaaRmdego
qcevisken – aqavelTa beladebis RamiT, miparviT daxocvisaken
ubiZgebs. Cven winaSea adamiani, romelmac Tavisi cxovrebiseuli
mrwamsisa da msoflxedvelobis totaluri ngreva ganicada.
is – uSiSari meomari umweo cxovelebs daeria, xoca da
stanja isini. mas dascines rogorc SeSlils da uiRblo
sulels, daiviwyes misi yvela Rirseba da damsaxureba. aiasis
samyaro erTbaSad daingra, is kosmiuri masStabis gankerZoebaSi
aRmoCnda – RmerTebisagan da adamianebisagan gariyuli. qoros
sityvebiT, aiasis sulSi Sinaganma ganxeTqilebam daisadgura,
man `Tavi dakarga~. marTlac, aiasi Tavisi winare cxovrebisa
da rwmenis gadafasebas axdens. mis Tavs datrialebuli
katastrofa, rodesac is adamianebisa da RmerTebis xelSi
namdvil saTamaSod iqca, mas yvela iluziisagan aTavisuflebs.
`Tavis dakargva~ mas axal aiass apovninebs – Zliersa da
Tavisufals. is aRarafers elis, aRarafers eswrafvis, aravis
winaSe valdebulebas aRar grZnobs. eubneba kidec Tavis
Tanamecxedre tekmesas – `ar ici gana, rom RmerTebis arara
mmarTebs?~.1 aiasi cnobierad irCevs sikvdils. Mes nabiji
problemebisagan gaqceva ki ara, misTvis miuRebeli samyaros
1
Софокл, Трагедии, стр.260. (nawyveti Targmna T. bokuCavam)

111
winaSe protestia. Tavisi TviTmkvlelobiT is uars eubneba
usiyvarulo da daundobel samyaros, usafuZvlo imedebs,
RmerTebsa da adamianebs. aiasi Tavisuflebas aRwevs, Tumca es
jer negaciis, uaryofis Tavisuflebaa, yofierebisTvis uaris
Tqmis Tavisuflebaa. sofokles Semdegi dramebi adamianuri
Tavisuflebis sxva aspeqtebsac dagvanaxebs.
rac Seexeba aiasis, argivelebisa da oidiposis urTierTobas,
aq aSkarad ikveTeba msoflmxedvelobrivi RirebulebiTi
konfliqti. erT mxares dgas odisevsi, meore mxares ki aiasi.
Oodisevsi, rogorc personaJi sofokles `filoqtetesSic~
Segvxvdeba. `aiasSi~ is mTavari gmiris oponenti da misi
sigiJis mizezia. qoros parodosidan vigebT, rom odisevsi
aiasis Sesaxeb ciliswamebas avrcelebda, yvelas mis winaaRmdeg
ganawyobda da gmiris Sesaxeb uaryofiT azrs qmnida. aiasis
sigiJem kidev ufro daarwmuna misi magineblebi gavrcelebuli
Worebis simarTleSi, is moRalated scnes. am fonze, ironiulad
JRers odisevsis finaluri Tavgamodeba, sadac is aiasis
damsaxurebebis aRsaniSnavad sityviT gamodis da mxurvaled
arwmunebs berZnebs, rom gmiri dakrZalvis Rirsia. saboloo
suraTi aseTia, odisevsma TviTon miiyvana aiasi sigiJemde, axla
ki Tavad aRmoCnda misi qomagi. Aaiasis TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg
qoro ase axasiaTebs odisevss:
`Tavis Sav gulSi,
cbier gulSi,
dascinis Cvens dards,
Tavsdatexil ubedurebas,
borot siciliT
mamakaci mravlismnaxveli~.1
formalurad, odisevsi RvTaebrivi da sakacobrio kanonebis
gamomxatveli gamodis, mis mxaresaa aTenas mxardaWera, mas
argunes aqilevsis saWurveli, misi moraluri pozicia
mtris mimarT, didsulovani da keTilSobiluria. is eubneba
agamemnons:
`... dae, iyos Cemi mteri. vaRiareb:
Cvens Soris, vinc troasTan SeviyareniT,
1
Софокл, Трагедии, стр.283. (nawyveti Targmna T. bokuCavam)

112
 umamacesi igi iyo, momdevnod aqilevsisa.
rodesac mas Rirsebas ahyri, scdebi.
amiT mas ki ara, RvTaebriv kanonebs
Seuracxhyof. rodesac patiosani kvdeba,
pativi ar unda ahyaro, Tund mteri iyos~.1
TviT tevkrosi, aiasis naxevarZma moixibla odisevsis
saqcieliT (Tumca aiasis dakrZalvas ar daaswro igi).
Oodisevsisa da aiasis qmedeba erTmaneTisgan radikalurad
gansxvavdeba, aiasi Rirsebis kodeqsiT xelmZRvanelobs, is
emociuria da uSualo. misi siSlegec mis emociur bunebas,
mis gulwrfelobasa da pirdapirobas adasturebs, odisevsi ki
mudam SeniRbulia, RmerTebisa da kacTa TvalSi sazrisianobiT,
moxerxebulobiT gamorCeuli. Cven winaSe adamianis qcevis
ori modeli ikveTeba, erTi tradiciuli, pirad Rirsebasa da
simamaceze dafuZnebuli, meore ki pragmatuli, diplomatiuri,
uemocio. SesaZloa, `aiasi~ Tanamedrove ideologiaze
sofokles reaqcias warmoadgens, romelic adamianis qmedebis
egocentrul individualistur motivacias amkvidrebs da
sofistebis filosofiidan iRebs saTaves. am garemoebaze irib
miniSnebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos isic, rom aias telamonidi
kunZul salaminis mefea. salaminis brZola ki berZenTa uaxlesi
gmiruli warsulis udidesi movlenaa. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom sofokle im RirsebaTa dakargvas ganicdis, romlebic
erTiani berZnuli idealebis erTgul msaxurebas gulisxmobda.
aleqsei losevis azriT, SesaZloa, piesis konfliqti berZnul
polisebs Soris urTierTobis daZabvasa da interestTa
konfliqtebsac asaxavdes, rac saerTo nacionaluri ideis
SenarCunebas saSiSroebas uqmnis.

1
Софокл, Трагедии, стр.297. (nawyveti Targmna T. bokuCavam)

113
 28. antigone

tragedia `antigone~ Tebes ciklis tragediebidan

qronologiurad pirvelia. is aTenis demokratiuli polisis
ayvavebis xanaSi (442 Zv.w.) – perikles mmarTvelobis
saukeTeso wlebSi Seiqmna. es is periodia, rodesac aTenelebs
jer kidev aqvT samyaros mowyobis mizanSewonilobisa da
gonivrulobis rwmena. Tumca sofokle, rogorc mwerali
da politikosi, kargad grZnobs im saSiSroebebs, romlebic
mudam dgas sazogadoebisa da adamianis winaSe – mas adamianis
Tavisuflebisa da TviTnebobis sakiTxi afiqrebs.
`antigone~ sruliad dasrulebuli damoukidebeli
nawarmoebia. sofoklem Secvala trilogiis principi da
TiToeuli tragediis movlenebi erTi konkretuli adamianis
beds daukavSira da ara mTeli sagvareulos ambavs. bedisweris
idea sofoklesTan moqmedebas mxolod fons uqmnis, wina planze
ki adamianis moraluri cnobiereba dgas, romlis mixedviTac
warimarTeba gmiris qceva.
tragedia `antigone~ centraluri gmiris saxels atarebs.
moqmedeba moRalate polinikes mier Tebeze mowyobili SvidTa
laSqrobis dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. TebesTvis brZolaSi
iodiposis orive vaJi daiRupa – eteoklem da polinikem
erTmaneTi orTabrZolaSi daxoces. mefe kreontis brZanebiT,
eteokle, rogorc samSoblos gmiri, didi pativiTa da
RirsebiT dakrZales, xolo polinikes cxedari frinvelTa
da cxovelTa sajijgnad brZolis velze daagdes. zneobis
uzenaesi RvTaebrivi kanonebis erTgulma antigonem daarRvia
mefis akrZalva da Zmis cxedari damarxa. am danaSaulis gamo,
kreontis brZanebiT, antigone gamoqvabulSi daamwyvdies, xolo
Sesasvleli dagmanes. xelisufalTan kompromiss antigonem
sikvdili arCia. gamoqvabulSi gamoketilma man Tavi CamoixrCo.
antigones saqmrom – kreontis vaJma hemonma ver gauZlo
sacolesTan ganSorebas da sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT
daasrula. Tavi moikla Svilis sikvdiliT sasowarkveTilma
evridikemac, kreontis colma. amdeni ubedurebis mnaxvelma
kreontma Tavisi Secdoma dainaxa da aRiara. is darCa Tebes

114
mbrZanebelad, Tumca hemonis sityvebi auxda: `iq sadac mxolod
erTi mefobs, saxelmwifo aRar arsebobs~.
hemonis am sityvebSi tragediis gasaRebi SeiZleba
moiZebnos. kreontis gadawyvetileba tiranis gadawyvetilebaa,
radgan is erTpirovnuli mmarTvelis gzas daadga. demokratiuli
aTenis politikuri mrwamsi saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi
Tavisufal moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobas gulisxmobda.
Tebes miTologiuri istoria, sofokles, Tanamedroveobis
problemebisa da eTikuri dilemebis gaazrebisa da warmoCenis
saSualebas aZlevs. kreontis saxiT, sofokle mmarTvelisa
da xelisufalis saxes warmogvidgens, romelic urTulesi
saxelmwifoebrivi da eTikuri amocanis gadaWris gzaze
gamousworebel Secdomebs uSvebs. WeSmaritebis codnas igi
mxolod sakuTar samefo upiratesobad miiCnevs. gardacvlili
eteokles cxedris `dasja~ rogorc uzenaesi, ise adamianuri
mizanSewonilobis princips ewinaaRmdegeba. is iracionaluria
da auxsneli, iseve, rogorc vaJa fSavelas `aluda qeTelaurSi~
mokluli mtrisaTvis marjvenis moWris adaTi, rogorc
primitiuli warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis gadmonaSTi da
ara Tavisufali adamianis qceva.
kreontis saqciels Tavisi axsna aqvs: xelisufleba mas
ZmaTamkvleli omis dasrulebisTanave ergo. man Tavi unda
daimkvidros, avtoriteti moipovos da omgadaxdil da
SinaaSlilobiT areul qveyanaSi saxelmwifos uzenaesobis idea
ganamtkicos. is cdilobs, Tanamoqalaqeebs patriotizmisa da
samSoblos erTgulebis idealebi STaunergos, amis gamo Tebes
damcvel Zmas – eteokles, pativiTa da didebiT dakrZalavs,
rogorc samSoblos gmirs, xolo polinikes daumarxavad
tovebs. mas surs aCvenos moqalaqeebs, Tu ra sazareli
xvedri elis yvelas, vinc ki samSoblos Ralats gabedavs,
Tund samefo gvarisa iyos. kreonti Tavis nebas kanons
uTanabrebs da moqalaqeTagan upirobo morCilebas iTxovs,
sword aq uSvebs is mTavar Secdomas, radgan `kanonmorCileba
calkeuli pirovnebis Tavisufali nebis daTrgunva ar aris,
... is ... xorcieldeba ara masze gareSe Zalis zemoqmedebiT,

115
aramed darwmunebis meSveobiT~.1 faqtobrivad, kreonti Tavisi
`moraluri umecrebiT~ or Secdomas uSvebs – erTi mxriv,
adamianTa Tavisufali eTikuri arCevanis uflebas arRvevs,
xolo meore mxriv mizanSewonilobisa da zomierebis uzenaes
RvTaebriv princips iviwyebs.
daweril kanonebTan erTad, adamianebma dauwereli kanonebic
unda daicvan, aseTia sofokles mrwamsi. aseTi iyo aTenelebis
msoflmxedvelobac. ioseb tronskis perikles erT-erTi
gamosvlis teqsti mohyavs, romelic Tukididem Semoinaxa.
`Cven gansakuTrebiT vuwevT angariSs im kanonebs, romlebic
daCagrulTa sasargeblod arsebobs da romlebic, aris ra
dauwereli, sayovelTao sircxvils iwvevs maTi darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi~.2
kreontis qmedeba umecrebis tolfasia, radgan ukve
esqilesTan `tirania `umecrebis~ erT-erT formas warmoadgens~3.
aristoteles poetikaSi tragikuli danaSaulis cnebas
(hamartias) mkvlevarTa nawili swored umecrebas ukavSirebs.
umecreba TviTnebobis safuZvelia, TviTneboba ki kosmiuri
anu RvTaebrivi marTlwesrigis winaaRmdeg svlaa. aRniSnuli
marTlwesrigi samyaros (kosmosis) da adamianis, rogorc
mikrokosmosis arsebobis fuZiseuli principia.4
kreontis TviTnebobas antigones neba upirispirdeba. piesis
RirebulebiTi konfliqti tragediis eqspoziciur nawilSive
vlindeba – antigone Tavis das – ismenes Seatyobinebs kreontis
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. im sasjelsac amcnobs, romelic mefis
brZanebis damrRvevs moelis – vinc polinikes dakrZalvas
gabedavs, xalxi sajarod Caiqolavs. antigone das sTavazobs,
masTan erTad aRasrulos kanoni, romelsac RmerTebic ki
1
Топуридзе Е. И., Человек в Античной Трагедии, Тбилиси, 1984. gv.70.
2
Тронский И. М., История античной литературы, http://www.infoliolib.info/
philol/tronsky/1222d.html
Учебник для студентов филологических специальностей университетов
3
Топуридзе Е. И., Человек в Античной Трагедии, Тбилиси, 1984. gv. 53.
4
adamianis mier umecrebiT Cadenili danaSaulis erT-erT mkafio magaliTs
esqiles `sparselebSic~ vxvdebiT. swored ase iqceva qserqse, rodesac
RvTaebrivi marTlwesrigis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs da Tavisufal berZenTa
damonebas gadawyvets. samyaros fuZiseuli princi pebis darRveva adamianisTvis
sruli katastrofiT sruldeba.

116
emorCilebian da Zma damarxos. Tumca ismenes sabediswero
amboxisaTvis gambedaoba ar hyofnis. is Tavis xvedrs morCilebaSi
xedavs, rogorc susti qali da kanonmorCili moqalaqe. dis
meryeoba kidev ufro ganamtkicebs antigones nebas. is rwmundeba,
rom sruliad martoa Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi inertuli da
konformistuli sazogadoebis winaSe. tragediis qoro, romelic
Tebes uxucesebiTaa warmodgenili, aseTive kompromisulobas
amJRavnebs, is sruliad ixsnis gadawyvetilebis uflebas da
kreonts moqmedebis absolutur Tavisuflebas aniWebs:
`neba Senia, vaJo menekeisa,
vin mteria da vin moyvare – Sen Tavadve wyvet,
cocxalTa mimarT, ginda mkvdarTa
romel kanonsac moisurveb, mas miuyeneb~.1
sofokles tragediaSi poetis politikuri codna da
gamocdileba ikiTxeba. is mkafiod gamokveTs adamianTa qcevis
stereotipebs, maT inertulobas da pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan
aridebis survils. swored aseTi sazogadoeba uwyobs xels
tiraniis Seqmnas, xolo iseTi adamianebi, rogoric antigonea,
realobas Tavisi simtkiciTa da zneobrivi ukompormisobiT
cvlian. `Tu adamiani Tavisufalia, is ise iqceva, rogorc
misgan... codniT Sobili Rirebuleba moiTxovs (igulismxeba
Sinagani codna, wvdoma, romelic adamianis eTikuri qcevis
safuZvels qmnis – T. b.), romelic ukve gare ki ara, Sida
determinantia, Sinagani moTxovnileba, ... gadaulaxavi Sinagani
mizanswrafva. Tumca gareSeTaTvis es sulis moZraoba
SemTxveviTi, gauazrebeli da gauTvlelia, romelsac
SeiZleba rigi ubedurebebisa mohyves. aseT moqmedebad iqceva
kreontisaTvis antigones arCevani.2
antigone-kreontis eTikuri Widilis fonze piesis sxva
moqmed gmirTa xasiaTebi ikveTeba, maT Soris kreontis vaJisa
da antigones saqmro hemonis, romlis erT-erT mTavar Rirsebas
sakvirvelad mosiyvarule da faqizi buneba qmnis. hemonisa
da kreontis scenaSi hemoni diplomatiur taqtikas irCevs,
is cdilobs logikuri argumentebiT daarwmunos mama mis
1
Софокл, Трагедии, Москва,1958, стр.154.
2
Человек в Античной Трагедии, Е. И. Топуридзе, Тбилиси, 1984. gv.76.

117
SecdomaSi, romelsac SeiZleba gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi da
moqalaqeTa ukmayofileba mohyves. is Seaxsenebs kreonts, rom
ukvdavi RmerTebi adamians gonebiT ajildoveben, rac jildoTa
Soris uZvirfasesia. brZen adamians ki sxvisi smena Seefereba.
gajiqebuli da udreki kaci grigalSi aSvebuli afrasaviT
gadatydeba. HTumca kreonis neba Seuvalia. is Svils qalis
monobaSi daadanaSaulebs.
kreonis gadawyvetilebas mxolod winaswarmetyvel
tiresiasaTan Sexvedra cvlis. tiresia RmerTebis risxvis Sesaxeb
auwyebs mas. Tavdapirvelad kreons tiresias gulwrfelobaSi
eWvi Seaqvs da mas faruli SeTanxmebis monawiled miiCnevs,
Tumca, Semdeg xvdeba rom brma winaswarmetyveli ar cruobs.
Kkreons gadawyvetilebas logikuri argumentebi ver
acvlevinebs, mxolod RmerTebis risxvis winaSe SiSi afxizlebs
mas. misi gardaqmnac danakargis SiSiT aris gamowveuli da
ara simarTlis Tavisufali aRmoCeniT. Aantigone, kreonisagan
gansxvavebiT, Tavis xvedrs Tavidanve gansazRvravs da moralur
aucileblobas Tavisufali nebis safuZvelze irCevs. Sinaganad
ukve motexili mefe qoros rCevasac iRebs da polinikes
dakrZalvisa da gamoqvabulidan antigones ganTavisuflebis
brZanebas gascems.
aq sofokle, erTi SexedviT, movlenaTa sasikeTo gardatexis
imeds gaaCens, rac gaxarebuli qoros simReraSi aisaxeba,
Tumca katastrofa gardauvalia da miT ufro mtkivneuli.
kreoni veRar moaswrebs movlenaTa Semobrunebas _ antigonem
Tavi qamarze CamoixrCo, hemoni ki satrfos cxedarTan mamis
Tvalwin iklavs Tavs.
mkvlevrebi sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben antigonesa da kreonis
figurebs da maT e.w. braleulobas. zogierTi maTganis azriT
(mag. hegelis), poziciaTa ukompromisobis gamo pasuxismgebloba
orives ekisreba, isini erTnairi SeurigeblobiT gamoirCevian
da Tavis gadawyvetilebas kanonad miiCneven. Tumca umravlesoba
mainc antigones simarTles aRiarebs, radgan is fuZiseul
RvTebriv da adamianur kanonebs icavs.
nawarmoebSi erTgvari wonasworobis principi ikiTxeba
– tiresiasi afrTxilebs kreonts, rom mkvdarSi cocxalis

118
gadaxda mouwevs. balansis damrRvevi aucileblad daisjeba,
xolo wonasworobis fuZiseuli kosmiuri principi aRdgeba,
Tumca es procesi adamianTaTvis, SesaZloa, metad mtkivneuli
da tragikuli aRmoCndes.

119
 29. oidipos mefe

sofokles erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da aristoteles

mier tragediis srulyofil nimuSad miCneuli piesa
`oidipos mefea~. piesas safuZvlad e.w. labdakidebis miTi
daedo. Tebes mefe laioss uwinaswarmetyveles, rom Tavisi
vaJis xeliT daiRupeboda. SeSinebulma laiosma brZana, rom
axalSobilisaTvis fexebi gaexvritaT da kiTeronis mTaze
daegdoT. monas Seebrala Cvili da is korinTos mefis msaxurs
gadasca. korinTos mefe polibosi uSvilo iyo, man da misma
meuRle meropem bavSvi iSviles da oidiposi daarqves, rac
`fexebSeSupebul~ niSnavs. erTxel, nadimze, nasvamma stumarma
iodiposs uTxra, rom naSvilebi iyo. simarTlis Sesatyobad
axalgazrda kaci delfosis samisnoSi wavida. apolonis misanma
mis SekiTxvas pirdapiri pasuxi ar gasca, ubralod uTxra,
rom mamas moklavda da dedaze iqorwinebda. Tavzardacemulma
iodiposma gadawyvita, rom Sin aRar mibrunebuliyo, raTa
uneblieT winaswarmetyveleba ar aResrulebina. is gzas
daadga, romelmac TebeSi miiyvana. Ggzad mimavals viRac ucnobi
didebuli Semoxvda etliT, romelmac Cxubi autexa. oidiposma
moxuci da misi oTxi mxlebeli mokla da gza ganagrZo.
mokluli moxuci mamamisi laiosi iyo. gzad oidiposs kidev
erTi gamocda eloda – Tebes gzaze sfinqsi1 iyo Casafrebuli
– yvela gamvlels erT SekiTxvas usvamda da mcdari pasuxis
gamo klavda. sfinqss qalaqisTvisac didi ubedureba mohqonda.
man oidiposs hkiTxa: Tu vin aris is, vinc diliT oTx fexze
dadis, SuadRiT orze, saRamos ki sam fexze. oidiposma
upasuxa, rom es arseba adamiania. radgan pasuxi swori iyo,
gaafTrebulma sfinqsma Tavi moikla – mTidan ufskrulSi
gadaiCexa. Tebe urCxulisgan ganTavisuflda.Ddaqvrivebuli
dedofali iokaste qalaqis mxsnels colad gahyva. ase axda
winaswarmetyveleba, Tumca oidiposma amis Sesaxeb araferi
icoda.
piesis uSualo moqmedeba wlebis Semdeg iwyeba.Ooidiposi
1
sfiqnsi – arseba qalis TaviT, ZaRlis sxeuliTa da grifonis frTebiT,
ngrevisa da ganadgurebis demoni. v. iarxo wers, rom _ lomis taniTa da
qalis TaviTA da mkerdiT.

120
Tebes mefea. qalaqs kvlav ubedureba daatyda Tavs.
mousavlianobam SimSili gamoiwvia. saqoneli gawyda. qalebs
nayofi muclad ukvdebaT. Tebes moqalaqeebi qalaqs RmerTebs
avedreben da oidiposs sTxoven, rom kidev erTxel ixsnas Tebe
umZimesi gansacdelisgan. irkveva, rom oidiposma ukve gaagzavna
Tavis colisZma kreoni delfosSi, misnis pasuxis Sesatyobad.
kreoni brundeba da yvelas amcnobs, rom ubedurebis saTave
laiosis mkvlelia, romelic Tebes `bilwavs~. oidiposi
laiosis mkvlelis gamosavlenad Ziebas iwyebs. is pirobas debs,
rom aucileblad ipovnis damnaSaves. samarTlianobis aRdgena
oidiposs Rirsebis sakiTxad miaCnia. is wyevlis mkvlels da
yvela Tebels ubrZanebs, rom es adamiani, vinc ar unda iyos
igi, locvasa da msxverplSewirvas ar daaswron, saxlis kari
Cauketon da yovelmxriv gandevnon Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis.
is ki, vinc akrZalvas daarRvevs, daisjeba, TviTon iodiposic
rom iyos.
kreonis rCeviT, oidiposi winaswarmetyvel tiresias
gamoiZaxebs da sTxovs, rom ixsnas qalaqi da laiosis
mkvleli daasaxelos. oidiposisa da qoros mxurvale Txovnis
miuxedavad, tiresia uars ambobs mkvlelis vinaobis gamxelaze.
Gganrisxebuli oidiposi mas qalaqis RalatSi adanaSaulebs
da SeTqmulebis monawiled miiCnevs. gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg,
rac sapasuxod tiresia mas yvela siwmindis wambilwavs, mamis
mkvlels, dedis qmarsa da Svilebis Zmas uwodebs. tiresias
sityvebis miRma oidiposi SeTqmulTa qmedebas xedavs (iseve,
rogorc kreoni antigoneSi). SeTqmulebis moTaved oidiposi
kreons miiCnevs, rogorc samefo taxtTan yvelaze axlo mdgom
da, savaraudod, xelisuflebis mopovebaSi dainteresebul
figuras. metic, misi azriT, Tavad laiosic imave SeTqmulebma
mokles da axla mis winaaRmdeg moqmedeben. oidiposi
politikosis logikiT msjelobs. misTvis ukve cnobilia,
rom laiosi viRac mgzavrebma mokles, Tumca jer kidev ver
akavSirebs am istorias sakuTar TavTan. Kkreonze ganrisxebuli,
is mis gaZevebas ganizraxavs, Tumca aTenel uxucesTa qorosa
da iokastes Txovnas dahyveba da Tavs Seikavebs. Aamis Semdgom
is ufro metad CaeZieba laiosis sikvdilis garemoebebs da

121
rac mets igebs, miT ufro didia misi SeSfoTeba. iokastesTan
saubari kidev ufro metad aaRelvebs mefes, radgan oidiposi
Seityobs, rom laioss sakuTari Svilis xeliT sikvdili
uwinaswarmetyveles. iokastes ar sjera winaswarmetyvelebebisa,
vinaidan, misi azriT, laiosis SemTxvevaSi isini ar gamarTlda.
oidiposi sakvirveli mizandasaxulebiT agrZelebs kvlevas,
rac ufro metad ikveTeba mefis daRupvis garemoebebi, miT
ufro izrdeba oidiposis SiSi. is intuiciiT TiTqmis xvdeba,
Tu saiT midis sabediswero kvali. TandaTanobiT, gamoZieba
ukve oidiposis piradi interesis sagani xdeba da mxolod
pasuxismgebeli mefis moqmedebis farglebs gascdeba.Mmas
nebismier momentSi SeuZlia Sewyvitos Zieba, magram amas
ar akeTebs. tragediis pirvel nawilSi oidiposi pragmatul
brZenkacad, warmatebul mefed da qalaqis mxsnelad gvevlineba,
xolo misi codna gareSe samyaros wvdomazea mimarTuli, sadac
mas badali ar hyavs – is Tavis bedisweras gaeqca, sfinqsis
gamocana gamoicno, qalaqi Tebe daRupvisagan ixsna da morWmul
da brZen mmarTvelad Camoyalibda. Tumca, swored aq iyo,
SeiZleba iTqvas, misi codnis naklovaneba, misi sibrmave, `misi
codna calmxrivi aRmoCnda, radgan is sakuTari Tavis codnis,
TviTSemecnebis Rirebulebis ignorirebas axdens, romelsac
uSualod utilitaruli xasiaTi ara aqvs, magram adamianis
sulieri srulyofisaTvis aucilebelia~.1
ambavi, romelsac sofokle gadmogvecems, adamianis
TviTSemecnebisa da mis mier WeSmariti Tavisuflebis miRwevis
gzas asaxavs. Tavisuflebis SesaZleblobis saCveneblad is
berZnuli miTologiis erT-erT yvelaze sabediswero istorias
irCevs, sadac adamianis Tavisufali nebis gamovlena TiTqos
SeuZlebelia, radgan yvelaferi winaswaraa gansazRvruli.
axalgazrda oidiposi, rogorc bunebiT damoukidebeli,
moazrovne da Tavisufali adamiani, bediswerisagan fizikuri
gaqcevis gzas mimarTavs da warmatebis xiblSi vardeba. mas
yvela dabrkolebis gadalaxva advilad eZleva, is sfinqsis
gamocanasac advilad gamoicnobs da urCxuls daamarcxebs.
Tumca sfinqsis amocanis amoxsna srulyofil sibrZnes ar
1
Человек в Античной Трагедии, Е. И. Топуридзе, Тбилиси, 1984, gv. 83

122
moiTxovs, radgan is adamianis arsebobis mxolod garegnul
sqemas aRwers. gamocanaSi araferia naTqvami imaze, Tu ras
warmoadgens adamiani arsobrivad, ra aris misi ganmsazRvreli
fuZiseuli Tviseba (sofokles mixedviT, es azrovneba da
Tavisufali nebaa).
elene TofuriZe oidiposs sfinqss adarebs, vinaidan orive
Tebeze Zalauflebis uzurpacias axdens Tavisi arasulyofili
codniT. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs piesis saxelwodebaze,
romelic sityvasityviT iTargmneba rogorc oidiposi tirani
(uzurpatori) da ara rogorc oidiposi basilevsi, anu
kanonieri mefe. oidiposi marTlac uneblie uzurpatoria, maSin,
rodesac Tavi mxsneli hgonia. aqac `antigones~ Tematuri xazi
grZeldeba – umecreba Sobs tiranias. Tumca, gansxvavebiT
kreonisagan, Tavisi qceviT gacilebiT ufro demokratiuli
oidiposi tirani statusiT aRmoCnda da ara qceviT.
oidiposis simamace, misi adamianuri Rirsebebis masStabi
swored maSin vlindeba, rodesac gamoZiebis Sedegebi sul
ufro sagangaSo xdeba.Mman gaarkvia, rogor gamoiyureboda
mefe, ramdeni mxlebelis TanxlebiT mogzaurobda. aman
oidiposis xsovnaSi TiTqmis daviwyebuli sagzao SemTxveva
amoativtiva, romelic Tebes gzaze gadaxda Tavs. am epizodTan
dakavSirebiT iodiposs sindisis qenjna ar awuxebs, radgan
is Tavs icavda da gadarCenas cdilobda. Tumca, amjerad es
istoria sul sxva mniSvnelobas iZens. iokastesgan imasac
Seityobs, rom laiossa da iokastes vaJi hyoliaT, romelic
sabediswero winaswarmetyvelebis Tavidan aridebis mizniT
sasikvdilod gaimetes. rogorc aRvniSneT, oidiposs yovel
wuTs SeuZlia Sewyvitos Zieba, radgan amis uflebamosilebac
aqvs da avtoritetic, magram is sworedac rom piriqiT iqceva,
cdilobs, movlenaTa logikuri jaWvis yvela rgoli Sekribos
da laiosze Tavdasxmis Sedegad mefis erTaderT gadarCenil
msaxurs ibarebs, romelic im movlenebis Semdeg mTebSi mwyemsad
aris gadaxvewili.
piesis mesame episodia meoTxe episodiis kulminaciur
gardatexas amzadebs, sadac aristoteles SefasebiT,
anagnorisisi (Secnoba, arcodnidan codnaSi gadasvla)

123
da peripetia (moqmedebis sapirispirosken Semobruneba)
erTmaneTs emTxveva, rac tragediis umaRles dramaturgiul
srulyofilebas mowmobs. korinTodan modis macne, romelic
atyobinebs oidiposs, rom polibosi gardaicvala da mas Sin
elian, raTa samefo taxti Caibaros. oidiposs uxaria, rom
mamamisi bunebrivi sikvdiliT mokvda, magram korinToSi wasvlis
mainc eSinia, radgan dedaze daqorwinebis safrTxe jer kidev
arsebobs, Tumca es saSiSroeba sul ufro fantastikurad da
ararealurad gamoiyureba. am SiSis usafuZvlobas korinToeli
macnec daadasturebs, romelic etyvis oidiposs, rom polibosi
da merope misi RviZli mSoblebi ar arian. erTi wuTiT
oidiposi SvebiT amoisunTqavs, mas TiTqos Tavdajerebuloba
ubrundeba, magram swored am kulminaciur moments mosdevs
WeSmaritebis Secnoba da movlenaTa sabediswero Semobruneba,
sapirispiroSi gadasvla. mTidan Camosuli mona aRiarebs, rom
laiosis vaJi ar mouklavs, aramed korinToel mwyemss gadasca.
es korinToeli mwyemsi polibosis sikvdilis cnobiT mosuli
macne aRmoCndeba. erTi personaJi ormagi gzavnilis matarebeli
gaxdeba, sasikeTo da sabediswero gzavnilisa. movlenaTa jaWvi
ikvreba, oidiposis gamoZieba sruldeba. Ooidiposi Tavisi
sazareli bedisweris mTel simZimes acnobierebs.
tragediis finalur nawilSi ori adamianis qmedebis ambavs
vismenT – iokastesi, romelmac yovelives Setyobis Semdeg Tavi
CamoixrCo da oidiposisa, romelmac dedis qinZisTaviT Tavi
daibrmava. rodesac qoro dasaxiCrebul oidiposs ekiTxeba,
Tu visi brZanebiT ganaxorciela man es qmedeba, is pasuxobs,
rom misTvis Tvali aravis dauTxria, es man sakuTari nebiT
Caidina. Ees oidiposis mier gadadgmuli damoukidebeli nabijia,
romelic Tavis dasjisa da TviTganwmendis aucileblobiT aris
nakarnaxevi. Aam qmedebiT oidiposi delfosSi apolonis taZris
warweris (Seican Tavi Seni) Tavisufal da tanjviT miRweul
realizacias axdens. oidiposis TviTdabrmaveba RvTaebrivi da
adamianuri nebis Tavisufal Tanxvedras asaxierebs. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom is kvlav nebayofil devnilad iqceva, radgan
laiosis mkvlelisaTvis mis mierve dawesebul sasjels
aRasrulebs.

124
 oidiposis TviTdabrmaveba TviTSemecnebis gzaze mis
mier gadadgmuli ukiduresi nabijia, man gaacnobiera, rom
gare samyaro adamians xiblSi agdebs da codnis flobis
iluzias uqmnis. mxolod sakuTari Tavis Secnoba, WeSmariti
Sinagani xmis gageba aris TviTsrulyofisa da WeSmariti
Tavisuflebisaken mimavali erTaderTi swori gza. berZnul
tragediaSi moqmedeba da codna principul urTierTkavSiria.
moqmedeba yovelTvis adamianismieria da misi codniTa Tu
umecrebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
oidiposis tragedias iokastes tragikuli bedic
ukavSirdeba. Tumca, oidiposisagan gansxvavebiT, man sruliad
sxva gza gaiara TviTmkvlelobis momentamde. iokastem da
laiosmac scades bedisweris Tavidan arideba da sakuTari
Svili sasikvdilod gaswires. maT mxolod sakuTari interesebi
amoZravebdaT, risTvisac sastik danaSaulsac ar moeridnen,
oidiposis qceva ki moralis karnaxiT iyo ganpirobebuli da
momakvdinebeli danaSaulis Tavidan aridebas emsaxureboda.
rodesac WeSmariteba dadginda, sasowarkveTilma iokastem
gaacnobiera Tavisi pasuxismgeblobis simZime Svilis mimarT
da Tavi moikla. oidiposma ki Tavisuflebis umaRles xarisxs
miaRwia, WeSmariti xedva moipova da sicocxle ganbrZobilma
ganagrZo.
`oidipos mefis~ fabulas mamakacis bedis paradigmasac
(erTgvar zogad kanons) uwodeben. TaobaTa, mama-Svilis
adgilmonacvleoba, Svilis mier mamis Canacvleba `mamis
mkvlelobis~ simboluri gamoxatulebaa, radgan manam mama
ZalaSia, Svili misi Zalauflebis CrdilSi imyofeba. oidiposis
miTi da misi sofokleseuli gadawyveta mravali gviandeli
interpretaciis safuZveli gaxda, maT Soris, zigmund froidis
fsiqoanalitikuri versiisa, romelmac XX saukunSi udidesi
popularuloba da gavlena moipova.

125
 30. oidiposi kolonosSi

`oidiposi kolonosSi~ _ Tebes ciklis Cvenamde moRweuli

ukanaskneli piesa _ dramaturgTa Sejibrze 401 wels
(sofokles gardacvalebis Semdeg) iqna warmodgenili. es piesa
oidiposis istoriis epilogia warmoadgens. usinaTlo mefe
umcros qaliSvilTan _ antigonesTan erTad, romelmac misi
gamyoloba itvirTa, kolonosSi Cadis. kolonosi – aTenis
gareubanSi mdebare patara qalaqia, sadac sofokle daibada.
iseve, rogorc esqiles `orestea~, oidiposis istoriac
atikisa da aTenis miwaze sruldeba. es garemoeba sofokles
saSualebas aZlevs, kidev erTxel gasuvas xazi aTenis
kulturul upiratesobas TebesTan mimarTebaSi, RvTaebrivi
da adamianuri samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis principebTan
mis siaxloves.
piesaSi movlenebi Semdegnairad viTardeba: kolonosSi
oidiposs meore qaliSvili ismene CamoakiTxavs da orakulis
naTqvams gaacnobs, romlis Tanaxmadac odiposi im qveynis
mfarveli gaxdeba, sadac aResruleba. Tu Tebem misi Sin
dabruneba ver moaxerxa, daRupva elis. amis Sesaxeb ician
kreonma da misma vaJebma, eteoklem da polinikem. kreoni
kolonosSi Camodis, raTa oidiposi nebiTa Tu ZaliT TebeSi
waiyvanos qalaqis sakeTildReod. magram Tavis vaJebsa da
Tebelebze ganawyenebuli oidiposi arc kreons mihyveba da
arc polinikes, romelic ZmasTan ganxeTqilebis gamo argosSi
gaiqca. oidiposs aTenis stumarTmoyvare da brZeni mmarTveli
Tesevsi eqomageba. swored aTeni aRmoCndeba is adgili, sadac
evmenidebis WalaSi oidiposi saswaulebrivad aResruleba da
adgilis wminda gmirad – herosad iqceva.
piesis prologSi oidiposi saxelovani mefe ki ara brma
da usaxlkaro moxucia. moaxloebuli sikvdilis Jams is
Tavisi aRsasrulis adgils moadga, rogorc apolonisgan
hqonda nawinaswarmetyvelebi. tragediaSi aRar dgas oidiposis
braleulobis sakiTxi. metic, is TiTqos siwmindis SaravandediTaa
mosili. adamianebSi mowiwebas iwvevs misi tanjva da simamace.
oidiposma maradisobis zRurbls miaRwia, mas miwieri dideba

126
aRar aRelvebs, amjerad is msajulisa da momavali mfarvelis
statusiT gvevlineba. misi Rirseba da Rirebuleba RmerTebma
da adamianebma aRiares. kolonosSi Camosuli oidiposi aRarc
Zalmosili mmarTvelia, rogorc `oidipos mefis~ dasawyisSi
da aRarc sasowarkveTili da ubedurebiT gatexili adamiani,
rogorc imave tragediis dasasruls. misive TqmiT, tanjvam
da gansacdelma mas moTmineba aswavla. Tavdapirvelad man da
antigonem ar ician, Tu sad aRmoCndnen. rodesac Seityoben,
rom kolonosSi arian, oidiposi xvdeba, rom misi cxovreba
male dasruldeba, radgan man daniSnulebis adgils miaRwia. mas
aRar stanjavs Cadenili danaSaulis gancda, radgan sibrZnis
axal safexurze asulma gaacnobiera adamianTa bedisweris
kanonzomierebani. `... udanaSaulo var!/ es RmerTebis survili
iyo...~,1 eubneba is mis wasayvanad Camosul kreons.
rodesac kreoni oidiposs TebeSi dabrunebaze nebiT ver
daiTanxmebs, Zalas mimarTavs, Tavis razms antigonesa da ismenes
Seapyrobinebs, raTa ugamyolod darCenili mefe danebdes. magram
aTenelebi kreons Zaladobis nebas ar miscemen. aq ikveTeba
tragediis eTikuri da humanuri arsi. kreoni gancvifrebulia,
rom kolonoselTa qoro ltolvilebs eqomageba, oidiposi
xom gaugonar danaSaulebaTa wyebiT wabilwuli adamiania –
mamis mkvleli da dedis qmari. is arwmunebs Tesevssa da
qoros, rom aTenis miwaze TviTneboba mxolod imitom gabeda,
rom darwmunebuli iyo, aTenis areopagi aseT moxetesa da
mawanwalas qveyanaSi cxovrebis nebas ar darTavda. Tumca
qoros azriT, mogzauri sufTaa da miuxedavad misi gansacdelis
damRupvelobisa, daxmarebas imsaxurebs. tragediis mesame
stasimSi qoro adamianis sicocxlis sazrisze mReris, misi
azriT, is ajobebda, adamiani saerTod rom ar ibadebodes,
radgan cxovreba yvelas mZime gansacdels umzadebs, romelsac
veravin aicilebs Tavidan, xolo yvela dabadebulis saboloo
xvedri sikvdilia.
Tesevsi, aTenis mmarTveli, Tavidanve mowiwebiTa da
pativiscemiT xvdeba oidiposs da mzad aris, yvelanairi
daxmareba aRmouCinos. oidiposs bedisweraSi is danaSauls ki
1
Софокл, Трагедии, Москва,1958, стр.114.

127
ara bedis gansacdels xedavs. Tavadac ucxo mxareSi gazrdils
mravali saxifaTo Tavgadasavali gadaxda Tavs. Tesevsma icis,
rom mxolod adamiania da samefo Rirseba sxvaze aRmatebul
uflebebs ar aniWebs.
Tebesagan gansxvavebiT, aTenis samefo is adgili aRmoCndeba,
sadac oidiposis xvedri ki ar aSinebT, aramed TanagrZnobiT
da gagebiT ekidebian. isini WeSmariti samarTlisa da
sibrZnis principebTan gacilebiT ufro axlos dganan da
stumarTmoyvareobisa da adamianuri TanagrZnobis kanonebs pativs
scemen. amitomac, oidiposi Tavisi cxovrebis bolo safexurze,
ukve aTens `ekuTvnis~ da ara Tebes, sfinqsis, zedapiruli
calmxrivi codnis qalaqs, radgan mxolod aTenia mzad gaigos
da miiRos is, rogorc adamianis miwieri bedisweris simbolo.
iseve, rogorc esqiles `orestea~, oidiposis istoriac aTenSi
sruldeba, rogorc berZnuli sulierebis evoluciis umaRles
wertilSi.
oidiposis finaluri apoTeozis dadgomamde sofokles
moqmedebaSi oidiposis polinikesTan Sexvedris epizodi
Semoaqvs. oidiposs surs saZulvel Svils Tavi aaridos, magram
Tesevsisa da antigones TxovniT poseidonis sakurTxevelTan
mainc xvdeba vaJs. eteokles mier Tebedan gaZevebuli polinike,
rogorc ufrosi vaJi, samarTlianobis aRdgenas eswrafvis.
argoss TavSefarebulma man mefe adrastes qaliSvilze iqorwina
da axla jariT apirebs Tebeze galaSqrebas da taxtze asvlas.
is mamisagan iTxovs Tanadgomasa da mxardaWeras, radgan masaviT
daCagrulad da gaZevebulad miaCnia Tavi. oidiposi vaJis
Txovnas ar Seiwynarebs, metic, is orives – eteoklesa da
polinikes wyevlis da momaval SetakebaSi erTmaneTis xeliT
dacemas uwinaswarmetyvelebs. antigone Seecdeba polinikes
gadawyvetileba Seacvlevinos, magram verafers gaawyobs.
oidiposi vaJebis mimarT Seuwynarebelia. is polinikes mamis
mkvlels uwodebs, radgan arc polinikem da arc eteoklem
araferi iRones umweo mamis gadasarCenad da sasikvdilod
gaswires is, antigonesa da ismenesagan gansxvavebiT. maSin,
rodesac Tavad oidiposi bedisweras imitom eurCeboda, rom
Tavisi mSoblebisaTvis uneblie vneba ar mieyenebina da amis gamo

128
samefosa da didebaze Tqva uari, eteoklem da polinikem mamis
mimarT mciredi Tanadgomac ar gamoiCines, qalaqidan gaaZeves
da ZalauflebisaTvis brZola daiwyes. ganbrZobili oidiposi
distancirebulad ucqers maT bedisweras. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
misi wyevla da winaswarmetyveleba kidev erTi SesaZleblobaa
polinikesTvis, rom arCevani gaakeTos da ZmaTamkvleli omi
ar wamoiwyos. Tumca polinike Tavisi bedisweris Sesaxvedrad
midis.
Tavis bediswerisken miemarTeba oidiposic, tanjviT
ganbrZobili aTenis mfarvelad unda gardaisaxos. misi
sikvdilis saidumloebas mxolod Tesevsi ixilavs. macnes
TqmiT, Tesevsis garda, aravin icis, rogor `gaqra~ oidiposi,
mokvdavTa Soris gamorCeuli.
tragediaSi sofokles politikuri, eTikuri da
filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobaa asaxuli. Tesevsis saxiT is
Wkvian, mamacsa da demokrat mefes warmogvidgens. kolonosis
mcxovreblebi Semwynarebeli da Rirseuli moqalaqeebis
magaliTs qmnian. mmarTvelsa da moqalaqeebs Soris Tanxmoba
sufevs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tragediis aTeni idealuri
qalaqis niSnebsac ki iZens nawarmoebSi.

129
 31. eleqtra

Ptragedia `eleqtra~ atridTa miTis damuSavebas warmoadgens

da Sinaarsobrivad imave movlenebs gadmogvcems, romlebic
esqiles `qoeforebsa~ da `evmenidebSi~ viTardeba, Tumca
sofokles versiaSi qreba eriniebis – SurisZiebis demonebis
Tema, romlebic dedis mokvlis gamo sdevnian orestes. aq aRar
ikiTxeba mamobrivi da dedobrivi samarTlis dapirispireba.
Tavad orestec Sorsaa sindisis qenjnisa da meryeobisagan. Tu
esqiles `qoeforebSi~ oreste RmerTebis nebis aRmsrulebeli
ufroa, vidre damoukidebeli SurismaZiebeli, sofoklesTan is
sruliad cnobier nabijze midis. prologidan SevityobT, rom
SurisZieba mas imTaviTve hqonda ganzraxuli, xolo apolonis
samlocveloSi imitom mivida, rom RmerTisagan gaego, ra
taqtika aerCia mamis mkvlelebis dasasjelad. apolonis
rCeviT, mas eSmakobisTvis unda miemarTa, sxvisi saxeliT
Sesuliyo qalaqSi da motyuebiT gasworeboda mkvlelebs.
orestes gegma Tavidanve cxadia. mayurebeli da mkiTxveli
mis ganxorcielebas adevnebs Tvals, Tumca, mTavari aqcenti
dramaturgs eleqtraze gadaaqvs. mayureblisagan gansxvavebiT,
eleqtra TiTqmis tragediis dasasruls Seityobs orestes
Camosvlis Sesaxeb. manamde mas sanatreli Zmis gamotirebac
mouwves, radgan, orestes davalebiT, talfibiusi (orestes
aRmzrdeli) misi daRupvis cru ambavs gaavrcelebs, raTa
mmarTvelTa yuradReba moadunos. Sesabamisad, sofokles
eleqtras xasiaTis gamokveTaze gadaaqvs aqcenti da Seurigebeli,
mamaci da ukompromiso qalis saxes qmnis. eleqtras ar SeuZlia
Seeguos dedisa da maminacvlis tiranias, daiviwyos maT mier
Cadenili danaSauli. misi `mTliani~natura kompromisebs ver
itans. eleqtras Seurigebeli da meamboxe bunebis gamosakveTad
sofokles moqmedebaSi mesame da – qrisofemida Semohyavs.
iseve rogorc antigone da ismene, eleqtrasa da qrisofemidas
saxeebi sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul poziciasa da adamianur
temperaments gamoxatavs.
esqilesTan SedarebiT Secvlilia klitemnestras xasiaTic.
Tu `oresteas~ klitemnestras saxes monumenturi didebuleba

130
da tragikuli xibli gaaCnda, sofokle sruliad ganZarcvavs
Tavisi tragediis personaJs am Tvisebebisagan. klitemnestrasa
da eleqtras dialogSi Cveulebriv SeSinebul qals vxedavT,
romelsac argumentebi ar hyofnis eleqtras mgznebare
braldebebis gasabaTileblad.
orestes daRupvis cru cnoba qalebis xasiaTs ufro
mkafiod gamokveTs. gaxarebuli klitemnestra verc ki malavs
im sixarulsa da Svebas, am cnobam rom moutana, rac Seexeba
eleqtras, igi, sasowarkveTis nacvlad, gadawyvets, sakuTar
Tavze aiRos SurisZiebis tvirTi. tragediis daskvniT nawilSi,
oreste simarTles gaumxels das da sakuTar ganzraxvas
gegmazomierad axorcielebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom SurisZiebis
msxverpli jer klitemnestra xdeba, Semdeg ki egisTosi,
rac mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebs sofokles tragediis finals
esqiles tragediisagan, sadac oreste dedas mxolod pilades
mowodebis Semdeg klavs.

131
 32. filoqtetesi

antikuri literaturis mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT,

tragedia `filoqtetesSi~ xasiaTTa Sesaqmnelad sofokle
evripides SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel xerxebs mimarTavs,
pragmatul aucileblobas aq subieqturi moraluri cnobiereba
upirispirdeba. odisevsi da aqilevsis vaJi neoptolemosi
troadan kunZul lemnosze miemgzavrebian, raTa kunZulze
mitovebuli filoqtetesi daiTanxmon, rom troaSi wahyves da
Tan herakles mSvild-isari waiRos. lemnosze filoqtetesi,
atridebis gadawyvetilebiT, odisevsma datova. amis mizezi is
iyo, rom Sxamiani gvelis nakbenma filoqtetess mouSuSebeli
da myrali Wriloba dautova, molaSqreebs ki misi tkivilis
mtanjveli Semotevebisa da simyralis gaZleba metad aRar
SeeZloT. lemnosze filoqtetesma aTi umZimesi weli gaatara
martoobaSi. amasobaSi gairkva, rom aqavelebi troelebs ver
daamarcxebdnen, Tu troasTvis brZolaSi filoqtetesic ar
miiRebda monawileobas herakles mSvildiTurT. odisevsis
davalebiT, neoptolemosi cdilobs motyuebiT waiyvanos
filoqtetesi troaSi, herakles mSvildsac ki mohparavs, Tumca
Semdeg sindisi Seawuxebs da aqavelTa interesTa sazianod
mSvilds patrons ubrunebs. tragediis finalSi viTareba CixSi
Sedis, radgan filoqtetess moRalate berZenTa daxmareba
ar surs. problema moqmedebaSi herakles sulis SemoyvaniT
gadaiWreba, romelic `deus ex machina~-ze amxedrebuli
gamoCndeba da filoqtetess troaSi gamgzavrebas ubrZanebs,
sadac mis sneulebas asklepiosi moarCens. aseTia zevsis neba,
romlisTvisac movlenaTa ganviTarebis obieqturi aucilebloba
subieqtur adamianur motivebze maRla dgas.
`filoqtetesSi~ erTmaneTs ori cxovrebiseuli pozicia
upirispirdeba – odisevsis pragmatuloba da neoptolemosis
keTilSobileba. qcevis moralur motivaciaze maRla, odisevsi
sasargeblos ayenebs. miznis misaRwevad mas adamianTa qcvisa
da azrovnebis TaviseburebaTa codna sWirdeba. cxovrebam
aCvena, rom msoflio `sityvebiT imarTeba da ara qmedebiT~.1
1
Софокл, Трагедии, Москва,1958, gv. 306.

132
`ar geCveneba, rom sicrue samarcxvinoa?~1, _ ekiTxeba
neoptolemosi odisevss, `ara, _ miugebs odisevsi, _ Tuki is
xsnas emsaxureba~.2
ymawvili kacis meryeobis miuxedavad, odisevsi mainc
daiTanxmebs neoptolemoss berZenTa gamarjvebisaTvis mis
gegmaSi miiRos monawileoba. aqilevsis vaJma filoqtetesi unda
daarwmunos, rom Tavadac atridebisa da odisevsis mteria, radgan
maT mamis legendaruli saWurveli memkvidreobiT ar argunes.
odisevsis SeTxzuli miTis Tanaxmad, neoptolemosma datova
troa da samSobloSi brundeba. filoqtetesi bednieria, rom
megobris vaJi da Tanamoazre ipovna. magram berZenTa Ralatma
is samudamod dagesla, bunebiT keTilSobili da kacTmoyvare,
is mTel samyarozea ganawyenebuli. rodesac neoptolemosisagan
Seityobs, rom troasTan mravali Rirseuli meomari daeca,
xolo uRirsni _ `molaqlaqe~ odisevsi da ybedi avkaci Tersite
cocxlebi darCnen, is kidev erTxel daaskvnis TavisTvis,
rom RmerTebi borotebas mfarveloben, cbier adamians isini
hadesidanac ki ixsnian, xolo Rirseulebs bneleTSi erekebian.
rogor unda Seasxa xotba aseT RmerTebs? ekiTxeba Tavis Tavs
filoqtetesi. filoqtetesi sofokles sikeTisa da borotebis
eTikuri kategoriebiT msjelobs. adamianis subieqturi
moraluri cnobiereba ukve yovelTvis ar Tanxvdeba mis mimarT
wayenebul `obieqtur~ moTxovnebs. Tumca, filoqtetesi piradi
wyenis gamo bolomde piruTvnel arbitrad mainc ar gamodgeba,
is msxverplis stigmiT aris daRdasmuli. amasTan, misi
Wriloba da simyrale im gansxvavebulobis niSania, romelic
mas adamianTa sazogadoebisagan TiSavs. sofokle aCvenebs, rom
TanagrZnobis gancda, daRdasmulisadmi empaTia did adamianur
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da yvelas ar xelewifeba. filoqtetesis
sazogadoebaSi dabrunebas WeSmariti TanagrZnobis aqti,
eTikuri cnobierebis axal safexurze asvla sWirdeba. es
aRmasvla neoptolemosis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
neoptolemosi troas mebrZolTa meore Taobas ekuTvnis,
is mxolod mamis sikvdilis Semdeg Cavida troaSi. axalbeda
mebrZoli jer ukritikod iRebs misTvis SeTavazebul
1
Софокл, Трагедии, Москва,1958, gv. 307.
2
iqve, gv. 307.
133
Rirebulebebs. erTi mxriv, mamis pirdapiri xasiaTi aqvs da
aqilevsis meomrul kodeqss misdevs, romelic yovelTvis
Ria pirdapir qcevas amjobinebda. meore mxriv, odisevsis
Segonebasa da sakuTar pativmoyvare survilebsac emorCileba.
Tumca, filoqtetesTan daaxloebis Semdeg, is icvleba da
sakuTar moralur kriteriumebs SeimuSavebs. masSi qcevis
personaluri kodeqsi yalibdeba, romelic pragmatul motivebs
humanuri qcevis normebs upiripirebs. filoqtetesisadmi
TanagrZnoba, sicruisa Tu sxvis nebaze Zaladobis miuRebloba
neoptolemoss Tamam nabijs adgmevinebs – mas Semdeg rac
filoqtetesis mSvild-isars daeufleba, romelsac avadmyofi
Tavadve andobs, is am mSvild-isars patrons ubrunebs. rogorc
elene TofuriZe wers: `neoptolemosi ... avtors mihyavs
imis gacnobierebamde, rom nebismieri adamianuri saqcielis
safuZvelSi moraluri Rirebuleba unda idos, imisda
miuxedavad, uqadis Tu ara is mas an sazogadoebas sargebels~.1
neoptolemosi ufro Sorsac ki midis, mas Semdeg, rac igi
verc darwmunebiTa da verc simarTlis gamxeliT gaawyobs
filoqtetesTan raimes, is Tavisi danapirebis aRsrulebasa da
filoqtetesis samSobloSi wayvanasac ki daTanxmdeba. swored
amis Semdeg Semodis moqmedebaSi herakle, raTa filoqtetesi
troaSi gamgzavrebis aucileblobaSi daarwmunos. RmerTis
CareviT konfliqtis gadaWra imaze migvaniSnebs, rom sofokle
neoptolemosis pirovnul ganviTarebas adamianis moraluri
formirebis aucilebel aspeqtad miiCnevs, Tumca obieqtursa
da subieqturs, sazogadoebrivsa da individualurs Soris
balansis SesanarCuneblad, aucilebelia `gavelurebuli~
filoqtetesis civilizaciaSi dabruneba. am mosazrebis
sasargeblod metyvelebs is garemoebac, rom herakles TqmiT,
troas aReba mxolod neoptolemosisa da filoqtetesis
kavSiriT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, rogorc `erTad aRzrdili
lomebi~ isini erTmaneTs unda gaufrTxildnen.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sofokle, rogorc klasikis periodis
dramaturgiis meore (Sua) warmomadgeneli, erTgvari oqros
Sualedis miRwevis gzasa da kulturaSi adamianis yofierebis
aRsrulebis models gvTavazobs.
1
Человек в Античной Трагедии, Е. И. Топуридзе, Тбилиси, 1984, gv. 86.

134
 33. traqiseli qalebi

`traqisel qalebSi~ (daax. Zv. w. 438), romelic herakles

cxovrebis finalur movlenebsa da mis sikvdils eZRvneba,
sofokle kosmosisa da qaosis mudmivi brZolis Temas
gamokveTs, romelsac gmiris arqetipSi centraluri adgili
ukavia. gmiris misia urCxulebis Zlevaa, rogorc samyaroSi,
ise, sakuTar sulSi. es gza winaaRmdegobebiT aris aRsavse.
gmiris kosmiur misias qaosis Zalebi da qtoniuri sawyisi
upirispirdeba (herakles miTSi am antagonistur ZalTa
gaerTianebis safuZvels heras eWvianoba qmnis, romelic gmiris
Casaxvis dRidan cdilobs misi misiis CaSlas).
hadesidan dabrunebuli herakle orTabrZolaSi amarcxebs
mdinaris urCxul aqeloess da mis sacoles _ meleagres das
– deianiras irTavs colad1. herakles mier aqeloesis Zleva
`garegani~ urCxulis damarcxebas SeiZleba SevadaroT, iseve,
rogorc sfinqsis Zleva jer kidev `brma~ oidiposis mier.
rogorc sofokles nawarmoebebis logika gvaCvenebs, urCxulebis
Zleva da afeqtTagan ganTavisufleba gmiris srul da upirobo
transformacias moiTxovs. gmiri, xSirad, xiblSi vardeba da
Tavad ikavebs damarcxebuli urCxulis adgils. amis mizezi
WeSmariti sibrZnis arqonaa, rasac aristotele tragikul
danaSauls (h)amartias) uwodebs saxelad. rogorc zemoT
iTqva, berZenTa msoflmxedvelobiT arcodna codvaa, radgan
gauTviTcnobierebel adamians samyaros wesrigisaTvis ziani
moaqvs. umecreba TviTnebobas badebs, TviTneboba ki sayovelTao
kosmiuri marTlwesrigis winaaRmdeg svlaa, romelic samyarosa
da adamianis arsebobis fuZiseul principebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
`traqiseli qalebis~ moqmedebis protagonisti da
tragikuli gmiri deianiraa, herakles meore coli, romelsac
herakles cxovrebaSi sabediswero rolis TamaSi mouwevs.
piesis prologSi deianira heraklesTan qorwinebis ambavs yveba,
ramac mas did siyvarulTan erTad, udidesi Relva, SfoTi da
tkivili moutana. dResac, rodesac heraklem sagmiro saqmeebi
1
deianira herakles meore colia. pirveli coli da Svilebi man heras mier
mogvrili sigiJis afeqtSi daxoca.

135
daasrula, traqiss Sexiznuli deianira gaurkvevlobaSia da
qmris Sesaxeb urTierTsawinaaRmdego cnobebs iRebs.
misTvis cnobili xdeba, rom herakles mefe evriTosis
qaliSvili iole Seuyvarda, kunZuli evbea dalaSqra da
axalgazrda mefis asuli sxva tyveebTan erTad Sin mohyavs.
sasowarkveTili coli qmris gulis dabrunebis erTaderT
saSualebas mimarTavs, herakles kentavr nesusis sisxliT
gaJRenTl samoss ugzavnis gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad. odesRac
nesusma daarwmuna deianira, rom ase qmris siyvarulis
dabrunebas SeZlebda. sinamdvileSi, lerneis hidris SxamiT
gaJRenTili nesusis sisxli herakles mosaklavad iyo
gamiznuli. deianira heraklesTan qtonur ZalTa brZolis
uneblie Tanamonawile gaxda. qitonma gmiris sxeuli SxamiT
gaJRinTa, zed Seezarda da autanel tanjvas ayenebda mas. axda
winaswarmetyveleba, romlis Tanaxmadac herakles sikvdilis
mizezi gardacvlili mteri gaxdeboda da ara cocxali. qaosis
Zalebze saboloo gamarjvebisTvis herakle erTaderT SesaZlo
gzas irCevs, koconze cocxlad adis da cecxliT ganiwmindeba.
samgloviaro koconze asvlaSi ukanasknel gzaze mimaval gmirs
misi erTguli vaJi hilusi exmareba.
`traqisel qalebSi~ gmiris umecrebis Tema siyvarulis
platonur gagebas uaxlovdeba1, sadac siyvaruli sibrZnisa da
siqvelis trfobaa. xorciel, praqtikul cxovrebaSi araferia
WeSmaritad Rirseuli, mxolod sibrZnisaken ltolviT
uaxlovdeba adamiani zeciur afrodites da yovelive
grZnobadisgan da SemTxveviTisgan Tavisufldeba. rogorc
herakles, ise deianiras saqcieli erosiT aris motivirebuli,
magram orive erosis dabal, primitiul, `arasrul” formas
icnobs da gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobis mankier wreSia
moxvedrili. maT uyvarT, Tumca maTi siyvarulis calmxriv
bunebas damangreveli Sedegebi mohyveba mxolod. orivesTvis
sikvdili xdeba gamosavali – herakle gmiris misias tanjviT
ganasrulebs da cecxliT ganiwmindeba, deianira ki col-qmrul
sarecelze ganigmiravs Tavs, rodesac Seityobs, rom qmris
saSineli sikvdilis mizezi gaxda.
1
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs platonis `nadimi~, romelic filosofosma IV saukunis
damdgs _ 385-380 ww. dawera.

136
 am tragediaSi dramaturgi adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis
Semecnebisa da WeSmariti codnisa da Tavisuflebis miRwevis
urTulesi gzis kidev erT aspeqts sqesTa urTierTobisa
da erosis WrilSi gvaCvenebs. am sferoSi SiSi, interesTa
Widili, partnioris dauflebisa da kontrolis survili
gansakuTrebiT mZafria da zomierebisa da balansis darRvevis
riski gansakuTrebiT izrdeba. aseT `dramatul garemoSi~
ibadeba deianiras reliefuri, vnebiani da tragikuli saxe,
romelsac sofokles SemoqmedebaSi axali fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebi Semoaqvs.
sofokles Semoqmedeba klasikuri saberZneTis dramaturgiis
mwvervalia. misi nawarmoebebi Semdgomi drois dramaturgTa,
mweralTa, mxatvarTa, mecnierTa inspiraciis amouwuravi
wyaroa. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misma `oidipos mefem~
XX saukunis humanitaruli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze
ganuxreli gavlena moaxdina da fsiqoanalizisa Tu siRrmis
fsiqologiis, inteleqtualuri dramisa da egzistenciuri
filosofiis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. `sofokles adamiani~
gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT gamoirCeva. is Tavisuflebisa da
`axali me~-s Seqmnis niWiT aris dajildovebuli. maSinac ki,
rodesac sofokles gmirs Zalauflebis Jini, SiSi, mrisxaneba
Tu vneba moeZaleba, is klasikuri saberZneTis `idealuri
adamianis~ Sinagan mTlianobasa da sakvirvel Zalas inarCunebs.
`sofokles adamianis~ uzenaesi Rirebuleba umaRlesi codnaa,
romelsac WeSmariti Tavisufleba moaqvs. oidipos mefes
Seumcdari Sinagani intuicia da WeSmaritebis utyuari alRo
aqvs. amasTan, is namdvili adamiania – xan TviTkmayofili,
eWviani, mrisxane, usamarTlo, martosuli – magram es yovelive
misi WeSmariti natura ar aris, es mxolod maiaa, iluziaa,
romlis tyveobisagan gasaTavisufleblad uneblie tirans
Zalze grZeli gzis gavla uxdeba. tragediis dasawyisSi is
sxvadasxva stereotipis tyveobaSia, Tavdapirvelad keTili,
brZeni da mzrunveli mefea, Semdeg gamocdili da eWviani
politikosi, Tumca, TandaTan mas yvela niRabi scildeba da
simamace hyofnis, rom SiSvel simarTles Tvali gausworos.
dramaturgi Tavis personaJs fexqveS yvela sayrdens aclis,

137
yvela miwier Rirsebasa da pativs ahyris, raTa namdvili da
upirobo Rirsebebi SesZinos. oidiposi adamianuri Tavisuflebisa
da codnis umaRles safexurze adis. is im zRvars gadalaxavs,
sadac veravin aRwevs da iseT gamocdilebas iZens, romelsac
veravis gauziarebs.
oidiposi, antigone, aiasi, neoptolemusi Tu sxvebi sofokles
samyaroSi civilizaciisa Tu adamianuri yofierebis fuZiseul
dilemebs ejaxebian, azrovnebis, nebisa Tu zeadamianuri vnebis
iseT masStabebs aRweven, iseT konfliqtebSi aRmoCndebian,
rom qveyniereba iryeva, msoflio marTlwesrigi, RvTaebrivi
da adamianuri kanonebi Tavis siRrmiseul saxes aCens, xolo
Tavisufali adamiani samyaros TanaSemoqmedi xdeba.
sofokle, aTenis oqros xanis dramaturgi, herosi, poeti
da moazrovne, romlis gavlena sakacobrio civilizaciasa da
azrovnebaze, albaT, axal siurprizebs gvpirdeba, klasikuri
aTenis ukanasknel did dramaturg evripideze ramdenime TviT
adre gardaicvala, romlis saxels berZnuli tragediis
Semdgomi ganviTareba da transformacia ukavSirdeba.

138
 kiTxvebi da davalebebi 25 – 33 Tavebisadmi:

1. rogor ukavSirebs tradicia salaminis brZolas sami tragikosi

poetis Semoqmedebas?
2. ra wamyvani problema aerTianebda sami dramaturgis Semoqmedebas?
(ix. teqstSi).
3. rogor iyo warmodgenili sofokles SemoqmedebaSi adamianis
Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi?
4. rogor cxovrobda tragikosi poeti da ra akavSirebda mas
Tanamedrove aTenis politikur da kulturul cxovrebasTan?
5. rogori iyo sofokles, rogorc dramaturgis reputacia da
avtoriteti?
6. ramdenma piesam moaRwia Cvenamde da romel miTebzea isini
agebuli?
7. daaxasiaTeT `aiasSi~ gamokveTili adamianis qcevis ori modeli
– e. w. emociuri, `gmirul-heroikuli~ da pragmatuli.
8. daaxasiaTeT antigone da gaaanalizeT misi arCevanis motivebi da
RirebulebiTi safuZvlebi.
9. gadmoeciT, raSi mdgomareobs kreontis `moraluri umecreba~ da
ra kavSirSia is tiraniasTan, rogorc umecrebis formasTan.
10. gadmoeciT labdakidebis miTi da ganixileT `oidipos mefe~.
11. daaxasiaTeT oidiposi rogorc politikosi da xelisufali da
oidiposi, rogorc Tavisufali adamiani.
12. Tqveni azriT, ratom arCia oidiposma kolonosSi (aTenSi)
sikvdili Tebes WiSkarTan dakrZalvas?
13. gaixseneT da SeadareT erTmaneTs orestes gza argosidan aTenamde
da oidiposis gza Tebedan kolonosamde.
14. ra ganviTareba ganicada orestes saxem esqiles trilogiidan
sofokles `eleqtramde~?
15. analogiiT gaiazreT, ratom Semoiyvana sofoklem `eleqtras~
moqmedebaSi mesame dis – qrisofemidas saxe, ris Sedegad Seiqmna
qalTa samkuTxedi: eleqtra, klitemnestra, qrisofemida.
16. Tqveni azriT, ra aris mTavari problema, romelic sofoklem
`traqisel qalebSi~ Cado – gmiris qaosTan brZolis heroikuli
motivebi da masTan dapirispirebuli qtoniuri Zalebi; qalisa da
mamakacis konfliqti dominirebisTvis, Tu siyvarulis calmxrivi
bunebis gaazreba?

139
 maia goSaZe

34. evripide
(Zv. w. 485/480 – Zv. w. 406 w.)

evripide did berZen tragikosTa sameulis ukanaskneli

warmomadgeneli iyo. evripides cxovrebis Sesaxeb Zalze mwiri
da isic dauzustebeli cnobebi arsebobs. erTi gadmocemiT is
daibada atikis sofel fliaSi, meore gadmocemiT ki kunZul
salamisze. aseve, varaudoben, rom is wvril movaWreTa vaJi
iyo da ar ganekuTvneboda warCinebulTa fenas. sxva mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, evripide warCinebuli ojaxis Svili gaxldaT,
radgan bavSvobidan Rebulobda monawileobas religiur
ceremonialebSi, rac mxolod gavleniani ojaxis vaJTaTvis iyo
xelmisawvdomi. evripides mier miRebuli kargi ganaTlebis,
berZnuli literaturis da filosofiis codnis saukeTeso
dasturad misive Semoqmedeba miiCneva. poetis megobrad da
maswavleblad didi berZeni filosofosi anaqsagore saxeldeba.
varaudoben, rom mis nacnob- megobrebs Soris sxva cnobili
filosofosebic iyvnen, maT Soris, SesaZloa, sokratec,
romelic, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, misi tragediebis didi Tayvanis­
mcemeli yofila.
evripides cxovrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi mxolod
mwiri da dauzustebeli ki ara, winaaRmdegobrivic aris. es
exeba faqtebs misi warmomavlobis, socialuri mdgomareobis,
dabadebis TariRisa Tu dabadebis adgilis Sesaxeb. evripides
Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweul biografiul wyaroebze gavlena
dramaturgisadmi kritikuli ganwyobis amsaxvelma moarulma
Worebma moaxdina. evripide atikuri komediis satiris sayvarel
obieqtad iqca, ramac aseve ganapiroba mis Sesaxeb arsebul
cnobaTa bundovaneba. evripides daRupvis mizezad xan ZaRlebis,
xan ki bakqi qalebis mier misi sxeulis dagleja saxeldeba.
analogiuri cnobebis mixedviT, poeti mdabali warmomavlobis,
maxinji garegnobis, warumatebeli meojaxe, qalTmoZule
mamakaci da uxasiaTo mizanTropi iyo.

140
 ufro sarwmunod SeiZleba is cnobebi miviCnioT, romelTa
Tanaxmadac evripides ganmartoeba da bunebis wiaRSi drois
gatareba uyvarda; aqtiur sazogadoebriv da politikur
cxovrebas, _ wignebis kiTxvas, werasa da fiqrs amjobinebda,
gaurboda xalxmravlobasa da wveulebebs. sityvaZunwobiT
gamoirCeoda. saxelis moxveWisa da popularobisken ar
miiswrafoda, arc mayureblis gulis mogebas cdilobda.
amgvari cnobebis damajereblobis dasturad, SesaZloa,
evripides tragedia `medeas~ mTavari gmiris, kolxi qalis
sityvebi gavixsenoT, sadac medea sazogadoebrivi azrisadmi
gulgrili adamianis mZime xvedrze msjelobs. ganmartoebis
moyvare adamiani, medeas TqmiT, maSinve qedmaRal da saeWvo
moqalaqed Seiracxeba, _ qiliksa da undoblobas iwvevs.
swored aseTi damokidebuleba sWarbobda, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
kunZul salamisze, zRvis piras, gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi
evripides mimarT, cxovrebaSi misi ganrideba xalxisgan da
sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisgan, SemoqmedebaSi ki sayovelTaod
damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebisa da faseulobebis gadafaseba,
aTeneli mayureblis araerTgvarovan damokidebu­ lebas iwvevda.
SesaZloa amanac gansazRvra ukve xandazmuli evripides aTenidan
makedoniaSi wasvla. mefe arqelaosis karze, didi pativiT
miRebulma poetma gardacvalebamde ori weli makedoniaSi
gaatara. misi gardacvalebis mizezi ucnobia. nakleb sarwmuno
legendis mixedviT, is ZaRlebma daglijes. misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg evripides pativi miages da dionises TeatrSi sofoklesa
da esqiles qandakebebis gverdiT misi qandakebac aRmarTes.

141
 35. evripides dramaturgia

evripides mier dawerili piesebis zusti raodenoba ucnobia.

zogan mas 92, zogan 78 tragediis avtorad moixsenieben.
Cvenamde srulad misma 17 tragediam da erTma satirulma
dramam moaRwia. esqilesa da sofoklesgan gansxvavebiT,
evripide sicocxleSi didi popularobiT ar sargeblobda.
sayovelTao aRiarebiT, yofiTi dramis stilTan miaxlovebul
evripides tragediaSi uaryofilia amaRlebuli ena da
maRalfardovani saubris manera.
evripides SemoqmedebaSi tragikuli gmiris saxis
metamorfozas, _ mis `damiwebas~, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan
nacnob adamianTan mis miaxloebas ukavSireben. evripides
Sesaxeb literaturaSi TiTqmis yvelganaa citirebuli
aristoteles sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom esqilesa da
sofoklesgan gansxvavebiT, evripide warmoaCenda adamianebs
iseTebad, rogorebic isini arian. marTlac, esqilesa da
sofokles arqetipuli gmirebisgan gansxvavebiT, evripidesTan,
_ mis iseT umniSvnelovanes piesebSi, rogorebicaa `medea~
da `hipolitosi~ gmiris saxis universalizmi, arqetipul-
miTosuri sawyisi erwymis yoveldRiurobidan nacnobi adamianis
Taviseburebebs, _ iqneba es garkveuli fsiqotipis gamomxatveli
xasiaTi Tu ambivalentur swrafvaTa Tanaarseboba. evripides
mTel rig, naklebad masStabur piesebSi ki, gmirebi marTlac
yofiTi dramis personaJebs uaxlovdebian, moklebulni arian
esqilesa da sofokles tragediis gmirisTvis damaxasiaTebel
universalur arqetipul sawyiss.
evripides dramaturgiaSi SenarCunebulia tradiciuli
struqturuli kompozicia. Cveulebisamebr, saWiro informaciis
momcvel prologs, romelime personaJi _ SesaZloa msaxuri, ZiZa
an sulac RmerTi warmosTqvams. finalur scenebSi konfliqturi
situacia xSirad RmerTebis ama Tu im saxiT Carevis gziT
gvardeba. zog SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba dramatuli xerxi _ deus
eqs maxina _ `manqanidan gadmosuli RmerTi~. swored, mzis
RvTaebis mier gamogzavnili deus eqs maxine-Ti uCinardeba
medea da amiT gamZvinvarebul korinTos moqalaqeTa SurisZiebas

142
gaeqceva. zog SemTxvevaSi gmiris gauCinareba, _ kritikul
momentSi RmerTebis CareviT misi gadarCena, SesaZloa, mis sxva
TvisobriobaSi gadas­ vlis, _ transformaciis, amqveyniurze
amaRlebis gamomxatvelad miviCnioT. amgvari mosazrebis
dasturad SeiZleba CavTvaloT Tavdadebuli ifigenias xvedri,
romelic sisxlisRvris Tavidan asacileblad nebayoflobiT
Tanxmdeba msxverplad Sewirvaze, magram ukanasknel wuTs
artemisis CareviT uCinardeba da tavriselTa qveyanaSi
qalRmerTis taZris qurumad iqceva. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
tragediis finalSi RmerTebis CareviT aRdgenili wesrigi
aSkarad avtoriseuli faruli ironiis konteqstSi aRiqmeba.
dramaSi `orestesi~ apoloni ara mxolod nebismieri saxis
mkrexeluri danaSaulis gamamarTleblad, aramed wamqezeblad
da STamagonebladac ki gvevlineba. piesis finalSi ki, CixSi
Sesul konfliqts apoloni namdvil urCxulebad qceuli
gmirebis gadarCeniTa da dasaCuqrebiT agvarebs.
rac Seexeba qoros rols evripides piesebSi, qoro ufro
pasiuri damkvirveblis funqcias iZens. qoros mcdeloba,
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos gmirebze an polemikaSi Sevides
personaJebTan, evripides dramis samyaroSi mWvretelobiT-
filosofiuri damokidebulebiT icvleba. qorosadmi avtori­
seuli skepticizmi aSkarad vlindeba satirul piesaSi
`kiklopi~, sadac odisevsi korinTes ybedobasa da mxdal
umoqmedobaSi adanaSaulebs.
evripides dramebis Janrobriv-struqturuli ganxilvisas
maT sam pirobiT jgufad yofen: iseT piesebs, rogorebicaa
`medea~, `hipolitosi~, `heraklitebi~, `troeli qalebi~,
`bakqi qalebi~, `pekabe~ wminda tragediebs miakuTvneben.
tragikomediebs Sorisaa `alkestisi~, `elene~, `ioni~, `ifigenia
tavroselebSi~, melodramebsa Tu paTetikur tragediebs
`eleqtra~, `orestesi~, `ifigenia avlisSi~, `finikieli
qalebi~ miekuTvneba.
TiTqmis yvela misi piesa peloponesis omis mimdinareobisas
daiwera. mematianeTa TqmiT, arc erTi oms, stiqiur ubedurebasa
Tu yvela sxva saxis kataklizmebs, erTad aRebulT,
imdeni ubedureba ar moutania saberZneTi­ sTvis, rogorc am

143
xangrZlivma ZmaTamkvlelma omma. sabolood, swored pelo­
ponesis omma, jer aTenis marcxi, Semdeg ki mTeli saberZneTis
Seuqcevadi dasusteba ganapiroba. samarTlianad miiCneva, rom
evripides Semoqmedeba erTgvarad ganmsWvalulia mTeli qveynis
momcveli krizisis winaTgrZnobiT; masSi gamZafrebuladaa
warmoCenili usamarTlobisa da Zaladobis pirispir adami­ anis
martoobisa da sazogadoebisgan gaucxoebis problema. adamiani
ver daeyrdnoba verc sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul wesebsa da
verc RvTiur samarTals. Tavad RmerTebi evripides piesebSi
umeteswilad tiranebis logikiT moqmedeben, moklebulni
arian samarTlianobisa da TanagrZnobis gancdas, _ erTi
saZulveli piris dasasjelad uyoymanod sxvas gaswiraven.
RmerTebis TviTneboba, upirvelesad, Tavad cxovrebiseul
realobaSi yovelgvari eTikuri kanonzomierebisa Tu principis
ararsebobas gamoxatavs. evripides piesebSi adamianis cxovreba
ara mxolod warmavali da swrafmavalia, aramed erTi mxriv, brma
SemTxveviTobaze, meore mxriv ki RmerTebisa da ZalauflebiT
aRWurvili pirTa TviTnebobasa da axirebebzea damokidebuli.
TviT qoroc ki, romelic esqilesa da sofokles piesebSi
uzenaes samarTlis mqadagebelia, evripides dramebSi ufro
zomier da frTxil pozicias ikavebs.
rogorc RmerTebis, aseve sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli
normebisa da Rirebulebebis mimarT skeptic­ izmi evripidesTan
mravali TvalsazrisiT vlindeba; iqneba es omis, maT Soris
troas omis sruli deheroizacia, heroikuli SaravandediT
mocul gmirTa, xSir SemTxvevaSi daundobel mkvlelebad
warmoCena, monobis institu­tis kritika, socialuri
mdgomareobisa Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT adamianis
Sefasebis miuRebloba, Tu qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobis
usamarT­lo­bis warmoCena. magram esqilesa da sofokles
msgavsad, evripidesTanac adamianis arsebobis tragizmis
gancda. ar iZens nihilistur xasiaTs. swored egzitencialur
Sinagan `realobaSi~ hpovebs adamiani sulieri cxovrebisa da
Rirebulebebis masazrdoebel wyaros, _ samyarosTan pirispir
martoobaSi Rir­ seulad dgomisTvis saWiro Zalebsa da Sinagan
resursebs.

144
 36. troeli qalebi

amgvari Rir­
sebis grZnobis gasaocar unars avlenen troeli
qalebi, amave saxelwodebis tragediis _ `troeli qalebis~
gmirebi. tragedia troas dacemis Semdeg, tyveTa savalalo
xvedrze mogviTxrobs. troas damcveli mamakacebi berZnebma
amoxoces. tyveebs Soris mxolod umweo qalebi, bavSvebi da
moxucebi aRmo­ Cndnen. macne atyobinebs priamosis ojaxs, Tu
vin visi sakuTreba iqneba. hekabe odisevsis mxevali gaxdeba;
kasandra agamemnonis sayvareli, andromaqe _ neoptolemosis,
umcross poliqsenes ki aqavelTa saflavs daaklaven. Semzarav
ambavTa ricxvi matulobs. macne axal ambavs atyobinebs
andromaqes; aqavelebs misi Cvili vaJis _ astianaqsis troas
galavnis koSkidan gadagdeba gadau­ wyvetiaT. ganaCeni saswrafod
sisruleSi mohyavT. andromaqe Cvilis sisxlian gvams dastiris,
mis naz kululebs efereba. dasasruls aqavelebi troas
cecxls ukideben, tyveebi ki Tan mihyavT.
`troel qalebSi~ rogorc berZnebis mier wamowyebuli,
aseve nebismieri sxva, eqspansiisken mimarTuli omi yovelgvar
heroikul Saravandeds moklebul ubedurebadaa warmoCenili,
romlis drosac vlindeba adamianis yvelaze bneli, qvena
instinqtebi. omi iZleva dausjelad Zaladobis, ngrevisa
da ganadgurebis SesaZleblobas; sxvisi damorCilebisa da
sxvisTvis tkivilis miniWebis uflebas. evripide didi siTamamiT
warmoaCens berZeni gmirebis sisastikesa da dacemuli troas
gadarCenil mkvidrTa Tavs datexil ubedurebas. gamarjvebulebi
namdvil jalaTebad iqcevian. aseTive sisastikiT xasiaT­ debian
olimpos mTis mkvidrni, _ am SemTxvevaSi aTena-palada da
poseidoni. aTina jer troas daRupavs, Semdgom ki poseidonTan
molaparakebis Sedegad gamarjvebul aqavelTa gemebis CaZirvas
gadawyvets. poseidonis daxasiaTebiT ki, adamiani daundobeli
da briyvi arsebaa; sabolood Tavadac msxverplad qceuli
jalaTia. Tumca Tavad poseidonis sityvebi nihilisti
mizanTropis ganaCenad ufro aRiqmeba, vidre RvTiuri sibrZnis
gamomxatvelad.
`troeli qalebis~ msgavsad, evripides sxva piesebSic

145
RmerTebi mxsnelis an uzenaesi msajulis nacvlad,
umeteswilad, SurismaZieblobis sulmokle vnebis gamom­
xatvelebad gvevlinebian; iSviaT SemTxvevaSi ki mxsnelis
funqcias iseT damnaSaveTa mimarT kisruloben, rogoricaa
namdvil urCxulTa sameuli piesaSi `orestesi~. tragediaSi
`troeli qalebi~ totaluri qaosisa da sisastikis winaSe
Rirsebis grZnobis SenarCunebis unaris mqone gmirebad swored
priamosis ojaxis datyvevebuli qalebi iqcevian. piesis
centralur, marTlac monumentur personaJad dacemuli troas
dedofali pekabe gvevlineba, romlis Tvalwin Semzarav ambavTa
momcveli epizodebi TamaSdeba. tyved qceuli dedofali, Tavisi
gasaocari Sinagani siZlieris wyalobiT, tanjvas Rirseulad
itans, ubedurebasTan gamklavebis Zalas sxvebsac aniWebs; Tavad
gaubedurebuli, sxvebis TanagrZnobis unars ar kargavs; metic,
swored zogad adamianur xvedrTan da tkivilTan Tanaziarebis
iSviaT, mxolod rCeulTaTvis misawvdom unars iZens. swored
eqstremalur situaciaSi vlindeba, Tu vin vin aris _
Sinaganad Tavisufali Tu mona. sulgrZel adamianSi swored
ukiduresi sasowarkveTis Jams iRviZebs manamde mTvlemare
pirovnebis idumali SesaZleb­lobebi. monebad qceuli troeli
qalebi Sinagan Tavisuflebas avlenen, maSin, rodesac gmirebad
Seracxuli aqavelebi adamianur saxes kargaven da Tavisive
brma instinqtebis monebad iqcevian. hekabe Tavis qaliSvilebs
arigebs, rom moZalade mtrisadmi siZulvils ar daemonon
da am siZulvilSi mtersave ar daemsgavson. troel qalebs
Tavs datexili ubedureba imdenad didia, rom momavalic
aRar aSinebT. yvelaferi Semzaravi da mosaxdeni ukve moxda,
sikvdili ki mxolod Svebad aRiqmeba. erTaderTi, ris winaSec
bediswerac, RmerTebic da aqavelTa mTeli jari uZlurni
arian, ris warTmevasac tyveebisTvis ver SeZleben, es tanjvis
Rirseulad atanis unaria.

146
 37. herakle

troas amReb aqavelebze aranaklebi sisastikiT iqcevian

olimpos mTis mkvidrni. SurisZiebaSi gasaocari daundoblobiT
gamorCeul heras morig msxverplze mogviTxrobs evripideseuli
`herakle~. rodesac herakle kerbe­ rosis dasamorCileblad
hadesSi Cavida da karga xniT daikarga, yvelas daRupuli
egona. Tebes tiranma, likosma herakles ojaxis amoxocva
gada­
wyvita. yvelaze kritikul momentSi dabrunebuli
herakle ojaxs gadaarCens da likossac moklavs. swored
am dros mouvlens hera zevsis vaJs sigiJes. gonwarTmeuli,
gaSmagebuli herakle col-Svils Tavad klavs, gonze mosuli
da CadeniliT SeZrwunebuli TviTmkvlelobas gadawyvets.
finalSi herakles TviTmkvlelobas misi megobari aTenis mefe
Tesevsi gadaafiqrebinebs. sabolood, herakle Tesevss aTenSi
mihyveba.
col-Svilis daxocvis dramatizms kidev ufro amZafrebs
ambis winaistoria, _ herakles gauCinareba, mamas monatrebul
mcirewlovan vaJiSvilTa wuxili, mosiyvarule colis dardi,
Semdgom ki ojaxis ufrosis dabrunebiT gamowveuli uzomo
sixaruli. jer mxsnelad, Semdeg ki mkvlelad movlenili
herakles tragedia RmerTebis samarTlis imediT yofnis srul
absurdulo­ bas avlens. Tumca `troeli qalebisgan~ gansxvavebiT,
`herakle~ mainc ver scdeba melodramis sazRvrebs da ver
aRwevs zogadadamianur satkivarTan Tanaziare­ bis gancdis
masStabs.

147
 38. oreste

aseve, pirobiTad melodramis Janrs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT

drama `oreste~, romelic moklebulia tragediisTvis
damaxasiaTebel kaTarzisis gancdas da romelSic Zaladobis
msxverplni sqematizmiT gamorCeul, ufe­ rulad gaelvebul
epizodur personaJebs warmoadgenen, moZaladeebi ki _
damangreveli vnebebiT Sepyrobil paTologebsa da civsisxlian
mkvlelebs. piesaSi moTxrobilia klitemnestarsa da egisTe
mokvlis Semdgom momxdari ambebis Sesaxeb. mikenSi myof
dedismkvlel orestes SurisZiebis qalRmerTebi, eriniebi
Semoesevian. SeSlilobis piramde misul orestes da, misgan
gansxvavebiT, mudam civsisxlian eleqtras, maTi sikvdiliT
dasjis msurvel argoselTa sasamarTlo emuqrebaT. maTi
xvedris gasaziareblad Camodis damnaSaveTa sameulis mesame
wevri, orestes megobari piladesi. agamemnonis Zma, menelaosi
Zmiswuls daxmarebas dapirdeba, magram oreste biZamisis
gulwrfelobas ar irwmunebs, _ menelaosis sifrTxiles,
drois gayvanis mcdelobad miiCnevs. SurisZiebis mizniT,
orestesi mSvenier elenes, _ menelaosis colsa da dedamisis,
klitemnestras das klavs. Semdgom eleqtra sasaxleSi
Seityuebs menelaosisa da elenes qaliSvils, TvinierebiTa da
saTnoebiT gamorCeul hermiones, romelsac orestesi mZevlad
aiyvans. col-Svilis dasaxmareblad moiswrafis menelaosi,
magram coli mokluli, xolo qaliSvili orestes mier yelze
xanjalmibjenili daxvdeba. orestesi biZamiss qaliSvilis
mokvliT emuqreba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki argoselebs dedis­
mkvlelTa dasjas ar gadaafiqrebinebs. menelaosi Segrovil
argoselebTan erTad Setevaze gadasvlas amjobinebs, orestesi
ki mama-papiseuli sasaxlis gadawvas gadawyvets. mdgomareobis
ukiduresi dabaZvis dros olimpodan (deus ex machina-Ti)
CamoeSveba apoloni, romelic konfliqtis mSvidobianad mogvare­
bisken mouxmobs yvelas, _ orestes colad hermiones, pilades
ki eleqtras sTavazobs. mebrZoli mxareebi apolonis nebas
aRasruleben da saswrafod Serigdebian. axlaxans mokluli
elenes cxedarTan menelaosisa da orestes elviseburad

148
swrafi da saxeldaxelo Serigeba maTi konfliqtis namdvil
motivsac avlens – orives argosSi Zalauflebis mopoveba
surs, xolo orestesa da hermiones qorwineba ki metoqeebs
mokavSireebad aqcevs. konfliqtis uswrafesi gadawveta ara
imdenad apolonis nebazea damokidebuli, ramdenadac pragmatul
interesebze. menelaosi saswrafod moubodiSebs axalmokluli
meuRlis cxedars da hermiones, misi dedis mkvlelisa da
misi mokvlisTvis uyoymanod mzadmyof oresteze qorwinebas
Tanxmdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom piesis bednieri dasasruli
gmirebisa da RmerTebis cinizmsa da nihilizmze ufro
metyvelebs, vidre qaosis nacvlad damyarebul wesrigze.
ambis bednieri dasasruli verafriT aqarwylebs im Semzarav
STabeW­dilebas, romelsac piesis wamyvani gmirebi axdenen. dedis
mokvlis Semdeg, orestes gonebis dabneleba maleve gauvlis.
aseve male gairkveva, rom sazareli mkvleloba danaSaulTan
ziarebis pirveli nabiji yofila mxolod, xolo melanqolia
ki sindisis qenjnasTan sabolood damSvidobebis xanmokle
gza aRmoCnda misTvis. sakmarisi iyo menelaosTan Sexvedra
da biZis sifrTxilis Ralatad aRqma, rom orestesSi kvlav
sisxlisRvris dauokebeli survili iRviZebs.
TiTqos erTmaneTis moyvaruli da-Zmisa da erTguli megobris,
pila­des kavSiri sinamdvileSi SurisZiebis, TviTgadarCenisa
da sakuTari intere­ sebis gamo nebismieri danaSaulis Cadenis
mzaobaze dafuZnebul Tanamzrax­ velTa erTobas warmoadgens.
oreste xotbas asxams pilades megob­ robas, romlis arsi
megobris mier ganzraxuli Tu Cadenili nebismieri danaSaulis
gamarTlebis da masSi monawileobis miRebis mzaobaSi vlindeba.
waruma­teblobis SemTxvevaSi, megobris xvedris gaziarebis
gadawyvetileba Suris­ Ziebisa da Zaladobis survilSi Tanamoazre
fanatikosTa Tavzexela­ Rebulobaze metyvelebs da ara sulier
siaxloveze dafuZnebul erTgulebasa da Tanadgomaze. namdvil
urCxulad, _ Semzarav danaSaulTa Cadenis STamagoneblad
iqceva eleqtra, romelsac, dedis Semdeg, misi dis, mSvenieri
elenes mkvleloba avadmyofur siamovnebas aniWebs. elenes
mkvlelobis mizezad, misi rogorc troas omis gamomwvevisa
da ZmisSvilebis interesebis moRalate menelaosis dasja

149
saxeldeba. magram elenes mkvlelo­ bisas gancdili sixaruli da
gamarjvebis yiJina, _ deidamisis gvemis, gangmirvisa da daCexvis
momTxovni SeZaxilebiT, eleqtraSi sisxls mowyurebuli
nadiris instinqtebs avlens. dedis mkvlelobis yvelaze Seud­
rekeli msurveli, elenes mkvlelobis avadmyofuri eqstaziT
Semxvedri da hermiones mZevlad ayvanis gegmis momfiqrebeli
eleqtra, dedasTan moqiSpe, zogadad qalebis metoqed aRmqmeli
rokapi qalis arqetipul saxes mogvagonebs.
qaosidan mxsneli RvTaebis nacvlad, apoloni am sisxliani
bakqanaliis wamqezeblad iqceva. zecidan movlenili apoloni,
dedis mkvlelobis misive brZanebiT Camden orestesa da mis
Tanamzraxvelebs ara mxolod amarTlebs, aramed asaCuqrebs.
menelaosma ki siZed colismkvleli da mxolod RmerTis
Carevis Sedegad gadarCenili permiones mkvlelobis msurveli
unda aRiaros.
savaraudod, piesaSi sami protagonistis Semzaravi
grZnobebisa Tu saqcielTa avtoriseuli Sefasebis gamxmovaneblad
klitemnestresa da elenes mama, mkvlelebis babua tindarevsi
SeiZleba miviCnioT. tindarevsi erTaderTia, romelic uzenaesi
samarTlianobis safuZvlebs icavs; Zaladobasa da Suris­ Ziebas
uaryofs, _ yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe mkacrad ganikiTxavs
rogorc da-Zmis mier Cadenil mkrexelur danaSauls, aseve
qaliSvilTa uzneobasac. tindarevsi arc qmris mkvlel
klitemnestras indobs da arc troas omis mizezad qceul,
qmris moRalate elenes. amavdroulad, yvelaze Semzarav
codvad, samarTlianad swored dedis mkvlelobas miiCnevs.
tindarevsi arc apolonis gakicxvas moerideba da adamianis
Rirsebad ara RmerTebis mkrexeluri brZanebis Sesrulebas,
aramed sakuTari sindisis Sesmenasa da danaSaulis mxolod
kanonis ZaliT dasjis gada­ wyvetilebas miiCnevs.

150
 39. ioni

evripides Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi, xSirad,

xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli brma SemTxveviTobis gazrdili roli
adamianTa cxovrebaSi, ris erT-erT dasturadac `ioni~ miiCneva,
sadac TiTqos mxolod SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT ar xdeba
deda Svilis mkvleli, SemdgomSi ki Svili dedis mkvleli.
melodramasTan miaxlovebul `ionSi~, marTlac, siuJeturi
peripetiebi ukiduresad daZabul viTarebebs qmnian.
aTenis mefe erexTevsis asuli kreusa apolonisgan farulad
gaCenil Svils bedis anabara miagdebs. dedis mier kalaTaSi
mitovebul pirmSos apoloni gadaarCens, Semdgom ki, cru
misnobis saSualebiT, kreusas qmris, qsuTosis vaJiSvilad
gaasaRebs. Cvilis Tavidan mocilebis Semdeg, qsuTosze
gaTxovil kreusas Svili aRar uCndeba. swored maTi unayofobis
mizezis gasarkvevad midis col-qmari delfosSi. cru misnobis
Sedegad gaxarebuli qsuTosi, misgan ukanonod gaCenilad
miCneul vaJs – patara ions Svilad aRiarebs, magram sakuTari
pirmSos damkargavi da sxvisi Svilis gazrdis armsurveli
kreusa geris mowamvlas gadawyvets. mxolod SemTxve­ viTobis
wyalobiT gadaur­ Ceba sikvdils ioni, Semdgom ki _ dedinacvlad
miCneuli kreusa ionis SurisZiebas. apolonis wyalobiT, deda-
Svili simarT­ les igeben. RmerTis nebiTve qsuToss da ions
erTmaneTi mama-Svilad miaCniaT, rac piesis bednier finals
uzrunvelyofs. nawyeni da gulnatkeni aravin rCeba. ioni ki
yvelafers bedis­ weras miawers; _ adamianis cxovrebaSi brma
SemTxveviTobis gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aRiarebs, romelsac
erT wamSi SeuZlia gaaube­ duros an gaabednieros mokvdavi. magram
am TvalTaxedviT cxovrebisa da evripideseuli dramis aRqma
garkveul kiTxvebs aCens. ramdenad gamarT­ lebulia, movlenaTa
tragikulad dasasrulis SesaZlebloba mxolod Sem­ Txve­
viTobas mivaweroT. kreusa Svilis SesaZlo mkvlelad ara
gaugeb­robis, aramed udanaSaulo ymawvilisadmi siZulvilisa
da gaumarTle­ beli Suris­ Ziebis survilis gamo iqceva. mis
gamaubedu­reblad miCneul RmerTs qali verafers daaklebs,
msxverplad ki udanaSa­ ulos, _ arsebiTad gantevebis vacad

151
qceul ymawvils irCevs. amdenad, SemTxve­ viToba sinamdvileSi
Tavad adamianTa Segnebuli arCevanisa da moqmedebis Sedegs
warmoadgens xSirad da ara adamianisgan damoukideblad moqmed
ZalTa da garemoebaTa Sedegs.
sagulisxmoa, rom piesa `ionis~ mTavari siuJeturi xazi,
romelic dakarguli Svilebisa Tu ucnobi mSoblebis povnis
garemoebebs asaxavs, elinisturi epoqis dramisa Tu komediis
erT-erT yvelaze popularul siuJetad iqceva. SemTxveviTi
ar aris, rom WeSmariti aRiareba evripides dramam swored
elinistur xanaSi hpova.
adamianTa cxovrebaSi Tavad adamianTa moqmedebis garda,
SemTxveviTobis rolis mniSvnelobas warmoaCens piesa `ifigenia
tavroselebSi~, romelic goeTes amave saxelwodebis mqone
tragediis pirvelwyarodaa miCneuli. drama mogviTxrobs
tavroselTa qveyanaSi artemisis taZris qurumad qceuli
ifigenias mier Tavisi Zmis, orestesa da misi megobris pilades
sikvdilisagan gadarCenis Sesaxeb. dasTan Sexvedris wyalobiT
gadaurCebian megobrebi msxverplad Sewirvis xvedrs.
aseve melodramasTan siaxloves avlens, magram ufro
warmatebuladaa miCneuli agamemnonisa da klitemnestras
pirmSos xvedris warmomCeni drama `ifigenia avlisSi~.

152
 40. ifigenia avlisSi

qalTmoZuleobaSi evripides dadanaSaulebis absurdulobis

kidev erT dasturad SeiZleba miviCnioT `ifigenia avlisSi~,
sadac troas omis namdvil gmirad ara mxedarTmTavari agamemnoni,
ara aqavelTa jaris rigiTi jariskacebi Tu rCeuli gmirebi,
aramed norCi ifigenia iqceva. piesa efuZneba miTologiur ambavs
agamemnonis mier sakuTari qaliSvilis, ifigenias msxverplad
Sewirvis Sesaxeb, ris gareSec troas omis dawyeba SeuZlebeli
xdeboda. troasken mimavali aqavelTa floti, zurgis qaris amao
molodinSi, gaurkveveli droiT Seyovndeba. misnobis Sedegad
irkveva, rom artemisi mxedarTmTavrisgan misi qaliSvilis
msxverplad Sewirvas moiTxovs, sanacvlod ki omSi berZnebs
mfarvelobas aRuTqvams. agamemnoni, Zalze rTulad miRebuli
gadawyveti­lebis sisruleSi moyvanas mainc gadawyvets da
qaliSvils, cnobil gmirze, aqilevsze gaTxovebis sababiT
avlisSi gamoiZaxebs. klitemnestrasa da ifigenias avlisSi
CamosvlisTanave gairkveva simarTle. agamemnoni gamouval
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, radgan misnobis Sesaxeb jarma ukve
Seityo. mxedarTmTavris mxridan gadawyvetilebis Secvlis
SemTxvevaSi, sikvdili ukve ara mxolod ifigenias, aramed
mTel mis sagvareulos emuqreba. magram saqmes isic arTulebs,
rom klitemnestrasTan SemTxveviTi Sexvedris Sedegad,
aqilevsi gaigebs, rom ifigenia masTan qorwinebis sababiT
msxverplad Sewir­ visTvis Camoiyvanes. aRSfoTebuli aqilevsi
ifigenias dacvas Tavis mova­ leobad miiCnevs. klitemnestrac
qmars mtrad, aqilevss ki mxsnelad miiCnevs. mdgomareoba
ukiduresad iZabeba. aSkara xdeba, rom ifigenias veraferi
uSvelis, mis damcvelebs ki misive bedis gaziareba mouwevT,
radgan berZnebs troas aReba nebismier fasad surT. uazro
msxverplis Tavidan asacileblad da qveynis interesebis
dasacavad, ifigenia uaryofs Tavisi gadarCenis mcdelobas da
nebayoflobiT Tavganwirvas gadawyvets. piesis dasasruls ki,
qaliSvilis msxverplad Sewirvis dros, artemisi saswauls
moaxdens: ifigenias gaaqrobs da mis sanacvlod samsxverploze
irems gaaCens. ifigenias saswaulebrivi gaqroba qalRmerTis
sameufoSi misi wayvanis mauwyeblad aRiqmeba.
153
 `eleqtras~ msgavsad, `ifigenias avlisSi~ mkvlevrebi
melodramis Janrs miakuTvneben, sadac sWarbobs gulisamaCuyebeli
sentimentalizmi da paTeti­ kuroba. marTlac cremlis aRmZvrelia
ifigeniasa da agamemnonis Sexvedra, romlis drosac dardiTa da
sindisis qenjniT Sepyrobil mamas, bavSvurad sufTa da miamiti
qaliSvili didi monatrebisa da siyvarulis gamomxatveli
grZnobiT ealerseba. magram azrobrivi TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze
saintereso epizods piesaSi, Zmebis _ agamemnonisa da menelaosis
kamaTis scena warmoadgens. rodesac SfoTiT Sepyrobili
agamemnoni icvlis gadawyetilebas da qali­ Svilis gadarCenas
gadawyvets, menelaosi xelT igdebs klitemnestrasadmi
xelmeored miweril werils da Zmis gakicxvas iwyebs.
menelaosis sityvebi araviTar iluzias ar tovebs troas
omis wamomwyebTa pragmatuli motiva­ ciis Sesaxeb. evripide
amjeradac nebismieri eqspansiis srul deheroizacias axdens.
aqavelebisTvis, upirvelesad ki mxedarTmTavar agamemnonisTvis,
omi momxveWelobisa da moZalebuli ambiciebis dakmayofi­ lebis
saSualeba iyo da ara mSvenieri elenes dabrunebiT Selaxuli
Rirsebis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba. Zmis gakicxvisas, menelaosi
mas uaxloes warsuls axsenebs, _ axsenebs, Tu rogor
cdilobda mxedarTmTavrad arCevamde amomrCevlis gulis
mogebas, _ mliqvnelobisa da sxvaTa maameblobis taqtikis
gamoyenebas, rome­lic miznis miRwevisTanave qedmaRlobiTa da
ampartavnebiT Seicvala. aSkarad, avtoriseuli Sefasebebis
gamomxat­veli personaJis sityvebSi, Zalauflebis mopovebisken
mswrafi adamianis bunebis ucvleli xasiaTi vlindeba. miznis
misaRwevad Tavis damamcirebeli adamiani, _ mtrebTanac ki
aragulwrfeli keTilmosur­ neobiT mosaubre, sasurveli
mdgomareobis mopovebisTanave miuwvdomeli da gulcivi xdeba.
ara mxolod gasaWiri da ubedoba, aramed warmatebac adamianis
sulieri umwifrobisa Tu mowifulobis sacdel qvad iqceva.
artemisis mxridan, ifigenias msxverplad Sewirvis moTxovna,
garkveul­ wilad, Zalauflebisa da pragmatul Rirebulebebze
dafuZnebuli warmatebis moxveWisTvis saWiro safasuris
gadaxdis gardauvalobis simbolur aqtad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
uangarod mosiyvarule ifigenias msxverplad Sewirvis aqti,

154
agamemnonis sulis yvelaze Zvirfasi nawilis gawirvis
gamomxatveladac SeiZleba moviazroT.
aqavelebTa saerTo fonze Zalze momgebianad gamoirCeva
ifigenias damcvelad qceuli aqilevsi _ erTaderTi
mamakaci evri pides am dramaSi, romelic ara ambiciebis
dasakmayofileblad, aramed Rirsebis dasacavad ibrZvis.
garemomcvelebTan iZulebiT dapirispirebuli aqilevsis saxiT,
_ swored sayovelTaod damkvidrebulisa da aRiarebulisgan
pirovnebis ganze gandgomisa da gaucxoebis evripideseuli
motivi warmoCindeba.
piesaSi `ifigenia avlisSi~ troas omis gmirTa
deheroizaciis miuxe­ davad, evripide (`troeli qalebisa~
da `orestesisgan~ gansxvavebiT) ar mimarTavs personaJTa
demonizacias, _ calsaxad negatiuri mxridan maTi warmo­ Cenis
xerxs. aqavelebis mxedarTmTavaric da misi Zmac gaorebul
adamianebad warmodgebian, romlebSic erTmaneTs ebrZvis
axloblisadmi TanagrZnoba da pativmoyvareoba. garkveul
dros, agamemnonSi angarebas mamobrivi grZnoba sZlevs,
menelaosSi ki _ Zmisadmi TanagrZnoba. magram Zalauflebis
moxveWis gzaze Semdgari, umeteswilad sakuTari arCevanisve
mZevlad iqceva. gakeTe­ buli arCevani ki, xSirad, Seuqcevad
xasiaTs iZens, rodesac gadawyvetilebis Secvla da gzidan
gadaxveva SeuZlebeli xdeba. Tavisuflebis Zalauflebi­ sTvis
gamwiravisTvis arsobrivad raimes Secvla yovelTvis ukve
dagvianebuli aRmoCndeba xolme, mis mierve arCeuli TamaSis
wesebis Secvla ki _ SeuZ­ lebeli.

155
 41. bakqi qalebi

kidev ufro pirobiT xasiaTs iZens, _ Tavad adamianSive

moqmed fsiqi­kuri tendenciebisa da Zalebis personificirebad
saxes, amjerad ukve RvTaeba dionise evripides dramaSi `bakqi
qalebi~. tragediaSi moT­ xrobilia, Tu rogor daisaja Tebes
mefis, kadmosis SviliSvili penTevsi dionises kultis
uaryofisTvis. dionisem Tavdapirvelad aTenel qalebs
daakargvina goni, Semdgom ki bakqanturi eqstaziT Sepyrobilebs,
_ maT Soris penTevsis dedasa da deidas nawilebad daaglejina
urCi skeptikosis sxeuli.
dionises kultis uaryofa Tavisi simboluri sazrisiT,
SesaZloa, aRvi­
qvaT, rogorc grZnobasa da gonebas, racionalursa
da iracionalurs, wesrigsa da TamaSs, realobasa da fantazias
Soris darRveuli wonasworobis savalalo Sedegi. zedmetad
racionaluri Tebelebi, upirvelesad ki penTevsi, daJinebiT
uaryofen adamianis bunebis grZnobiT mxares _ instinqtebisa
da vnebebis iracionalur stiqias da swored am uaryofisTvis
isjebian. tyeSi gavardnili aTeneli qalebis mdgomareoba,
iseve rogorc maT saTvalTvalod misuli penTevsis savalalo
dasasruli, nebismieri calmxrivobis ugunurebas warmoaCens.
sakuTari bunebis grZnobiTi mxaris xangrZlivi drois
manZilze uarmyofel adamians, adre Tu gvian, ama Tu im saxiT
moelis sasjeli, _ iqneba es daTrgunvili ltolvebis uecari
amofrqveva, calmxrivad ganviTarebuli inteleqtis degradacia
Tu sxva saxis fsiqikuri inflaciis gamomxatveli procesi.
evripides piesa garkveul gafrTxilebas warmoadgens _ saRi
azrisa da racionaluri gonis, wesrigisa da nebisyofis
gamakerpebeli, adre Tu gvian, imasac kargavs, rac gaaCnia.

156
 42. hipolitosi

swored calmxrivobis motivi, Tavisi filosofiuri siRrmiTa

da antikuri dramis saukeTeso nimuSebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mravalsazrisiani metaforu­ lobiT, warmoCindeba evripides
dramaturgiis Sedevrebad qceul piesebSi _ `hipolitosi~ da
`medea~.
`hipolitosSi~ RmerTebi aqtiurad monawileoben adamianTa
cxovrebaSi, TiTqos ganmsazRvrel rolsac ki TamaSoben maT
iRbalsa Tu ubedobaSi, magram piesis siZlieres swored
RmerTebis moqmedebis simboluri sazrisis arseboba ganapirobebs.
swored personaJTa calmxrivoba iqceva datrialebuli
tragediis gamomwvev mizezad.
aTenis mefe Tesevsis meuRles, fedras, TavdaviwyebiT
Seuyvardeba Tavisive geri hipolitosi. sakuTari grZnobiTve
SeZrwunebis miuxedavad, fedra verafriT umklavdeba
hipolitosisadmi ltolvis Zalas. dedofali imdenadaa
Sepyrobili hipolitosisadmi yovlismomcveli vnebiT, rom
sicoc­ xlis gagrZelebis survilsa da unars kargavs, _ uars
ambobs saWmlis miRebaze, garemomcvelebTan urTierTobebze
da sasowarkveTas miecema. tan­ jvad qceuli cxovrebidan
gamosavals _ misi Rirsebisa da saxelis SembRalavi vnebisgan
xsnas fedra sikvdilSi xedavs. marTlac, sikvdilis piramde
misuls, Zalagamocdilsa da sasowarkveTil dedofals, misi
gamzrdeli ZiZa simar­ Tles aTqmevinebs. fedras gadasarCenad
da am mizniT hipolitosSi dedinacvli­ sadmi sapasuxo grZnobis
gamowvevis imediT, ZiZa dedoflis saidumlos mis gers
gaumxels. gagoniliT gamZvinvarebuli hipolitosis ukiduresad
aRSfo­ Tebuli reaqciis gagonebisas, fedra sicocxlesTan
gamosalmebas gadawyvets. TviTmkvlelobamde fedra, rogorc
sakuTari reputaciis gadarCenis, _ aseve hipolitosze
SurisZiebis surviliT Sepyrobili, cilismwameblur werils
datovebs, sadac gers mis mimarT gamovlenil aRviraxsnilobaSi
adanaSaulebs. rodesac TebeSi dabrunebuli Tesevsi fedras
werils waikiTxavs, mrisxanebiT Sepyrobili, Svils dasaRupad
gaswiravs. Tesevsis TxovniT, poseidoni gaveSebuli xaris

157
saSualebiT hipolitosis cxenebs daafrTxobs, rac sabo­
lood misi kldeze mixeTqviTa da sasikvdilo Wrilobis
miRebiT sruldeba. hipolitosis mtanjvel aRsasrulamde, misi
mfarveli qalRmerTi artemisi Tesevs simarTles amcnobs, rac
masSi Cadenilis gamo sinanulis gancdas aRZravs.
tragediis siuJeturi xazis mixedviT, momxdari tragediis
mizezi qal­ RmerT afrodites SurisZiebis Sedegs warmoadgens.
hipolitosi uzomod eTayvaneboda nadirobisa da ubiwoebis
qalRmerT artemiss; mTel dReebs masTan erTad tyeSi,
_ nadirobasa da bunebiT tkbobaSi atarebda. amavdrou­
lad, hipolitosi ar aRiarebda da yovelmxriv gaurboda
siyvarulis qal­ RmerT afrodites da mis Zalas. Tavisi
umankoebiTa da TviTkmarobiT kmayofili hipolitosi qalebs
gaurboda. ganrisxebulma afroditem hipoli­ tosze SurisZiebis
iaraRad fedra airCia da, am mizniT, isic gawira. evripides
tragediaSi orive qalRmerTi, _ rogorc afrodite, aseve
artemisi Suris­ maZieblebad arian warmoCenilni. tragediis
finalSi, amjerad ukve artemisi imuqreba, rom SurisZiebis
qalRmerTs, misi rCeuli gmiris daRupviT gadauxdis samagieros.
damkvidrebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, olim­ pos mTis mkvidrTa
SurismaZieblobisa da usamarTlobis warmoCeniT, Rmer­ Tebis
mimarT Tavad avtoriseuli skepticizmi vlindeba. magram
isic gasaTvalis­ winebelia, rom TviT antikur miTologiaSi
RmerTebi TavianTi TvisebebiT, av-kargia­
nobiTa da TviTnebobiT
adamianebs ufro mogvagoneben, vidre uzenaesi samarTalisa da
gonis gansaxierebebs. evripides, esqilesa da sofoklesagan,
Tavisi skepticizmiT gansxvavebul avtorad miCnevaTvalsazrisi,
erTob sakamaToa. sakmarisia gavixsenoT avtori­ tarizmisa da
mizanTropiis gamomxat­ veli Zalis simbolod qceuli zevsi
esqiles tragediidan `mijaWvuli promeTe~. amavdroulad,
aRsaniSnavia, rom evripides umniSvnelovanes trage­ diebSi
RmerTebi upirvelesad Tavad adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
miswrafe­bebisa da fsiqikuri tendenciebis gamomxatvel
arqetipebs warmoadgenen. piesis `hipolitosi~ yvela wamyvani
gmiris tragediis ganmsazRvrelad RmerTebis warmoCena
metaforuli sazrisis gamomxatveli ufroa, vidre realurad

158
moqmed ZalTa asaxva. hipolitosis mier afro­ dites uaryofac
simbolurad unda aRviqvaT, rogorc misive calmxrivobis,
_ grZnobasa da gonebas Soris saWiro wonasworobis
ukiduresi rRvevis metafora. calmxrivoba ki, adamians, ama
Tu im saxiT, yovelTvis daman­ greveli ZaliT ubrundeba.
trfobis vnebis uarmyo­ feli hipolitosis umankoeba ara
mis Sinagan sisufTaveze, aramed narcisuli `TviTkmarobiT~
tkbobaze metyvelebs. hipolitosi miiCnevs, rom dabadebidan,
Tandayolili umankoebiT gamorCeul adamianebs miekuTvneba,
_ im rCeulebs, romelTac umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, ar
uwevT vnebebisgan gaTavisufleba xangrZlivi tanjvisa da
mware cxovrebi­seuli gamocdilebis SeZenis Sedegad. sakuTari
Tavis bunebiT umanko rCeulTaTvis mikuTvnebiT, ubiwoebis
qalRmerTTan sulieri megobrobis xaz­ gasmiT, hipolitosi
arsebiTad sakuTari srulyofilebiT, sxvebze mimjaWveli
grZnobebisgan TavisuflebiT amayobs. dedinacvlis saidumlos
gagebisas, hipolitosi mxolod zneobrivi normebis darRvevis
gamo ar gamoxatavs aRSfoTebas. hipolitosis zRvargadasuli
aRSfoTeba ara mxolod mankieri grZnobis miuReblobis, ara
mxolod masSi Seyvarebulobis gamo sikvdilis piramde misuli
qalisadmi TanagrZnobis sruli arqonis, aramed qalTmoZu­
leobis, qalebisadmi didi xnis dagrovili siZulvilis
gamomxatvelad iqceva. hipolitosisaTvis sxvisi amoraluroba
daTrgunvili brazis gamovlenis sababs warmoadgens.
uzneobis mxilebis sababiT, umanko narcisi, sinamdvileSi,
gaucnobiereblad swored sakuTar mamakacur `saWurisobas~ _
qalis mSvenierebiT tkbobis, qalze zrunvisa da misadmi sinazis
gancdis uunarobas avlens. narcisuli gulcivoba da infanti­
lizmi, mZafri grZnobis gancdis uarmyofeli sulieri siZunwe,
adre Tu gvian, gardauvalad iwvevs sulier inflacias; adamians
im qedmaRal da RvarZlian mizanTropad aqcevs, sakuTari brazis
gamosavlenad moralistis niRabs rom irgebs. SemTxveviTi
ar aris, rom hipolitoss, misi erTguli msaxuri, gulcivi
qedmaRlobis savalalo Sedegebis Sesaxeb afrTxilebs. moxuc
msaxurTan kamaTisas hipolitosi afroditesadmi, rogorc
RamesTan _ Ramis wvdiadTan asocirebuli sasiyva­ rulo vnebis

159
RvTaebisadmi antipaTias amxels. mxolod dRis amRiarebeli,
mimRebi hipolitosi arsobrivad adamianis bunebis grZno­ bismieri,
iracionaluri sawyisis uarmyofelad iqceva, rac calmxri­
vobisa da pirovnuli mTlianobis uaryofis gamomxatvelad unda
miviCnioT. qalTmoZule hipolitosi sakuTari `steriluri~
siwmindis SeubRalavi simaRlidan dascqeris vnebebiT Sepyro­
bil, codvil kacTa modgmas. magram Tuki msaxurTan saubrisas
trfobi­ sadmi misi qedmaRali gulgriloba vlindeba, fedras
saidumlos gagebisas qalTa modgmis siZulvili mTeli ZaliT
amoxeTqavs. hipolitosis mZvinvare monologi qalTmoZuleobis
`manifestad~ SeiZleba miviCnioT. qalebis gaCenis dRis mawyevari,
susti sqesis warmomadgenlebs yvelanairi borotebis saTaved,
yalbi brwyinvalebis mqone macdur da mankier arsebebad
Seracxavs. qali, misi TqmiT, gesliani aspitia, _ mamisTvisac da
qmrisTvisac. misi azriT, mamis­Tvisac ki, gazrdili qaliSvili
ara gafur­ Cqnil, aramed momwamvlel yvavilad iqceva, romlis
Sxamisganac gaTavisuf­ lebis saukeTeso saSualebas misi
gaTxoveba, Tavidan moSoreba warmoadgens. Tumca, amjerad,
Sxamiani arseba bedkruli meuRlis saxlSi gaidgams fesvebs.
hipolitosi qalTa modgmas or kategoriad yofs: ugunurebad,
romelTac mxolod uWkuoba ar aZlevs didi borotebis Cadenis
saSualebas da Wkvian mzakvrebad, romelTa axlos gakarebac
ki saSiSia. monologis finalSi hipolitosi irwmuneba, rom
qalTa modgmis wyelva-krulviTa da maTdami siZulviliT
verasodes dakmayofildeba.
vfiqrob, sruliad miuRebelia hipolitosis saxis
interpretacia, rogorc hamletis Taviseburi prototipis;
mWvretelobiTi cxov­ rebiT mtkbobi arapativmoyvare arsebis,
romelic ar miiswrafis sazogadoebaSi TviTdamkvid­ rebas.
ganmartoebisken mswrafi hi politosis buneba swored
narcisuli gulcivobis gamomxatvelia da ara amaoebisgan
Tavisufali sulieri TviTkmarobis.
adamianis bunebis grZnobadi mxaris uarmyofel
hipolitosis sapiris­ piro calmxrivobis gansaxierebad, masSi
ugonod Seyvarebuli fedra iqceva, _ yovlismomcveli da
yovlisSTanmTqmeli vnebis ganmasaxierebelic da msxver­ plic.

160
 ara mxolod calmxrivi, aramed tabudadebuli, misi Rirsebis
Semlaxavi grZnobiT Sepyrobil fedras mdgomareoba, umZimesi
seniT Sepyrobilis mdgomareobisgan arafriT gansxvavdeba; _
sasicocxlo Zalebisgan dacli­ loba, uZiloba da umadoba,
erTsa da imaveze ganuwyveteli fiqri. Zlierma da swored
daukmayofileblobisTvis ganwirulobis gamo Znelad dasaZlevma
vnebam SesaZ­
loa sulieri aSlilobis tolfasi ZaliT daimonos
adamiani, _ sicocxlis gasagrZeleblad aucilebeli energia
daakargvinos. ZiZisTvis Tavisi saidumlos gamxelisas fedra
yovlismomcveli vnebis idumal bunebazec laparakobs. dedofals
ara erTi Rame gauTenebia Tavisi mdgomareobis WeSmariti
mizezis Secnobis amaod msurvels, magram erTaderTi, raSic
darwmunda _ grZnobaTa aboboqrebuli stiqiis winaSe gonebis
Zalisa da saRi azris uZlureba aRmoCnda. gonebiT adamiani
SesaZloa kargad arCevdes misTvis sasargeblos sazianosgan,
magram mainc damangrevel stiqias daemorCilos.
arsebobs mosazreba, TiTqos evripidem Tavis dramaturgiaSi,
kerZod ki `fedrasa~ da `medeaSi~, esqilesa da sofoklesgan
gansxvavebulad Seafasa gonebisa da codnis Zala; TiTqos
evripidem eWvi Seitana gonebis yovlis­ SemZleobaSi da
prioriteti grZnobebs mianiWa. am Tvalsaz­ risis gamxmovanebel
mkvlevrebs magaliTad fedra mohyavT, romelmac icis ra Tavisi
vnebis mankierebis Sesaxeb, mainc ver axerxebs mis daZlevas.
fedram aseve icis, rom ciliswameba didi codvaa da am codnis
miuxedavad sCadis borotebas. sagu­ lisxmoa, rom evripides
dramaSi, grZnobebs mowyvetili goneba, iraciona­ lurTan
dapirispirebuli racio, TviTSemecnebas mowyvetili inteleq­
tua­luri goni da codnaa uZluri da ara dapirispirebul
sawyisTa _ grZnobisa da gonebis, logosisa da erosis,
racionalurisa da iraciona­ luris harmoniul mTlianobaSi
momqcevi goniTi suli. fedram mxolod `moralisturi~
TvalsazrisiT, banaluri gonebis WvretiT icis yovlis­
momcveli vnebis damangreveli bunebis Sesaxeb, magram isic,
hipolitosis msgavsad, ver scdeba Tavisi `egos~ sazRvrebs,
ver axerxebs am idumali gancdis meSveobiT TviTSemecnebisa
da sulieri mowifulobisaken savali gzis gakvle­ vas, Tuki

161
hipolitosis narcisizmi sakuTari `TviTk­ marobis~ gakerpebas
efuZneba, fedram, pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, narcisizms misi
gamakerpebeli eqos roli arCia da arsobrivad isic Caketil
wreSi moqceuli aRmoCnda.
Tuki gerze ciliswamebamde fedra, misi grZnobis mankierebis
miuxedavad, hipolitosze met TanagrZnobas iwvevs, piesis
finalSi hipolitosSi gar­ kveuli kaTarzisi mainc xdeba _ is
aRarc afrodites msxverplad miCneul fedras ganikiTxavs da
sindisis qenjniT Sepyrobil, Svilis mkvlelad qceul mamasac
uTanagrZnobs. jer kidev sasikvdilo dazianebis miRebamde,
gamZvinva­
rebuli mamis pirispir aRmoCenili hipolitosi mainc
ar gastexs fedras ZiZisTvis micemul fics da ar amxels
dedinacvlis saidumlos. am SemT­ xvevaSi hipolitosisTvis
sakuTari udanaSaulobis codna ufro mniSvne­ lovani aRmoCnda,
vidre sxvis TvalSi nebismier fasad gamarTlebis aucilebloba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eqstremalur, kritikul situaciaSi,
hipolitosSi marTlac gaiRviZa Sinagan Rirsebaze da ara
ampartavnebaze dafuZnebulma TviTkmarobam.
swored ukiduresi gansacdelis Jami iZleva adamianis
WeSmariti bunebisa da Sinagani arsis Secnobis saSualebas.
hipolitosis mrisxanebis sapasuxod, fedra ciliswamebas
gadawyvets, rac, erTi mxriv, SurisZiebis, meore mxriv ki, Tavisi
saxelis Selaxvis saSiSroebisgan Tavis dacvis saSualebas
aniWebs. TviTmkvlelobamde fedra ori saxis sircxvilze
lapara­kobs, _ erTi maRali `warmomavlobis~ sircxvilia,
romelic adamians saku­ Tari sulieri simdablis nebismieri
gamovlenisas eufleba, meore ki _ sxvis TvalSi momgebianad
warmoCenis survilisa da pativmoyvareobis grZnobas emyareba.
fedram arCevani aSkarad pativmoyvareobaze orientirebul
Rirebulebebs mia­ niWa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom hipolitosi sakuTar Tavs sruliad
udanaSaulod miiCnevs da formaluri TvalsazrisiT aris kidec
udanaSaulo, _ sakuTari tragikuli Secdomis, ukiduresi
calmxrivobis Secnobis uunarobis miuxedavad, gansacde­ lis Jams
is, fedrasgan gansxvavebiT, sulier simdables ar avlens. sulis
dalevamde, hipolitosi sulgrZeli mimteveblobiT tragediis

162
yvela mona­
wiles afrodites Zalis msxverplad moixseniebs
da aRarc damnaSaves ganikiTxavs. hipolitosis Rirseuli
aRsasruli, savaraudod, mis mier sulieri metamorfozis
gancdis potenciur SesaZleblobaze metyvelebs.
sabolood ki, tragedia ori qalRmerTis saxiT warmoCenil
kontras­tul sawyisTa harmoniul sinTezSi Serigebis
aucileblobis ideas _ nebismieri calmxrivobaSi gadazrdili
cxovrebiseuli mimarTebis damangrevel Zalas warmoaCens.

163
 43. medea

analogiur problemas warmoaCens evripides tragedia `medea~.

miuxe­davad imisa, rom `hipolitesTan~ erTad `medea~ evripides
Semoqmedebis saukeTeso nimuSebs miekuTvneba, tragediam
aRiareba mogvianebiT moipova; Zv.w. 43 wels, dadgmisas, mas
mxolod mesame prizi mieniWa, rac warumateblobis tolfasi
iyo. piesis siuJeti argonavtebis miTosis cikls miekuTvneba.
miTis Tanaxmad, argonavtebi kolxeTSi, iasonis TaosnobiT
oqros sawmisis mosapoveblad gaemgzavrnen. kolxi mefis _
aietis qaliSvils da mzis RvTaeba heliosis SviliSvils,
jadoqar medeas danaxvisTanave Seuyvardeba iasoni. iasonis
gadarCenisa da daxmarebis mizniT medeam yvelaferi gaswira
da yvelaferi daTmo; uRalata mamamiss, samSoblos interesebs
da bolos Zmac ki mokla. amis Semdeg daqorwinebuli medea
da iasoni korinTos mefesTan hpoveben TavSesafars. evripides
tragedia asaxavs medeasa da iasonis cxovrebis im periods,
rodesac iasonma Tavisi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa da
keTil­ dReobis miRwevis mizniT colis mitoveba da korinTos
mefis erTaderTi qaliSvilis colad moyvana ganizraxa. piesis
prologSi ZiZis sityvebidan irkveva, rom medeas mZvinvareba
misTvisac da garemomcvelebi­ sTvisac saSiS xasiaTs iZens;
qmris RalatTan Seugueblobam, SesaZloa, Semzaravi ubedurebis
saxiT iCinos Tavi. piesis dasawyisSive cxadi xdeba, rom
medeasTvis sasicocxlo miznad swored SurisZiebis survili
iqceva. Tavdapirvelad medea, kreonis winaSe Tavis damcirebiT,
ususuri, dabneuli da morCili qalis rolis gaTamaSebiT,
xvewna-mudariT korinToSi erTi dRiT darCenis uflebas
dastyuebs mefes. martod darCenili medea kmayofilebas
gamoTqvams mefis ugunurebiT, romelmac SurisZiebis gansaxor­
cieleblad, yvela misi mtris gasanadgureblad da deda-budianad
amosa­Zirkvad sakma­
risze meti dro misca. qmarTan Sexvedrisas
sayvedurisa da braldebebis savsebiT safuZvlianad gamoTqmis
Semdeg, medea kvlav im morCil, Tvinier da beds Seguebuli
qaliviT iqceva, romelsac yvelaze metad momavlis SiSi _
Svilebis bed-iRbali awuxebs. pragmatuli, magram medeasTvis

164
damaxa­siaTebeli yovlisSTanm­
Tqmeli siZulvilis unars
moklebuli iasonic tyuvdeba da yofil cols SvilebisTvis
korinToSi TavSesafris dapire­ bis pirobiT tovebs. Svilebis
mimarT dedoflis keTilganwyobis gamowvevis sababiT, medea
mcirewlovan vaJiSvilTa xeliT saqorwino saCuqars _ peplossa
da oqros gvirgvins ugzavnis sapatarZlos. mowamluli
gvirgvinis Tavze dadebisTanave patarZali cudad gaxdeba da
saSineli tanjviT amoxdeba suli. mefe kreoni qaliSvilTan
mivardeba, daRupulis sxeuls gulSi Caixutebs da imave SxamiT
mefec sazareli tanjviT iRupeba.
siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT, Ralatis safuZvelze
aRmocenebuli medeas da iasonis konfliqti, sabolood,
kvlav grZnobisa da gonebis calmxrivi ganviTarebis, zogadad
zomierebis rRvevis savalalo Sedegebs warmoaCens. erTi
adamianisadmi jer siyvarulis, Semdgom ki siZulvilis
gamo yvelafris damTmobi da yvelaferze wamsvleli medea
yovlismomcveli da yovlis­ STanmTqmeli vnebis personi­
ficirebad gmirad iqca. mxolod sakuTar intere­ sebis dacvisa
da saR azrze orientirebuli iasoni ki pragmatuli gonis\
calmxrivobis gansaxierebas warmoadgens.
iasonis gamo oqros sawmisis momparavi da Zmis mkvleli medea
Tavis samSobloSi moRalated, saberZneTSi ki ucxo tomelad
_ ucxo qveynidan gadmoxvewil barbarosad aRiqmeba. misive
TqmiT, naTesavebs, megobrebsa da gulSematkivrebs moklebuli,
berZnebisTvis samudamod ucxod darCa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man
mTeli samyaro marTlac iasons anacvala. siuJeturi Tvalsaz­
risiT medeas martooba _ qmarze sruli damokidebuleba,
mis mier Cadenil danaSaulebaTa Sedegs warmoadgens, magram
azrobrivi TvalsazrisiT, yovlis­ STamnTqmeli siyvaruli
arsobrivad kerpTayvanismcemlobis nairsaxeobas war­ moadgens.
kerpi ki, adre Tu gvian, yovelTvis imsxvreva. qmris Ralatisa
Tu erTgule­ bisgan ganurCevlad, yovlismomcveli siyvarulis,
aseTive intensi­ vobis siZulvilSi gadasvlis albaTobac Zalze
didia, _ nebismier Sem­ TxvevaSi imedis gacrueba gardauvalia,
radgan erTi adamiani verasodes Caenacvleba mTel samyaros.
medeasgan gansxvavenuli xasiaTis calmxrivobiT gamoirCeva

165
pragmatuli gonisa da interesebis gamakerpebeli iasoni.
medeasTan saubrisas, iasoni gulwrfelad aRiarebs, rom
colTan ganSoreba da mefis qaliSvilTan SeuR­ leba mxolod
keTildReobis miRwevis mizniT ganizraxa. misive TqmiT, medeas,
saRi azris Sesmenis SemTxvevaSi, aseve SeeZlo sargebeli
enaxa iasonis qorwinebis saSualebiT; ucxo tomeli medeas
vaJiSvilebi, samefo ojaxis momavali memkvidreebis naxevarZmebad
qceulni, korinToSi sapatio mdgomareobis mopovebas
SeZlebdnen. magram SvilebisTvis keTildReobis marTlac
msurvel iasonSi mainc egocentrizmi sWarbobs. iasonma icis,
rom Tvinierebas moklebuli medeas mxridan qmris xelaxal
qorwinebasTan Seguebis albaToba Zalze mcirea. medeas Seuri­
geblobis SemTxvevaSi ki, mefis ojaxis usafrT­ xoebis dacvis
interesebi, misi Svilebis korinTodan gaZevebas gardauvals
xdian. gandevnilebs ki amJamin­ delze ufro savalalo bedi
_ usamSoblod da uTavSesafrod darCenilTa mZime xvedri
moeliT. amdenad, upirvelesad sakuTar da ara ojaxis intere­
sebze mzrunavi iasoni, Svilebis usaxlkarod darCenis
perspeqtivis miuxedavad, mainc uyoymanod miiswrafvis samefo
ojaxis wevrad qcevisken. magram, iasonis demagogia kidev ufro
mZafrad vlindeba, rodesac umadurobaSi braldebis sapasuxod,
colis saberZneTSi Camoyvanasa da barbarosebze ufro maRal
civilizaciasTan mis ziarebas amadlis.
konformisti _ gamorCenaze orientirebuli iasonisgan
gansxvavebiT, medeas saxe umeteswilad mainc araerTgvarovan,
xSir SemTxvevaSi ki pozitiur Sefasebebs imsaxurebs. Svilebis
mkvlelobasac ki xSirad gamouvali mdgoma­ reobis SeqmniT
xsnian. Tumca piesaSi Zalze naTlad vlindeba, rom korinTos
mefisa da misi qaliSvilis mkvleloba sapasuxo SurisZiebis
survils gamoi­ wvevda da isic naTlad Cans, rom sakuTari
TavisTvis TavSesafris mopovebaze droulad mzrunveli medea,
mcire xniT yoymanobs, Svilebi Tan waiyvanos Tu daxocos;
magram maleve daaskvnis, rom iasonis modgmis deda-budianad
amoZirkvis gadawyvetilebis Secvla misTvis Seuferebeli
sisuste iqneboda.

166
 medeas ara iasonis mankier antipodad, aramed brZen,
Rirseul da Zlier pirovnebad warmoCena yovelgvar safuZvels
moklebulia. am SemTxvevaSi Rirsebad miCneulia pativmoyvareoba,
siyvarulad _ kerpTayvanis­ mcem­
loba, Tavdacvis unarad _
SurisZieba, pirovnul Tavisuflebad ki sxvis TvalSi Zlier
adamianad warmoCenis survili. medea Tavadve ambobs, rom
ar miscems dedobriv grZnobebs SurisZiebaze gamarjvebis
uflebas, radgan misTvis mTavaria, sxvisi dasacini ar
gaxdes, _ mTavaria, aravis aTqmevinos, rom medeas dausjelad
wyenineba SesaZlebelia; TanagrZobas ki siZulvils amjobinebs.
amdenad, araerTi mkvlevris mier umravlesobisgan gamorCeul,
WeSmarit pirovnebad Seracxuli medeas saqcielis orientirs,
sinamdvileSi, sxvis ubedurebebze moqilike adamianTa ubadruki
azri warmoadgens; maSin, rodesac WeSmariti TviTkmaroba da
damoukidebloba sxvaTa azrisTvis esoden didi mniSvnelobis
miniWebisgan gaTavisuflebs. TviTSefasebaze dafuZnebuli
Rirsebis grZnobisgan gansxvavebiT, sxvis mier Sefasebaze
orientirebuli pativmoyvareobis garda, medeas moqmedebis
aseve wamyvan motivs SurisZiebis dauokebeli survili
warmoadgens. medea netarebiT Seismens korinTos mefisa da misi
qaliSvilis sazareli tanjvis ambavs. Semdgom, misive TqmiT,
Svilebis mokvliT, iasonis modgmis Zirfesvianad amoZirkvis
Jinsac ikmayofilebs. am sazareli mkvlelobis Semdegac ki,
gaafTrebuli qali sasowarkveTil iasons Svilebis gvamebTan
Sexebis saSualebas arTmevs. iasonis mankierebis miuxe­
davad, moklul Svilebze dardi mis sasikeTod metyvelebs
da TanagrZnobasac iwvevs. yovlisSTanmTqmeli siZulviliT
moculi medea ki, arsebiTad, kargavs adamianur saxes da
namdvil urCxulad iqceva.

167
 44. evripides nawarmoebebSi gamoTqmuli
avtoriseuli azrebi

aRsaniSnavia, rom medeas monologTa nawiliMim

Sexedulebebs ewinaaR­ mde­
geba, romlebic kritikul viTarebaSi
gansazRvraven kolxi qalis moqme­ debas. evripide Tavis dramebSi
araerTxel iyenebs avtoriseuli azrebis gamxmovaneblad
sruliad Seuferebeli personaJis arCevis mxatvrul xerxs
_ esoden damkvidrebuls yvela epoqisa da Janris msoflio
literaturaSi.
medeas uaRresad saintereso monologebi _ iqneba es
qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobisa Tu pirovnebisadmi umravlesobis
damokidebu­ lebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, aSkarad avtoriseuli
msoflaRqmis gamomxatvelad unda miviCnioT da ara ubadruk
adamianTa TvalSi dasacinad warmoCenis veramtani qalis
azrebad.
Tavisi personaJis meSveobiT, evripide pirovnebisadmi
sazogadoebis arakeTilganwyobili damokidebulebis maradiul
problemas warmoaCens, medeas TqmiT, sazogadoeba ver itans
misgan damoukidebels, ganze mdgomsa da sakuTari azris
mqones. umravlesobisTvis miuRebeli da saSiSia sayovelTaod
damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebis, Sefasebebis, cxovrebisa da
azrovnebis wesis gamziareblobasa da mimdevrobaze uaris
mTqmeli. umravlesobas uyvars yovelive nacnobi, gasagebi da
Cveuli. sxvaTa gaRizianebisa da undoblobis gamosawvevad
sulac ar aris aucilebeli meamboxe da arsebuli tradiciebis
kritikulad Semfasebeli iyo. adamianebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben
imasac, vinc sxvebTan erTad drostarebasa da lazRandarobas
ganmartebas amjobinebs, _ imas, vinc ar aris sxvisTvis sakuTari
azrebisa da grZnobebis gaziarebisken midrekili, da bolos,
imas, visac nacnobsa da Cveuls, ucxosa da ucnobTan ziareba
urCevnia. medeas TqmiT, gansakuTrebul Tvinierebas berZnebi
ucxo tomelisgan moiTxoven, Tumca korinTos mkvidrsac ver
patioben sxvebisgan gamorCeulobas, _ sxvebisTvis gamoucnobsac
saeWvod miiCneven.
medeas monologebi Zalze sagulisxmoa qalis savalalo

168
mdgomareobis warmoCenis mxrivac. msoflio dramaturgiaSi
medeas monologi SesaZloa erT-erT pirvel `feministuri~
protestis gamomxatvelad miviCnioT, romelSic avtori
arsebiTad genderul problemebs exeba. medeas TqmiT, qalis
xvedri Zalze mZimea. gasaTxoveblad qali maRal safasurs ixdis,
_ SeZlebul kacze gaTxovebisas safasuric izrdeba. qmris
yidvisas ki myidveli batonis nacvlad msaxurad iqceva da rac
mTavaria, SenaZenis Sesaxeb winaswar araferi icis. arsebiTad,
evripide `brmad~ qorwinebis im damkvidrebul wess akritikebs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, momaval wyvils qorwinebamde erTmaneTis
xeirianad gacnobisa da urTierTSeguebis SesaZlebloba ar
eZleva. adamiani Tanacxov­ rebas misTvis sruliad ucnobTan
iwyebda, magram uiRblobis SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT metad
dazaralebul mxared, swored qali iqceoda. qalis uuflebo
mdgomareoba mas arc ganqorwinebis, arc qmris gakicxvis da
arc aqtiuri cxovrebis wesis arCevis saSualebas ar aZlevda.
Tuki qmari meqalTane da qarafSuta iyo, coli morCilad,
oTx kedelSi gamoketili, beds unda Segueboda; martoobaSi
darCenili dards verafriT gaiqarwylebda, guls verafriT
gaixarebda.
evripide pirveli avtoria msoflio dramaturgiaSi,
romelmac umwva­ vesad warmoaCina sqesTa Soris arsebuli
uTanasworobis, usamarTlobis problema. paradoqsia, rom
swored qalTmoZuleobaSi absurduli braldebis obieqtad
qceuli evripidea qalTa uflebebis damcveli pirveli
dramaturgi.
medeas miTosurma saxem, upirvelesad ki evripideseulma
interpretaciam, arqetipuli gmiris mniSvneloba SeiZina;
saSiSi dedisa da yovlismomcveli, yovlisSTanmTqmeli vnebis
saxe-simbolod iqca.
evripides SemoqmedebaSi, marTlac, axali TvalTaxedviTaa
gaazrebuli damkvidrebuli ierarqiuli wesrigis mankieri
mxareebi; iqneba es qalis, monisa Tu ucxo tomelisadmi
damokidebuleba. monoba dramaturgisTvis adamianis Sinagani
mdgomareobis gamomxatvelia da ara misi arsis. piesaSi `eleqtra~
erTaderT keTilSobil adamianad, mdabio warmomavlobis,

169
eleqtras qmaria warmoCenili, romelic ar sargeblobs Tavisi
uflebiT da ar ekareba masze iZulebiT gaTxovil qals. aseve
piesaSi `ioni~ kreusas msaxuri mona mzad aris misi qalbatonis
interesebis dasacavad sicocxle gaiRos. amavdroulad,
Tavganwirvis miseuli mzaoba ara monuri morCilebis, aramed
Sinaganad Tavisufali adamianis erTgulebis gamomxatvelia,
romelsac, rogorc Tavadve ambobs, damakninebeli mxolod
socialuri roli aqvs da ara buneba.
amdenad, evripidesTan gamZafrebulia adamianis socialur
rolsa da mis Sinagan bunebas Soris arsebuli Seusabamobis
gancda; gancda imisa, rom SeuZlebelia adamianze misi
warmomavlobis, gvariSvilobis, socialuri sta­ tu­sisa da
rolis mixedviT vimsjeloT. aseve kritikuladaa warmoCenili
ucxo tomelisadmi qedmaRluri da eWviani damokidebuleba.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom evripides erTaderT satirul
dramaSi `kiklopi~ calTvala urCxuli kiklopi polifemosi
da misi Zmani, maTTan kunZulze moxvedril yvela ucxoels
klaven da Wamen. `stumarTmoyvareobis~ amgvari gamovlena,
gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi kiklopis, _ arsebiTad ki sakuTari
naWuWis gamoqvabulidan jer ver gamosuli adamianis ukidures
Caketilobas, _ stumris moZuleobis saxiT yovelive ucxosa
da ucnobis miuReblobis gamomxatvelia.
did dramaturgTa sameulidan swored evripide aRmoCnda
upirobo aRiarebas moklebuli. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
dramatul SejibrebebSi ocjer monawileobis miRebis
miuxedavad, mxolod xuTjer mianiWes mTavari jildo,
aqedan mexuTe jildo sikvdilis Semdeg mieniWa. esqilesa da
sofoklesgan gansxvavebiT, mis Semoqmedebaze, pirovnebasa da
pirad cxovrebaze bevrs qilikobdnen, gansakuTrebiT am mxriv
gamoirCeoda aristofane, romlis komediebi berZeni tragikosis
abuCad amgdebi xumrobebiTaa aRsavse. evripides Tanamedroveebs
ki, rogorc Cans, aRizianebdaT sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli
Sexedulebebis aSkarad uarmyofeli dramaturgia. nebismieri
epoqisa da religiis wiaRSi mcxovreb dogmatikosTa
umravlesobisTvis miuRebelia adamianis arsebobis tragizmis,
uzenaesi samarTlis empiriulad ganxorci­ elebis ararsebobis,

170
ucxosa da ucnobi­ sadmi tolerantobis mqadagebeli adamiani
Tu dam­kvidrebuli ierarqi­ uli wesrigisa da faseulobebis
gamakritikebeli msofl­ aRqma. evripides Semoqme­
debam misTvis
kuTvnili Rirseuli adgili mxolod elinisturi epoqidan
daimkvidra.

kiTxvebi da davalebebi 34 _ 44 Tavebisadmi:

1. ratom iyo evripide sam tragikoss Soris yvelaze naklebad

popularuli?
2. ra problemebi moeqca evripides Semoqmedebis yuradRebis centrSi
da ra metamorfoza ganicada gmiris saxem mis nawarmoebebSi?
3. ramden jgufad yofen evripides dramebs, rodesac maT Janrobriv-
struqturulad ganixilaven?
4. daasaxeleT tragediis jgufSi Semavali nawarmoebebi da axseniT,
ratom moxvdnen isini am kategoriaSi.
5. CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT evripides melodramebi Tu paTetikuri
tragediebi.

171
6. evripides romeli nawarmoebia satiruli drama?
7. gaiazreT peloponesis omis movlenebis gavlena evripides
msoflmxedvelobis formirebaze da axseniT, ram gamoiwvia troas
omisa da berZeni gmirebis deheroizacia.
8. evripides nawarmoebTa mixedviT daaxasiaTeT aTenis demokratiis
krizisi.
9. aCveneT, rogor ibadeba msxverplis upiratesoba mtanjvelze da
izrdeba troeli qalebis Rirseba berZen dampyrobelTa sisastikis
winaSe evripides `troel qalebSi~.
10. aCveneT evripides msoflmxedvelobaSi olimpos RmerTebis
devalvacia, maTi sisatikisa da gankiTxaobis subieqturi
mizezebi. ganixileT heraklesadmi damokidebuleba evripides
imave saxelwodebis piesaSi, sadac igi RmerTebis ganukiTxaobis
msxverplia da ara msoflio qaosTan mebrZoli gmiri.
11. atridTa miTis damuSaveba evripidesTan. `eleqtra~ da `oreste~.
damoukideblad waikiTxeT evripides `eleqtra~ da SeadareT is
mis winamorbed klasiosTa versiebs.
12. mSvenieri elenes sikvdili da politikuri TamaSebi klitemnestrasa
da egisTosis sikvdilis Semdeg. eleqtras, orestesa da pilades
qorwineba. fsevdobednieri dasasruli da RmerTebisa da kacTa
`pragmatuli Tanxmoba~ `oresteSi~.
13. dikes Canacvleba brma SemTxveviTobis principiT, romelic
adamianis miwieri cxovrebis iracionalurobaze metyvelebs. brma
SemTxveviTobis rolis gacnobierebis dasawyisi gvian klasikur
xanaSi evripides dramaturgiaSi. magaliTisTvis moiyvaneT
evripides `ioni~ da axseniT ratom.
14. daasaxeleT dionises SurisZiebis mizezebi zedmetad racionalur
penTevsze `bakq qalebSi~. gaiazreT penTevsis sxeulis danawevrebis
simbolika da fsiqikuri mTlianobis `bakquri versia~, nebismieri
calmxrivobis damRupveli Sedegebi evripidesTan.
15. hipolitosisa da fedras interesTa konfliqti evripides
`hipolitosSi~. vneba Tu pativmoyvareoba, erTguleba Tu
TviTtkboba? SemogvTavazeT Tqveni versia.
16. warmoadgineT evripdes `medea~ radikalur WrilSi, gmirebis
advokatirebis gareSe. rogor gansjidiT maTi qcevis realur
motivebs?
17. gadmoeciT evripides liberaluri Sexedulebebi mis gmirTa
monologebsa da teqstebSi: `feminizmi~, adamianTa Tanasworobis
idea, monebisadmi Tanadgoma da a.S.
18. SeajameT evripides Semoqmedeba.

172
 Tamar bokuCava

45. Zveli berZnuli komedia

Zveli berZnuli tragediis warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebas

bevri ram akavSirebda Tu ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan, Tumca
isini erTi udidesi epoqis Svilebi iyvnen da Tavis erisa
da Tanamedroveobis umniSvnelovanesi problemebis, mignebebis,
winaaRmdegobebisa Tu Rirebulebebis gadmocemas eswrafvodnen.
yvela umniSvnelovanesi socialuri, kulturuli, filosofiuri
Tu eTikuri problema, romelic V saukunis aTenels aRelvebda,
am sami didi dramaturgis fiqrisa da gansjis sagani gaxda.
maTi Semoqmedeba WeSmaritad civilizaciur masStabs aRwevs,
xolo saukuneTa gadmosaxedidan aSkaraa, rom berZnuli
Teatri, berZnuli tragedia im fuZemdebluri procesis erT-
erTi yvelaze qmediTi nawilia, romelmac Tanamedroveobis
kulturuli Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi saxe ganapiroba.
tradiciam da istoriulma xsovnam maTi cxovrebis wesisa Tu
aTenelebTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb saintereso istoriebi
Semogvinaxa. zogi maTgani metad sarwmunoa, zogi gamogonils
hgavs, Tumca erTi ram cxadia, esqiles, sofoklesa da evripides
avtoritetma da Semoqmedebam aTenelTa cenzuras gauZlo da
saukuneebSi daimkvidra Tavi. maTi nawarmoebebis gavleniT
evropul literaturaSi udidesi moculobis mxatvruli da
samecniero da kritikuli literatura Seiqmna.
V saukunis aTenis demokratiam klasikur tragediasTan
erTad, atikuri komediis unikaluri tradiciac dagvitova,
romlis fesvebic, tragediis msgavsad, samiwaTmoqmedo
kulturasa da zne-CveulebebSi ikiTxeba. atikur komedias
uprecedento siTamame da politikuri simwvave axasiaTebda.
is WeSmaritad xalxur movlenas warmoadgenda da mWidrod
iyo dakavSirebuli berZnul folklorTan, miTologiasTan
(parodiisa da karikaturis formiT) da e. w. samoedno
kulturasTan. amasTan, Zveli komedia iyo aTenis moqalaqeTa
saxelmwifos politikur cxovrebaSic Tanamonawileobisa da
koreqtirebis, sakuTari Tavis garedan danaxvisa da gaqilikebis
uprecedento da unikaluri forma. komediis siuJeti, xSirad,
173
raime fantastikuri proeqtis saxiT warmogvidgeboda, romelSic
aTenis realobis yvelaze tipuri politikuri da socialuri
tipebi monawileobdnen, romlebic komediis niRbis principiT
iqmnebodnen. ar arsebobda garegnuli msgavsebis moTxovna,
radgan am personaJebis saxelebi Zveli komediis scenidan,
umeteswilad, pirdapir JRerda da adresatis amocnobis
aucileblobas aqrobda. politikuri dacinvis samizne komediis
karikaturuli asaxvis obieqti xdeboda, aTenis radikaluri
demokratiis erT-erTi lideris, demagog kleonis saxe
aristofanes komediebSi atikuri da siciliuri komediis
gamocdilebisa da xerxebis mTeli simravliT masxrdeboda.
am sayovelTao gaqilikebaSi udides rols asrulebda
inveqtiva, xolo `fokloruli~ simRerebi da `miTologiuri~
parodiebi Tanamedrove politikuri da socialuri cxovrebis
gamoaSkaravebis, gamojavrebisa da dacinvis saSualeba xdeboda.
Zveli komediis es Tamami Tvisebebi, misi verbaluri Tavisufleba,
wregadasuli skabrezuloba, sanaxaobrivi siTamame, romelic
adamianis sxeulis groteskul, falo-erotikul gamosaxvaSic
vlindeboda, politikuri da socialuri moTamaSeebis gamowveva
da kritika Zvel atikur komedias mrisxane iaraRad aqcevda.
atikurma komediam ganviTarebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani fazebi
gaiara da Tanamedrove epoqis winaaRmdegobebi, peloponesis
omis savalalo Sedegebi da aTenelTa demokratiuli
msoflmxedvelobis degradacia asaxa.

174
 46. komediis fesvebi
jer kidev gvarovnuli periodidan moyolebuli,
berZen tomTa samiwaTmoqmedo kulturaSi nayofierebasTan
dakavSirebul wes-CveulebaTa rTuli sistema Seiqmna, romlis
mizans kargi mosavlis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda. adamianebi
TamaSis formiT ganasaxierebdnen Tavis miTologiur rwmena-
warmodgenebs bunebaSi arsebuli mfarveli da mtruli
Zalebis urTierTdapirispirebis Sesaxeb. zamTrisa da
zafxulis simboluri gamosaxulebebis brZola TamaSebis erT-
erT yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgenda. TamaSSi,
tradiciulad, zamTari marcxdeboda da zafxuli imarjvebda.
nayofierebis gazafxulis dResaswaulebi gansakuTrebuli
siTamamiT gamoirCeoda. dResaswaulis farglebSi ritualuri
Rreoba, sqesobrivi Tavisufleba da mxiaruleba isadgurebda.
iTvleboda rom sicili, cekva, dava-qiliki, kinklaoba Tu
bilwsityvaoba sicocxles ritualuri magiiT aZlierebda.
saqiliko simRerebi, `iambikoebi~, calkeuli pirebisa Tu
jgufebis dasacinad iyo mimarTuli. swored aseTi simRerebidan
ganviTarda literaturuli iambikos Janri, romelSic adamianTa
piradi Tu sazogadoebrivi ganwyobebi aisaxeboda. nayofierebis
kultebTan dakavSirebuli ritualebis farglebSi komikuri
xasiaTis folkoruli sasimRero da sacekvao formebi,
dramatuli dialogebi Seiqmna. magram literaturuli
komediis formireba mxolod VII-VI saukuneebSi dionises
kultis sayovelTao gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis pirobebSi
daiwyo. amas xeli Seuwyo atikaSi, kerZod ki aTenSi mimdinare
politikurma procesebma da V saukuneSi demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis formirebam. VI saukuneSi aTenis tiranma
pisistratem sakuTari Zalauflebisa da ideologiuri gavlenis
gazrdis mizniT, axali kultebi da dResaswaulebi daakanona.
swored man daaarsa e.w. qalaqis didi dionisiebi, xolo
elevsinSi demetrasa da persefones misteriaTaA Casatareblad
telesteriumi1 aago.
`poetikaSi~ aristotele komedias, iseve, rogorc tragedias,
dionises kults ukavSirebs, kerZod `falikur simReraTa
1
demetras taZari elevsinSi.
175
wamomwyebebs~. Tavad terminic (komedia _ κωμῳδία berZn.)
dionises ritualis falikur nawils ukavSirdeba da ori
sityvisagan, komosi – SezarxoSebuli brbos msvleloba da
ode – simRera, warmosdgeba. aristotele wers, rom aTens
komediis Seqmnis pirvelobas megarelebi da sicilielebi
edavebian. `megarelebi amboben, rom is (komedia) maTTan
demokratiis dros Seiqmna, xolo sicilielebis mtkicebiT,
siciliidan iyo epiqarme, romelic qionidesa da magnetze bevrad
adre cxovrobda~. marTlac, arsebobs garkveuli cnobebi imis
Sesaxeb, rom megaraSi Zv. w. VI saukunis dasawyisSi arsebobda
primitiuli komedia, romelic, rogorc Cans, ramdenime saxumaro
scenisagan Sedgeboda xolme. es megaruli farsi, VI saukunis
80-70-ian wlebSi susarionma aTenSi gadmoitana.
komediis siciliur tradicias safuZvlad e. w. mimosi
daedo, Janruli xasiaTis sanaxaoba, romelic sasacilo
JestikulaciiTa da moZraobiT xalxis yofacxovrebis amsaxvel
saxumaro scenebs warmoadgenda. swored mis safuZvelze Seiqmna
sofronisa da qsenarqes literaturuli mimosi – proziT
dawerili mcire gonebamaxviluri sayofacxovrebo Sinaarsis
dialogebi, romlebSic dramaturgiuli ganviTareba ar
xdeboda. cnobilia sofrones ramdenime mimosis saxelwodeba
_ `meTevze~, `jadoqari~, `mkemsavebi~ da a. S.
fabula komediaSi cnobilma sicilielma komikosma epiqarmem
Seitana, riTac komediis struqturuli ganviTareba moaxdina
(daibada Zv.w. 520-500 ww. Soris, cxovrobda da moRvaweobda
sirakuzebSi). is iyenebda rogorc sayofacxovrebo, ise
miTologiur siuJetebs. komedia `imedi~, sayofacxovrebo
Temaze unda yofiliyo agebuli, amas adasturebs SemorCenili
fragmenti parasitis monawiloebiT, `hebas qorwili~ da
`busirisi~ ki miTologiur siuJetebze iyo dawerili.
`busirisSi~ herakles karikaturuli personaJi moqmedebda,
xolo egvipteSi aRmoCenili komediis nawyvetebSi _
karikaturuli odisevsi. epiqarmes komediebs filologebi
dramebs ufro uwodeben, radgan Zveli atikuri komediisagan
gansxvavebiT, maTSi ar aris qoro, aseve am nawarmoebebs ar
axasiaTebs is publicisturoba da politikuri simZafre,
romelic aristofanes komediebs gamoarCevs.
176
 47. komedia aTenSi
rogorc am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, WeSmarit
ganviTarebas komediam swored Zv.w. V saukunis aTenSi miaRwia.
aq Camoyalibda misi klasikuri forma, xolo Sinaarsi ideur-
Tematuri da socialuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani gaxda.
komedia saxelmwifo dResaswaulebis sistemaSi moeqca. Tumca,
tragediam, rogorc seriozulma da sazeimo Janrma, dionisiebze
adgili ufro adre daimkvidra, vidre komediam.
komediografosebis Sejibrebi did dionisiebze
oficialurad 488-486 ww. damkvidrda. manamde komediebi
dionisiebze konkurss miRma dResaswaulisa da ritualis
farglebSi idgmeboda. cnobilia, rom am adreul SejibrebSi
(q)xionide monawileobda, xolo kratine iyo pirveli, vinc
saxelmwifosgan gundi miiRo (poetika, Tavi V). aristotele
wers, rom komediis formirebis Sesaxeb cota ramaa cnobili,
magaliTad, ucnobia, vin Semoiyvana gundi (qoro), vin SemoiRo
niRbebi, msaxiobTa sruli ricxvi da a.S. misi azriT, es imitom
moxda, rom garkveul dromde komedias nakleb yuradRebas
aqcevdnen.
Zveli komediis ocdaaTamde warmomadgenelia cnobili, maT
SorisgansakuTrebuli popularobiT qionide, friniqe, magneti,
krateti, ferekrate, vinme platoni (ara filosofosi) da
evpolide sargeblobdnen. cnobilia, rom evpolidem dionisiebze
Svidjer gaimarjva. antikurma filologebma saukeTeso
komediis kanonSi sami aTeneli poeti – kratine, evpolide da
aristofane Seiyvanes. V saukunisa da IV saukunis damdegis
atikur komedias Zvel atikur komedias uwodeben, IV saukuneSi
Seiqmna Sua atikuri komedia, xolo Zv. w. III saukuneSi –
axali atikuri komedia.
Zveli atikuri komediis aucilebel nawils, iseve rogorc
tragediisa, qoro warmoadgenda, komediis qoroSi 24 kaci
Sedioda. komedia iwyeboda prologiT, dialoguri sceniT,
romelic nawarmoebis eqspozicias warmoadgenda, aq ikveTeboda
siuJeturi xazi da ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdegeebi. prologs,
iseve rogorc tragediaSi, gundis Semosvla anu parodosi
mosdevda, komediis gundi bevrad ufro aqtiuri iyo, vidre
tragediisa, is erTveboda moqmedebaSi da, xSirad, konfliqtis
monawileTagan erT-erTis mxares iWerda.
177
 48. gundi da agoni

Zveli komediis struqtura ritualuri komosis1

struqturidan ganviTarda. komediis gundi 24 kacisagan
Sedgeboda. gundis simRerebs ori naxevargundi monacvlebiT,
simetriuli principiT asrulebda. prologSi dasaxuli
interesTa konfliqti mwvavdeboda da dgeboda agoni,
sadac ori mTavari moqmedi piri ekamaTeboda erTmaneTs.
aq ikveTeboda komediis ideuri konfliqti. agonis pirvel
nawilSi, tradiciulad, upiratesoba sabolood damarcxebul
mowinaaRmdeges eniWeboda, xolo meore nawilSi imarjvebda
Tavidan `daCagruli~ personaJi. dapirispirebul mxareTa
Setakeba, xSirad, komikur SejaxebaSi gadadioda. mosdevda
Zveli atikuri komediis uaRresad mniSvnelovani da specifikuri
nawili – parabasisi, sadac gundi mayurebels avtoris
uSualo azrs uziarebda, parabasisi arRvevda sanaxaobis
pirobiTobas da publicisturi da lirikuli gadaxvevis saxes
atarebda. aq avtori mimdinare politikur da sazogadoebriv
movlenebze, xelovnebasa Tu sxva raime saWirboroto Temaze
Tavis Sexedulebebs gamoxatavda. komediis meore nawils
balaganuri scenebis monacvleoba qmnida. komediis dasasruls
gundi simReriTa da cekviT tovebda scenas. Zveli atikuri
komedia ukidegano siTamamiTa da gabedulebiT xasiaTdeboda,
es exeboda rogorc mis kritikul xasiaTs, romelic
sazRvrebs ar cnobda. dacinvisa da kritikis adresatis
mimarT gamoyeneboda e.w. inveqtiva – mamxilebel-damakninebeli,
xSirad skabrezuli mimarTvebi, romlebSic Seuracxyofisa
da damcirebis mravalferovani arsebuli Tu gamogonebuli
enobrivi formula da Jesti gamoiyeneboda. Zveli atikuri
komedia ar icavda asaxviTi realizmis formebs, adgilisa
Tu drois erTianobis moTxovnebs, misi groteskuli samyaro
gazviadebis, formaTa sinTezis, sityvaTwarmoqmnis sruli
TavisuflebiT sargeblobda.

1
SezarxoSebuli xalxis simRera, romelic dionises dResaswaulis fali-
kuri nawilSi sruldeboda.

178
 49. aristofane
(daaxloebiT 445/6-385ww)

aristofane Zveli atikuri komediis erTaderTi

warmomadgenelia, romlis TerTmetma nawarmoebma TiTqmis
srulad moaRwia Tanamedroveobamde, kratinesa da evpolides
nawarmoebebi mxolod nawyvetebiTaa cnobili. misi biografiis
Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferia cnobili garda imisa, rom is
Tavisufali aTenelebis ojaxidan iyo. ar aris cnobili
misi mSoblebis qonebrivi cenzi an ganaTleba, romelic
komediografosma miiRo. Tumca, misi komediebidan gamomdinare,
zogierTi garemoebis gaazreba SesaZlebelia. magaliTad imis,
rom is kargad icnobs berZnul folklors, komedias da
mis ritualur sawyisebs. aqtiuria rogorc politikosi da
moqalaqe. 15 wlis asakSi masze waruSleli STabeWdileba
moaxdina spartelebis sastikma SemoWrebma aTenSi da misi
Semoqmedeba da politikuri mrwamsi gansazRvra. peloponesis
omis pirveli talRa perikles mmarTvelobis periodSi daiwyo
da aTenis sagareo da saSinao politikis, ori kavSiris
(delosisa da peloponesis) interesTa konfliqtis Sedegi
iyo. 431 wels peloponesis omis meore talRa daiwyo.
periklem winaaRmdegobis organizeba da spartelebisgan
Tavdacva moaxerxa, magram amasobaSi aTenSi epidemia daiwyo
da 429 w. perikle gardaicvala. am momentisaTvis aTenma
Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis, demokratiuli da
kulturuli ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia. amave wlidan
daiwyo saxelmwifos swrafi ukusvla, rac 404 wels,
xuTTviani alyis Semdeg, feramnes zavis saxeliT cnobili
dokumentis xelmoweriT dasrulda, ris safuZvelzec aTeni
kargavda flots, e.w. grZeli saxmeleTo TavdacviTi kedlis
agebis uflebas, zRvisiqiTa miwebs da a. S. is srul dangrevas
gadaurCa da spartasTan kavSiri dado, maSin, rodesac korinTo
da Tebe mis ganadgurebas iTxovdnen. Sesabamisad, aristofane
or kulturas ekuTvnis – atenis demokratiis umniSvnelovanesi
tradiciebis matarebeli da misi gasaxierebaa, is sargeblobs
berZnuli demokratiis mier mopovebuli yvela uflebiT,

179
sityvis Tavisuflebis eqstremaluri gamovlenis uflebiT,
politikuri Tavisuflebis gamoxatvis, damoukidebeli qcevis,
brZolis warmoebis uflebebiT.
misi literaturuli moRvaweoba 427-388 ww. warimarTa
da, faqtobrivad, peloponesis omis msvlelobis periods
daemTxva. peloponesis omi (431-404) aTenis xelmZRvanelobiT
arsebul delosis kavSirsa da spartis meTaurobiT moqmed
peloponesis ligas Soris warmoebuli omi iyo, romelmac
radikalurad Secvala politikuri klimati antikur
saberZneTSi xolo spartis gamarjvebam maleve wertili
dausva aTenuri demokratiis fenomens. omSi damarcxebiT
dasrulda aTenis hegemonia xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. 404-403
wlebSi aTens 30 prospartulad ganwyobili xelisufali
marTavda, rac istoriaSi ocdaaTis tiraniis saxeliT Sevida.
maT xelisuflebaSi mosvlas spartelma admiralma lisandrem
Seuwyo xeli. aTenis demokratia 211 wlis oligarqiuli
gadatrialebiT dasrulda, aTenze pasuxismgebloba ki 400-
ma ojaxma aiRo. sabolood, peloponesis omma ori moqiSpe
kavSiri ise daasusta, rom vercerTma veRar SeZlo welSi
gamarTva, xolo Zv. w. IV saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis saberZneTSi
hegemonia makedoniis samefom Caigdo xelSi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aristofanes Semoqmedeba peloponesis
omis movlenebis moraluri da politikuri klimatis
erTgvari matianea, damcinavi da Semtevi, Zveli atikuri
komediis vitaluri sicocxlismoyvarulobiT aRsavse. misi
piesebi, xSirad, sakmaod orazrovani da skeptikuria da epoqis
sayovelTao msoflmxedvelobrivsa Tu ideologiur kriziss
asaxavs. aristofanes komediebSi SesaniSnavad gamoCnda aTenis
ekonomikuri da socialuri winaaRmdegobebi, omisa da mSvidobis
momxreTa miznebi da argumentebi, politikuri kulturis
devalvacia, piradi interesebis dominireba, uxeSi populizmi
da mravali sxva mankiereba, ramac, rogorc axlo momavalma
gvaCvena, dramatul finalamde miiyvana antikurobis pirveli
demokratiuli saxelmwifo.
amave dros, aristofanes `Teatrma~ aTenis demokratiis
xalxuri suli gadmosca. inveqtivasTan erTad, man Zveli

180
komediis siuJeturi mxarec ganaviTara, riTac, atikuri
komediis publicistur aspeqtTan erTad, misi Sinaarsobrivi
da ideuri mxareeebic gaZlierda da klasikuri tragediis
komediuri `sapirwone~ Seiqmna, rogorc misi apolonuri
arsis dionisuri `ukufena~. misi Semoqmedeba mudmivad
`dialogSi~ iyo oficialuri kulturis problemebTan,
Tumca maT gadaWras komediisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xerxebiT
cdilobda: paradoqsuli ganviTarebiT, problemis komikuri
devalvaciiT Tu gazviadebiT, misi deracionalizaciiT da a. S.
mayureblis winaSe TanamedroveTa `araCveulebrivi gamofena~
iSleboda. isini sruliad prozauli, praqtikuli da, amave
dros, sruliad fantastikuri saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni,
mSvidobis, samoqalaqo Tanxmobis, viTarebis dauflebis
masxrul, TaRliTur sqemebs mimarTavdnen. atikuri komediis
logika `formaluri logikis“ sivrces amoyiravebuli
samyaros argumentebiT upirispirdeboda. erTobliobaSi es
yovelive aTenuri realobis Zalze saintereso suraTs qmnida,
gvaCvenebda Tavisufal sazogadoebas, gvagzavnida tradiciisa
da ritualisken, upirispirdeboda politikur samiznesa da
a.S.
aristofane perikles epoqis aTenSi, savaraudod, Zv.w.
445 wels daibada. is SeZlebuli aTenuri ojaxidan iyo
warmoSobiT da, rogorc Cans, Sesabamisi ganaTlebac miiRo.
komediografosTa SejibrSi monawileoba sruliad axalgazrdam,
427 wels daiwyo, jer sxvisi saxeliT gamodioda, xolo 425
wels `aqarnelebi~ sakuTari saxeliT warmoadgina da pirveli
adgilic daikava. misi pirvelive warmodgena radikalurad
politikuri da peloponesis omis sawinaaRmdego iyo.

181
 50. aqarnelebi

komedia `aqarnelebi~, romelic leneebze 425 wels daidga,

Cvenamde moRweulTagan uadresia. erTi wliT adre, 426
wels aristofanes did dionisiebze komedia `babilonelebi”
daudgams (teqsti dakargulia). es komedia aTenis radikaluri
demokratiis lideris, omis partiis momxre kleonis mwvave
kritikas Seicavda. kleoni meqrTamed da demagogad iyo
gamoyvanili. kleonma aristofanes sasamarTloSi uCivla da
ucxoelTa TandaswrebiT aTenis xalxisa da xelisuflebis
Seurcxyofa daabrala (did dionisiebs aTenis gansakuTrebiT
bevri mokavSire Tu ucxoeli stumari eswreboda). rogorc Cans,
aristofanem Zlivs daaRwia Tavi sasjels. Tumca, sabolood,
aTenis sasamarTlom is gaamarTla (es garemoeba, krizisis
miuxedavad, aTenis demokratiis xarisxsa da sasamarTlos
damoukideblobaze metyvelebs).
`aqarnelebSi~ ukve mTeli sisruliT aisaxa aristofanes
dramaturgiis problematika, misi ZiriTadi ideur-Tematuri
Tu Janrul-stilisturi Taviseburebebi. misi pirvelive piesa
aTenis sagareo da saSinao politikis kritikas eZRvneboda,
romelmac qveyana (Zv. w. 404 wels) peloponesis omSi
damarcxebamde miiyvana. berZnul-sparsul omebSi aTenis
gamarjvebis Semdeg, aTensa da spartas Soris daZabuloba
TiTqmis ar Senelebula. aTenma regionSi wamyvani poziciebi
moipova da lideris pretenziebi hqonda. Tu sparta da misi
mokavSireebi xmeleTs akontrolebdnen da sakmaod mniSvnelovan
samxedro Zalebs flobdnen, aTens sazRvao mmarTveloba
ekuTvnoda. is cdilobda Tavisi strategiuli upiratesobis
gaZlierebas _ spartas mokavSireebis gadabirebas, materikze
teritoriebis dasakuTrebas, korinTos yelis dauflebasa da
a.S. aTenisa da spartas qiSpobas maTi saxelmwifo mowyobis
koncefciebisa da msoflmxedvelobis sxvaobac amwvavebda. Tu
aTeni demokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebs amkvidrebda, sparta
da maTi momxreebi oligarqiul mmarTvelobas aRiarebdnen.
urTierTpretenziebsa da konfliqtebSi 460-445 ww. spartasa
da aTens Soris 15-wlianma, e.w. mcire peloponesis omma

182
ifeTqa, romelic 30-wliani sazavo xelSekrulebiT dasrulda,
sadac orma moqiSpe-mokavSire qveyanam 446/5 ww. zavis dadeba
moaxerxa. Tumca, peloponesis omis dasawyisisTvis (431
w.), zavi ramdenjerme dairRva. 431-30 ww. spartas jarebi
ramdenjerme SeiWra atikaSi da sastikad aiklo iqauroba.
miuxedavad amisa, peloponesis omis pirvel etapze, 431-421
ww. saomari moqmedebebi aTenis upiratesobiT mimdinareobda,
421 wels aTenma spartasTan kidev erTi sazavo xelSekruleba
dado, romelic istoriaSi nikias zavis saxeliT Sevida1.
Tumca, aman ver uSvela arsebul winaaRmdegobebs, situacia
saberZneTSi kvlav daZabuli rCeboda, ramac qveynebi saomar
moqmedebaTa ganaxlebamde miiyvana, xolo aTenis politikur
velze kvlav omis partia dawinaurda (kerZod, omis momxre
politikosi alkibiade). 421-404 wlebSi peloponesis omis
pina spartasa da peloponesis kavSirisken gadaixara da aTenis
sruli ganadgurebiT dasrulda.
swored aTensa da spartas Soris omisa da zavis sakiTxi
gaxda aristofanes `aqarnelebSi~ gansjisa da gaTamaSebis
sagani. aristofanes komedia viTarebis absurdulobas
gadmoscems da aTenis politikasa da socialur kriziss
ramdenime mimarTulebiT akritikebs. amisTvis is Zveli komediis
gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebsa da realobis asaxvis samoedno
formebis mTel arsenals iyenebs. piesis moqmedeba pniqsze
iwyeba, adgilze, sadac V saukunis meore naxevridan aTenis
saxalxo kreba ikribeboda. aq modis dikeopolisi, aTeneli
miwaTmoqmedi mtkice ganzraxviT, rom oratorebs mSvidobis
sakiTxis gadawyveta mosTxovos. pniqsze `gamagrebuli”,
soflis mimarT siyvarulsa da qalaqisadmi zizRze saubrobs.
aTenel miwaTmoqmedebs ekonomikuri stabilurobisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis mSvidobiani cxovreba sWirdebaT, qalaqis
savaWro da politikur fenebs ki omi awyobT, radgan is
sxvadasxva tipis ekonomikuri dividendebis moxveWis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. moulodnelad, krebaze, 12 wlis win
sparseTSi omis warmoebisTvis fulis saSovnelad gagzavnili
1
nikia aTeneli politikosi iyo, romelic peloponesis omis pirvel
aTwleulSi sargeblobda popularulobiT. Tavisi mowinaaRmdege kleonis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, man spartasTan xsenebuli zavi dado.

183
elCoba modis. misia uSedegod dasrulda. Tumca, maT didi
pativiT xvdebian da sadilzec epatiJebian. spartasTan zavis
erTaderT momxres _ naxevrad SeSlil mqadagebel amfiTeoss
ki pniqsidan gaaZeveben, imdenad arapopularulia zavis
mxardaWera.
dikeopolisi aRSfoTebulia, is gadawyvets, rom
personaluri zavi dados spartasTan da am miznisTvis, sakuTar
elCad, swored, amfiTeoss airCevs. amfiTeosi dikeopoliss
zavs boTlebiT moutans, raTa man TviTon gadawyvitos,
romeli zavi surs: xuTwlian da aTwlian `zavebs~ iaraRis
JRarunis suni asdis, `ocdaaTwlianis~ surneli ki xangrZliv
mSvidobas hpirdeba dikeopoliss. aristofane 30-wlian
zavs kargad dayenebuli Rvinis Tvisebebs miawers, romelic,
wlebTan erTad, sul ufro met Rirsebebs iZens. amasTan, Rvino
aTenuri miwaTmoqmedebisa da komediis dionisuri tradiciis
kvintesenciaa. dikepolisis 30-wlian zavs airCevs, Semdeg
ki Sin midis, raTa warmateba izeimos. ase mTavrdeba piesis
prologi da moqmedebis kvanZi ikvreba.
orqestraze patriotulad ganwyobil aqarnel moxucTa
qoro SemoiWreba yviriliT: – daewie, daiWire! isini moRalate
dikeopolisis Sepyrobasa da misi zavis ganadgurebas iTxoven.
aqarna aTenis demebs Soris yvelaze didi iyo da, tradiciulad,
yvelaze met hoplits awvdida peloponesis oms. xelisufleba
maT momxrobasa da mosyidvas cdilobda. viRac aramkiTxe
dikeopolisma yvelas interesebi daiviwya da personaluri
zavi `moiwyo~.
amasobaSi saxlidan gamodis dikeopolisi, romelic colis,
qaliSvilebisa da monebis TanxlebiT dionises sadidebel
falikur msvlelobas awyobs, RmerTs Tavisi ojaxisaTvis
baraqasa da nayofierebas SesTxovs da mSvidobisa da
mfarvelobis sanacvlod, ocdaaTi wlis manZilze mxiaruli
da uxvi dResaswaulebis mowyobas hpirdeba. gundi mieWreba
dikeopoliss, qvebs dauSens zeimis monawileebs da CaqolviT
emuqreba.
dikeopolisi naxSiriT savse kalaTas stacebs xels da
cocxaliviT daniT daemuqreba. saqme imaSia, rom aqarnis

184
mosaxleobis ZiriTadi saqmianoba menaxSireoba iyo. imave
xelobisa iyvnen moxucebic. am scenaSi aristofane, komediis
xerxebiT, aTenis miwaTmoqmedTa da atikis yvelaze didi Temis
socialur dapirispirebas gvaCvenebs. es dapirispireba aSkarad
politikosTa waqezebiT xdeboda, radgan maT omissawarmoeblad
aTenelTa xmebi, mxardaWera, fuli da cocxali Zala
sWirdebodaT. aqarnel menaxSireebs SeeSindebaT, dikeopoliss
`yelSi ar gamoesva maTTvis dana~ da misi argumentebis mosmenas
Tanxmdebian.
dikeopolisma es Sansi unda gamoiyenos. is gadawyvets,
rom Tavisi satkivari saTanadod Sesabralisi saxiT gadmosces.
amisaTvis, is evripides erT-erTi ubeduri personaJis –
telefosis samoss esesxeba. evripidesa da misi dramaturgiis
gaqilikeba aristofanes erT-erTi sayvareli saqmianoba iyo,
Tumca, arsebobs azri, rom is evripides megobari gaxldaT da
did pativs scemda mis Semoqmedebas, iseve, rogorc sokrates
filosofiuri meTods.
.dikeopolisis meSveobiT, aristofane kleonTan
`babilonelebis~ gamo Tavisi dapirispirebis istoriasac yveba
da personaJisaTvis saavtoro niSnebis miniWebis Zveli atikuri
komediisTvis damaxasiaTebel xerxs iyenebs. is ixsenebs, ramdeni
sicrue, ciliswameba da lanZRva-gineba aitana kleonisagan da
rogor Zlivs gadaurCa daRupvas.
cxadia, rom dikeopolisis Tavmdabloba da komikuri
TviTdamcroba mxolod xerxia, romelsac es gabeduli
personaJi mimarTavs. is xom aTensa da aqarnis demSi yvelaze
arapopularul pozicias ikavebs. dikeopolisi gundis winaSe
Tavs peloponesis omis mizezebis komikuri gaSarJebiT imarTlebs.
misi TqmiT, omis mizezi mxareebis mier erTmaneTisTvis msubuqi
yofaqcevis qalebis moparva iyo (rogorc erT dros, troas
omi mSvenieri elenes gamo daiwyo), is amtkicebs, rom omi
mxolod demagogebsa da lamaqes msgavs strategosebs awyobT,
radgan is maTTvis gamdidrebis wyaroa, rac Seexeba xalxs, is
yovelTvis gaZarcvuli da gabriyvebulia.
dikeopolisi gundis darwmunebas axerxebs. Tumca, amis
Semdeg, aristofane kidev erTi dilemis winaSe gvayenebs. mas

185
Semdeg, rac zavi moipova da misi flobis ufleba daicva,
dikeopolisi Tavisi personaluri bazris sazRvrebs adgens. aq
vaWrobis uflebas is aTenTan dapirispirebul peloponeselebs,
megarelebsa da beotielebs rTavs da sakuTar teritoriaze
`megaruli dekretiT~1 gaTvaliswinebul akrZalvebs auqmebs.
megarelTan dikeopolisis vaWrobis komikuri scena skabrezuli
miniSnebebiTa da politikuri aqcentebiT aris Sezavebuli.
megareli Tavis goWad gadacmul or qaliSvils yidis.
beotieli _ frinvelsa da Tevzs. vaWrobis scenebs aristofane
realuri politikuri urTierTobebisa da moqmedi dekretebis
konteqstSi aTavsebs.
magram dikeopolisis `zavi~ sxva aTenelebze ar vrceldeba,
misi Sedegebi mxolod dikeopolissa da mis interesebs
xmardeba. Sesabamisad, erTi socialuri fenis mogeba meores
ar unawildeba, rac aTenSi demokratiuli da samoqalaqo
Rirebulebebis cvlilebasa da pragmatuli cnobierebis
gavrcelebaze metyvelebs.
piesa dikeopolisis triumfaluri nadimiT mTavrdeba,
romelic daWrili da SetakebaSi damarcxebuli lamaqes
gasaWirisa da Civilis scenebis fonze mimdinareobs.2
aristofanes miznad ara aqvs ganyenebuli pacifisturi
ideebis propaganda, is aTenis miwaTmoqmedTa Zalze konkretuli
saWiroebebidan amodis. Tavis Sexedulebebs Zveli atikuri
komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fasruli xerxebis, komikuri
gazviadebisa Tu realuri problemebis komediisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli reduqciis3 gziT axdens.
mkvlevarTa nawili dikeopolisis gamarTlebas cdilobs,
magaliTad, kristofer keris azriT, piesaSi aris epizodebi,
romlebic zavze dikeopolisis monopoliis Temas ewinaaRmdegeba.
`aristofane sakmaod bundovania mSvidobis moculobasTan
1
megaruli dekretiT megarelebs aTenis imperiis saxelmwifoebTan miaxloeba
ekrZalebodaT.
2
lamaqe – aTeneli mxedarTmTavari, spartastan omis aqtiuri monawile,
aristofane mas meqrTameobas miawers kleonis msgavsad, Tumca lamaqe namdvil
patriotad da wesier kacad iTvleboda. Zveli atikuri komediis tendenciuri
buneba amas codvad ar miiCnevs.
3
aq, damcrobis, xelovnurad Semcirebis iolad morevis zmiT.

186
mimarTebiT. imwuTieri saWiroebidan gamomdinare, mSvidoba xan
dikeopolisiT izRudeba, xan ki sxvebsac moicavs. rodesac
aristofanes sWirdeba, rom dikeopolisma SejibrSi monawileebi
smaSi daamarcxos, is mSvidobis sxvebze ganvrcobis saSualebas
iZleva~.1

1
`The purpose of Aristophanes Acharnians~, pg. 250. http://www.rhm.uni-koeln.
de/136/0Carey.pdf

187
 51. mxedrebi

`mxedrebSi~ (Zv.w. 424, leneebi) dramaturgi kvalav omisa

da mSvidobis sakiTxs ubrundeba. piesis satiruli maxvili
isev demagog kleonis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, romelic
dramaturgs Zveli atikuri komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
xerxebiT hyavs gamasxaravebuli. Tumca, aristofanes kritikis
mizani mxolod erTi konkretuli politikuri piris kritika
ki ara, Tanamedrove politikuri mmarTvelobis populisturi
da momxveWeli arsis mxilebaa. kleoni demosis _ krebsiTi
personaJis _ paflagoneli monaa, Tumca geografiul
paflagonTan1 mas araferi akavSirebs. mTavari aq sityvis
asociaciuri kavSiria berZnul zmna `paflaZein~-Tan, rac
duRils, TuxTuxs niSnavs. aristofanes surs, rom radikaluri
demokratiis lideris Semtev, Tavxedsa da mousvenar xasiaTs
gausvas xazi. paflagoneli mona profesiiT metyavea, radgan
istoriuli kleoni tyavis dammuSavebel saxelosnos flobda.
amdenad, aristofane kvlav gabedulad utevs kleons, romelmac
`babilonelebis~ dadgmis Semdeg, sasamarTloSi erTxel ukve
uCivla.
komediis prologi ori monis dialogiT iwyeba, romlebic
saxlidan gamorbian da paflagonelis Tavxedobaze Civian, radgan
am ukanasknelma pilosSi2 mozelili comi xelidan gamostaca
da demoss sakuTari saxeliT miarTva. es monebi strategosebi
nikia da demosTene arian, aristofanes, nikias saxiT, 425/424
ww. CvenTvis ukve nacnobi strategosi, windaxduli politikosi
da spartasTan 421 wlis zavis avtori gamohyavs. demosTenem
pilosTan gamarjvebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa.
aristofane moxerxebulad iyenebs realuri istoriuli
pirebis xasiaTis Tvisebebs da maT klounadis personaJebad
aqcevs. erTi maTgani ufro gabeduli da gonieria, meore
mosulelo da mSiSara. mgznebare da mousvenari metyavisagan
ganTavisuflebis mizniT, isini gamosavals eZeben. nikia
sTavazobs demosTenes, rom daxmareba sTxovon RmerTebs.
1
paflagonia istoriuli regionia mcire aziis CrdiloeTiT.
2
pilosi – peloponesis naxevarkunZulze mdebare qalaqi, romelic 425
wels didi sazRvao brZolis Semdeg aTenelebma aiRes.

188
demosTenes ukvirs, rom nikia morwmunea, nikias ki sjera, rom
radgan Tavad `RvTis piridanaa gadavardnili~, amitom sadRac
RmerTebi unda arsebobdnen.
nikias religiuri argumentacia Tanamedrove filosofosTa
argumentaciis parodias warmoadgens. erTi piroba, nikia da
demosTene TviTmkvlelobazec ki fiqroben, magram Semdeg
demosTene magar Rvinos dalevs, dafiqrdeba da gamosavals
moZebnis (klounadaSi TviTmkvlelobis Tema XX saukunis
absurdis dramis, kerZod, beketis `godos molodinis~ pasaJs
gvagonebs). gadawydeba, rom paflagonels orakulebi 1 moparon,
raTa gaigon, Tu vin Secvlis mas politikur sarbielze.
`orakulebis~ Temis SemotaniT, aristofane aTenelTa
crumorwmuneobasac amasxaravebs. teqstSi ramdenjermea
naxsenebi aTenSi Zalze popularuli vinme winaswarmetyveli
baqide, romlis rCevasac, rogorc Cans, aTenelebi xSirad
mimarTavdnen. moparuli orakulebiT gairkveva, rom
paflagonel monas kidev ufro Tavxedi, umecari, urcxvi da
fariseveli demagogi Secvlis, romelic am TvisebebiT masac
ki gadaaWarbebs. es adamiani xelobiT meZexve iqneba. marTlac,
orqestraze Semodis bazarSi ZexviT movaWre. demosTene da
nikia arwmuneben uwignursa da tetia movaWres, rom mas yvela
aucilebeli Tviseba aqvs imisaTvis, rom xalxis demokratiuli
rCeuli gaxdes. nikia momavali bednierebisa da gavlenis
suraTebiT acdunebs mas, uxsnis, rom yvelafris sruli baton-
patroni iqneba – bazris, navsadgurisa Tu sabWosi, romelsac,
rogorc moisurvebs, ise atrialebs Tavis nebaze. simdidres,
Zalauflebasa da gavlenas daxarbebuli meZexve jer meryeobs,
Semdeg ki demosTenesa da nikias mier gamxnevebuli politikur
brZolaSi ebmeba.
aristofane demokratiuli liderebis politikuri brZolis
xerxebsa da meTodebs, maT crumorwmuneobas, simxdalesa da
Tavxedobas amasxaravebs. amasTan, is politikuri brZolis
primitiulobasa da wvrilman xasiaTs amxels. rac Seexeba
demoss, romelmac Wkua sabolood dakarga, misi gulis mogebis
survili politikosTa degradaciasac iwvevs.
1
orakuli _ Zvel saberZneTSi: winaswarmetyvelebis Semcveli teqsti,
winaswarmetyveli da is adgilic, sadac winaswarmetyveleba xdeboda.

189
 piesis eqspoziciur nawilSi mwifdeba agonis aucilebloba.
scenaze Semorbis gacecxlebuli metyave, paflagoneli mona.
paflagonelTan brZolaSi oponentebs Zlieri mokavSireebi
esaWiroebaT, demosTene aTenis kavalerias, mdidari
miwaTmoqmedebis _ mxedrebis gunds mouxmobs. statistebis
zurgze amxedrebuli 24 axalgazrda mxedari scenaze
`SemoaWenebs~. rogorc vnaxeT, `aqarnelebSi~ moqmedebis
protagonisti dikeopolisi, aTeneli miwaTmoqmedi iyo. amjerad
scenaze mxedrebis gundi dgas. icavs ra mSvidobas, aristofane
miwismflobelTa yvela fenis interesebs aerTianebs, radgan
omi maT yvelas azaralebs.
gundis parodoss antagonistebis energiuli Serkineba
mohyveba. paflagoneli meZexvesa da metyaves orTabrZola
Zveli atikuri komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bufonurobiTa
da skabrezulobiT gamoirCeva. agonSi kleonis politikisa
da mmarTvelobis realuri kritikac ikiTxeba, meZexve mas
piradi interesebisaTvis lakedemonelebTan1 (spartasTan)
farul garigebebsa da xazinis ZarcvaSi adanaSaulebs. kleonis
mxilebaSi gundic erTveba da misi mmarTvelobis mankierebas
amxels – mdidar mosaxelobas aSantaJebs, mokavSireebs qrTamebs
sZalavs, saxelmwifos xarjze mdidrdeba.
mowinaaRmdegeebi tols ar udeben erTmaneTs Tavxedobasa
da gaiZverobaSi, riTac gamalebiT ikvexnian kidec. maTi yoveli
Setakeba CxubiT mTavrdeba. amasTan, meZexve Tavis gavlenian
oponents misive iaraRiT upirispirdeba – uzomo pirmoTneobiTa
da populisturi dapirebebiT. pirveli agoni moulodnelad
wydeba, ganrisxebuli meZexve xuTasis sabWoSi garbis, raTa kreba
kleonis gadayenebaze daiTanxmos. Zalis mosakrebad demosTene
mas niors aWmevs, ase iqceodnen xolme mamlebis brZolebis win,
frinvelebisaTvis sabrZolo Jini rom gaeRviZebinaT. aristofane
politikuri kamaTis daZabulobas grZnobad saxierebas uxeSi
miwieri yofiTobis surnels, `marilsa~ da `sicxares~ aniWebs.
sabWodan meZexve gamarjvebuli brundeba da acxadebs, rom
1
lakedemoni – igive sparta, saberZneTSi peloponesis naxevarkunZulze
mdebare Zveli saxelmwifo, aTenis mokavSire da oponenti materikisa da
sazRvao gzebis kontrolSi.

190
sabWos Tavkaci gaxda. man mTeli Tavisi bazrobis gamocdileba
moikriba da daundobel brZolaSi daamarcxa kleoni. sabWos
wevrebi qaSayis gaiafebis cnobiTa da misi SeZenis momgebiani
gzis dasaxviT moxibla, ufaso mwvanilic Camouriga, TevzisTvis
misayoleblad. am `primitiuli~ komikuri formiT man sabWos
mxrdaWera moipova.
axla xalxis gadmobirebis dro dadga. komediaSi meore
agoni mwifdeba. aristofanes komediaTa umravlesobisagan
gansxvavebiT, `mxedrebSi~ ori agonia, pirveli paflagonelsa
da meZexves Soris nikiasa da demosTenes TandaswrebiT
imarTeba, meore ukve demosis TandaswrebiT mimdinareobs.
meZexvem poziciebi gaimagra, sabWo mis mxarezea, axla demosis
– imave aTeneli xalxis gadmobirebaa saWiro. paflagoneli
da meZexve demosisaTvis erTgvar `komediur nadims~ marTaven,
isini, ase vTqvaT, `xalxze zrunvaSi~ marTaven Sejibrs, vin
ukeT daapurebs da moesiyvaruleba Wkuasust demoss, vin
ukeTes orakuls miarTmevs mas. saxumaro gamaspinZlebis
procesi agonis seriozuli politikuri kritikis saSualeba
xdeba, meZexve uaryofs paflagoneli metyavis demosis winaSe
damsaxurebebs: _ pilosTan gamarjveba, xazinis sasargeblod
fulis konfiskacia, axali dapyrobiTi gegmebi – es yovelive
sakuTari interesebisaTvis keTdeboda da ara xalxisTvis.
meZexve demoss baliSs Cuqnis, rbilad rom dajdes. am omianobis
dros xom sardafebsa da koSkebSi TavSefarebuls uwevda
yofna. is xalxs rbil Custebsa da mosasxams, bolos ki
paflagonelisTvis moparul kurdRelsac ki miarTmevs. meore
agonic metyavis upirobo gamarjvebiT sruldeba.
erTi SexedviT, aristofanes parodiaSi xalxi kuWsa da
komfortze damokidebul briyvad aris gamoyvanili. atikuri
komedia xom swored xorcieli, miwieri Tvisebebis gazviadebiT
gamoirCeva. aq personaJTa seqsualuri Jinis, Rormucelobis,
uxeSobis, umecrebis, gaiZverobisa da sxv. komikuri Tvisebebis
demonstrireba mxatvruli modelirebis saSualebaa.
paflagonelsa (agorakritoss) da meZexves erTmaneTisagan
araferi ganasxvavebT, metic, meZexve ufro gaqnili, mliqvneli
da moxerxebuli aRmoCndeba, vidre metyave. Tumca, komediis

191
finalSi, romelsac xalxuri zRaprisa da fantaziis sferoSi
gadavyavarT, meZexve Tavis `RvTaebriv~ bunebas avlens, demoss
qvabSi moxarSavs da gaaxalgazrdavebuls amoiyvans. es zRapruli
metamorfoza demoss axal energias, sasicocxlo Zalasa da
naTel gonebas aniWebs. aseTi dasasruli erTgvari diagnozia
aTenis sazogadoebisaTvis dasmuli, romelmac dakarga berZnul-
sparsuli omebis periodis erTianobisa da Rirsebis gancda,
politikosebma sakuTari merkantiluri miznebisadmi msaxureba
saerTo interesebze maRla daayenes, xolo demokratiis mTavari
subieqtma – xalxma Tavis msaxurebze gavlena iaffasiani
mliqvnelobis safasurad daTmo.

192
 52. mSvidoba
aristofane omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxs kidev erT komediaSi
_ `mSvidobaSi~ ubrundeba. komedia Zv. w. 421 wels aris
Seqmnili. Tu `aqarnelebSi~ dikeopolisi mSvidobas mxolod
sakuTari TavisTvis Soulobs, `mSvidobaSi~ glexi trigeosi,
romlis saxeli iTargmneba, rogorc `mevenaxe~, mas mTeli
eladisaTvis moipovebs. komedia aristofanem qalkidikaSi
amfipolTan 422 wlis oqtomberSi Semdgari brZolis Semdeg
dawera, romelSic gadamwyveti gamarjveba aravis moupovebia.
aTenelebma dainaxes, rom spartelebs saxmeleTo brZolebSi
garkveuli upiratesoba aqvT, amitom samomavlod aqcenti
sazRvao operaciebze gaakeTes. amfipolis brZolam cxadyo,
orive meomari mxare – delosis kavSiri aTenis meTaurobiT
da peloponesis kavSiri spartis TaosnobiT _ aTwlianma omma
daasusta.
amfipolTan omSi daiRupnen omis momxre politikosebi –
aTeneli kleoni da sparteli braside. 421 wels spartasa
da aTens Soris nikias sazavo xelSekruleba daido, riTac
peloponesis omis pirveli etapi dasrulda.
`mSvidoba~ did dionisiebze warmoadgines, sadac man meore
adgili daikava. piesa miwaTmoqmedi trigeosis ori monis
dialogiT iwyeba, romlebic, batonis davalebiT, gigantur
nexvis xoWos nakelisa da aTasgvari ganavlisagan salafavs
umzadeben. gaumaZRari xoWo ybebs Ronivrad iqnevs da madianad
Seeqceva `sasusnavs~. monebs autaneli sunisagan guli uwuxT
da Svelas iTxoven.
mSvidobis `myrali suni~ komediis sityvieri skabrezulobis
ekvivalenturia. amasTan, is nayofierebis umdables sawyiss
ukavSirdeba, romlidanac sicocxle unda daibados. SemTxveviTi
ar aris, rom aristofane swored nexvis xoWos irCevs trigeosis
zecaSi mogzaurobis `transportad~. saberZneTSi cnobili
iyo nexvis xoWos sakraluri simbolika, misi gamosaxulebebi
sxvadasxva saxis amuletebis formiT gansakuTrebiT Zv.w.
V-VI saukuneebSi gavrcelda1. Zvel egvipteSi nexvis xoWo
1
Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece By Nigel Wilson (scarab) Routledge, 2010 UK
pg.312.

193
mzis RmerTis erT-erTi gansaxiereba iyo. xolo nakelis
burTi, romelsac is miagorebs, mzis moZraobasa da mTel
samyaros ganasaxierebda. nexvis xoWo kvercxebs am idealur
burTulaSi debs, romelic sicocxlis fars, sakvebsa da
sawyiss warmoadgens. Zvel egvipteSi nexvis xoWo moswavlisa
da sibrZnisaken misi gzis gansaxierebadac ganixileboda1.
moswavles Tavisi naklovanebebis `masa~ codnisa da sulierebis
idealur cecxlovan sferod unda eqcia. zogjer nexvis xoWos
Sromas sizifes miTsac adareben, radgan sizifec masze bevrad
aRmatebul tvirTs miagorebs mwvervalisken. aristofanes
piesaSi nexvis xoWos simbolika mraval sazriss iTavsebs,
xolo Tavad moqmedebas groteskulobasa da komizms matebs.
amasTan, Tavad komediis teqstidan irkveva, rom aristofanes
xoWos idea ezopes igavma misca, romelSic frTosanTa Soris
zecas mxolod xoWom miaRwia.
omisagan daRlil trigeoss zecaSi asvla da zevsTan
Sexvedra surs, raTa gaigos, ratom xvets is eladas
`cocxiT~. trigeosis qaliSvilebi SimSiliT tirian, radgan
saxlSi saWmlis natamali ar aris. mama pirdeba, rom ukan
mobrunebuli mTel purs Camoutans. trigeosi xoWos Sekazmavs
da olimpos mwvervals miaSurebs, miwaze darCenilebs ki sTxovs,
rom `ukanalebs mouWiron~, raTa mis frTosan pegass ukan
mobruneba ar moundes. olimpoze trigeoss mxolod hermesi
daxvdeba, romlisganac Seityobs, rom RmerTebs mobezrdaT
berZnebis gauTavebeli kinklaobda da davidaraba, aTenelebisa
da spartelebis dapirispireba, amitom olimpo miatoves da
samyaros dasaliers gadabargdnen. olimpoze mxolod omis
demoni polemosi darCa, romelmac burTi da moedani Caigdo
xelSi. man didi rodini moaTria da berZnul qalaqebs nayavs,
mSvidobis qalRmerTi eirene gamoqvabulSi gamoamwyvdia, kari
ki veeberTela lodiT Caraza. polemosi erTmaneTis miyolebiT
nayavs spartas, megaras, sicilias da atikas rom miadgeba,
Seityobs, rom saukeTeso aTenuri `sanayi qva~gamtydara da zed
lakedemonuric mihyolia. rodinis qvebSi aTeneli kleoni da
lakedemoneli braside igulisxmebian, omis momxreni, romlebic
1
Мудрость любви: сборник, Сикирич Е., М, 2009.

194
xelidan gamoecalnen polemoss. trigeosi gamosavals eZebs da
eirenes ganTavisuflebas gadawyevts, amisaTvis is sruliad
berZnebs mouxmobs veeberTela lodis gadasagoreblad.
daZaxilze aTenel miwaToqmedTa gundi, ramdenime sparteli,
beotieli, megareli da argoseli mogrovdeba. magram
TavSeyrilebi komikur cekvebsa da mxiarulebas mohyvebian.
verc qalaqebi moerevian qvas. bolos trigeosi yvelas gayris
da miwaTmoqmedTa daxmarebiT gaaTavisuflebs eirenes.
miwaze dabrunebul trigeoss sami qalRmerTi – eirene,
opora da Teoria Camohyavs. isini mosavals, vaWrobas da
mSvidobian cxovrebas uzrunvelyofen. Tavad trigeosi
oporaze qorwindeba. yvelaferi saqorwilo msvlelobiTa da
eladis sadidebeli simRerebiT mTavrdeba. aristofanes sxva
komediebis msgavsad, `mSvidobaSi~ politikuri realobisa da
konkretuli istoriuli pirebis gaqilikeba xdeba, saqorwilo
nadimze yvela msurveli swored am niSniT ar daiSveba.
aristofane zRapruli siuJetisa da politikuri satiris
sinTezs aRwevs. komediis sazeimo xasiaTs zaviT gamowveuli
imedebic gansazRvravs. cnobilia, rom `mSvidoba~ nikias zavis
dadebamde erTi dRiT adre warmoadgines.

195
 53. Rrublebi

aristofanes Semoqmedebas pirobiTad sam etapad yofen.

pirvel etapi mZafri politikuri satiriT, inveqtiviT,
publicisturobiTa da bufonadis, groteskisa da klounadis
siuxviT gamoirCeva. swored am periodSi iqmneba `aqarnelebi~,
`mxedrebi~ da `mSvidoba~. amave wlebSi iyo warmodgenili
`Rrublebi~ da `krazanebi~. aristofanes Semoqmedebis pirveli
periodi peloponesis omSi aTenis warmatebis wlebs moicavs. es
kidev ufro zrdis misi politikuri satiris simZafres, radgan
mwerali, warmatebuli saomari kampaniebis fonze, mSvidobis
momxred gvevlineba. amave periodSi daiwera aristofanes ori
piesa _ `Rrublebi~, romelic warmodgenili iyo 423 wlis
dionisiebze da `krazanebi~, warmodgenili 422 wels leneebze.
423 wels aristofane dramaturgTa SejibrSi damarcxda, man
mesame adgili daikava, Tumca mwerals `Rrublebi~ Tavis yvelaze
seriozul piesad miaCnda. `krazanebma~ leneebze pirveli
adgili daikava. (fiqroben, rom aristofane sokratesTan da
evripidesTan megobrobda da maTi ideebis Tayvanismcemelic ki
iyo, Tumca aseTi daSveba, Cveni azriT, naklebad savaraudoa da
komediebis gzavnilebTan radikalur winaaRmdegobaSi Sedis,
Tu, ra Tqma unda, Cven raime faruli ena Tu kodi ar gvesmis
am komediebis).
`RrublebSi~ aristofane politikuri Tematikis nacvlad
kulturulsa da eTikur problematikas ayenebs. piesis gundi
Rrublebisagan Sedgeba, es axali RmerTebi arian, romlebsac
sokrate Zvel RmerTTa sanacvlod aRiarebs. RmerTebma dakarges
anTropomorfuli1 forma da abstraqciebad iqcnen.
aTenis moqalaqe strefsiade adre sofelSi cxovrobda,
magram maWankalma qalaqeli qali gauriga da mas Semdeg misi
cxovreba ukuRma warimarTa. colma qalaquri wesiT daawyebina
cxovreba, Svilic Tavqariani da mflangveli gazarda. fidipide,
strefsiades vaJi, cxenebisa da etlebis moyvarulia, misma
gatacebam ojaxi iseT valebSi Caagdo, rom strefsiade
lamfis zeTsac ki zogavs, xarjSi rom ar Cavardes. Svilis
1
adamianis msgavsi.

196
valebma mas Zilic ki gaufrTxo. qalaquri cxovrebis wesiT
SezRuduls, msaxurTa cemac ki aRar SeuZlia, Svilze rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT. gamosavlis ZiebaSi gadawyvets, rom Svili
sokratesTan `safiqraleTSi~ gagzavnos, sadac is imgvarad
laparaks iswavlis, rom yovelgvar saqmeSi gaimarjvebs,
mtyuanic rom iyos. fidipide uarzea, maSin strepsiade TviTon
miebareba sokrates. aristofanes satiris samizne sofistikaa,
mwerali sokratesac sofistad miiCnevs. misi azriT, sofistebi
cru sibrZnis mqadageblebi arian. maTTvis kamaTis xelovneba
WeSmaritebaze maRla dgas (istoriul sokrates kamaTi anu
dialeqtika WeSmaritebis miRwevis saSualebad miaCnda).
faqtobrivad, aristofanem sokrate sofistikis krebsiT
karikaturad aqcia da mas sxvadasxva cru filosofosTa
Teoriebi miawera.
aristofanes karikaturuli sokrate strefsiades mezoblad
`safiqraleTSi~ cxovrobs da komikurad filosofosobs
uferuli da damSeuli mowafeebiT garemoculi. isini sruliad
axirebul da usargeblo dakvirvebebs awarmoeben, ikvleven,
riTi wuis koRo, piriT Tu ukanaliT? viRacas ukanali
miuSveria cisken, rasac safiqraleTSi astronomiis axal
meTodad asaReben. Tavad sokrate dakidebul kalaTSi wevs,
miwam misi azrisa da gonebis `sinotive~ rom ar Seiwovos da
mzis bunebaze fiqrobs. is axal RmerTebs – Rrublebs aRiarebs,
radgan `swored Rrublebma gamozardes bevri sofisti,/bevri
misani, bevri eqimi TiTebze mravalbeWdiani,/diTirambebis
leqsTmTxzvelebi da bevri yalbi varskvlavTmricxveli,/
maT gamokvebes bevri moclili, raTa umReron imaT da aqon.~
Rrublebis qoro sofistebsa da maT usagno da bundovan
sibrZnes ganasaxierebs.
aristofane ioneli fizikosebis sabunebismetyvelo
Sexedulebebsac dascinis. sokrate sxvadasxva absurduli da
gaugebari argumentiT daarwmunebs strefsiades, rom axali
RmerTebi manac unda irwmunos. strefsiade Tanaxmaa, oRond
ki aswavlon, rogor dajabnos yvela laparakiT. strefsiades
skolis oficialur mowafed iReben, sokrate mis Tavze
`ziarebis~ rituals asrulebs. Tumca is uniWo da Seugnebeli

197
gamodgeba, Tanac skolaSi arsebuli pirobebic stanjavs
da baRlinjoebi gverdebs ukbenen. ukmayofilo sokrate
mowadinebul berikacs gawbilebuls gamoistumrebs, radgan man
verafriT aiTvisa safiqraleTis sibrZne. Tavis sanacvlod,
strefsiade, fidipides gaagzavnis safiqraleTSi, romelsac
Zlivs daiTanxmebs swavlaze.
safiqraleTSi axalmisuli fidipides winaSe simarTle da
tyuili marTaven agons, isini scenaze kalaTebiT, sabrZolo
mamlebiviT SemohyavT. arsebobs varaudi, rom tyuilisa da
simarTlis agoni aristofanem piesis dionisiebze damarcxebis
Semdeg CarTo, rodesac nawarmoebi gadaamuSava. simarTle
aRzrdis tradiciuli meTodebis momxrea da mas moqalaqeTa
fizikuri da moraluri sijansaRis sawindrad miiCnevs,
tyuili axali droebis Sexedulebebs iziarebs da vnebaTa
Tavisuflebas qadagebs. es groteskuli scena tyuilis
gamarjvebiT sruldeba.
fidipide warmatebiT aiTvisebs safiqraleTis sibrZnes.
saswavleblidan is sruliad Secvlili brundeba, misi
rCevis wyalobiT, strefsiade movaleebs gawbilebulebs
gaistumrebs. piesidan Cans, rom strefsiades TaRliToba
mxolod safiqraleTis gamocdilebis brali araa. mas xom
Tavidanve kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli, ra mizniT surda
axalmoduri swavlebis aTviseba. maSinac ki, rodesac aTenis
realobaSi `gamravlebul~ filosofosebsa da sofistebis
axalmodur swavlebas dascinis, aristofane e.w. Zveli yaidis
warmomadgenlebsac amasxaravebs, romlebsac mxolod sakuTari
sargebeli amoZravebT.
Zunwi da mosulelo strefsiade mxolod fulis SenarCunebis
surviliT aris Sepyrobili da sindisTan nebismier kompromisze
mzadaa, oRond fulad valdebulebebs dauZvres. strepsiades
mizani TiTqos miRweulia, man mevaleebi Svilis sofisturi
xelovnebis wyalobiT Tavidan moiSora, magram fidipides
kamaTis xelovneba mis winaaRmdegac Semobrundeba. mama-Svili
xelovnebis sakiTxebze ver SeTanxmdebian, xniers Zveli poetebi
– simonide da esqile moswons, axalgazrdas evripide. kamaTi
CxubSi gadadis da fidipide mamas `galaxavs~. metic, is Zalze

198
damajereblad umtkicebs mas, rom mamis cemis ufleba hqonda,
radgan misTvis sikeTe surda. strefsiade dabneulia, Tumca
rodesac fidipide etyvis, rom dedis cemac dasaSvebia, gons
moegeba da mixvdeba, ra SarSi gahyo Tavi. gamwarebuli berikaci
gareT garbis da sokrates `safiqraleTs~ gadawvavs.
`RrublebSi” aristofane ganyenebul ideebs da
abstraqtul cnebebs komediis moqmed pirebad aqcevs, qoro
`axali RmerTebis~ _ Rrublebisagan Sedgeba. aristofane
axerxebs atikuri komediis groteskuli hiperbolizebuli
xasiaTis SenarCunebas da amasTan, ganyenebuli filosofiuri
gansjis komediis sagnad qcevas. Rrublebi komediografoss
axali sabunebismetyvelo koncefciebis gansaxierebad hyavs
qceuli, swored am abstraqtulma ideebma Caanacvla Zveli
panTeonis anTropomorfuli RmerTebi. komediis filosofiuri
diskursi gazviadebul Sefasebebze, absurdamde miyvanil
mtkicebulebebzea damyarebuli. arsebobs gadmocema, TiTqos
platons sirakuzis tiran dionisesTvis uTqvams, Tu aTenis
gageba ginda, aristofanes komediebi waikiTxeo.

199
 54. krazanebi

aristofanes komedia `krazanebi~, romelic Zv. w. 422 wels

leneebze daidga, aTenis erT-erT arCeviT instituts, nafic
msajulTa sasamarTlos – helieasa da masTan dakavSirebiT
Seqmnil viTarebas amasxaravebs. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo
6000 wevrisagan Sedgeboda, romlebic yovelwliurad
srulwlovan moqalaqeTagan kenWisyriT airCeodnen. heliea
sxva sasamarTlo instanciebis saqmeebsa da saxelmwifo da
samsaxurebriv danaSaulebs ganixilavda. is aseve saxelmwifo
moxeleTa saqmianobas akontrolebda da saxalxo krebis
dadgenilebebs amtkicebda. helieas wevrebs, e.w. heliastebs
sami oboli gasamrjelo exdebodaT. rogorc komediidan
Cans, es sakmaod mcire Tanxa iyo, Tumca gaRaribebul
mosaxleobas mosamarTleoba pativad da Semosavlis wyarod
miaCnda. V saukunis miwurulisTvis, peloponesis omis
pirobebSi, aTenis demokratiulma institutebma garkveuli
degradacia ganicades. maTi Zalaufleba formaluri gaxda,
xolo sasamarTlo xelisuflebis kontrolis qveS moeqca.
sasamarTlos wevrTa asaki, romlis qveda zRvari 30 wliT
ganisazRvreboda, sagrZnoblad gaizarda. axalgazrdebi
samxedro karieras amjobinebdnen, xolo mosamarTleebad,
ZiriTadad, moxucebi airCeodnen. helieas saSualebiT, aTenis
demokratiuli liderebi mdidar moqalaqeebs aviwrovebdnen
da maT uflebebs zRudavdnen, Tavad sasamarTlos ki Tavisi
politikuri gavlenis gansamtkiceblad iyenebdnen. swored
aseTi viTareba ikiTxeba `krazanebSi~, romelsac aristofanem
karnavaluri farsis saxe misca.
piesas `krazanebi~ moxuci mosamarTleebis avi da Wirveuli
znis aRsaniSnavad daerqva. aseTia `krazanebis~ politikuri
konteqsti. Tumca aristofane moqmedebas ganzrax bufonur,
karnavalur saxes aZlevs. am komedias, romelic `Rrublebis~
msgavsad, `mamaTa da SvilTa~ msoflmxedvelobriv Widils
gadmogvcems, meore mxarec aqvs, Raribi mama da mdidari
Svili erTmaneTs upirispirdebian, mama sajaro samsaxurisken
miiltvis, Svils ki privatuli cxovreba urCevnia.

200
 komedia mosamarTleobis JiniT Sepyrobili moxuci
filokleonis (kleonis moyvarulis) istorias mogviTxrobs,
romelic Svils bdelikleons (kleonis moZules, maginebels),
Sin hyavs gamoketili, raTa mamam sasamarTloSi wasvla veRar
SeZlos.
aristofane, tradiciulad, situaciis hiperbolizacias
axdens da is absurdul kulminaciamde mihyavs. viTareba
prologSive naTelia – ori mona sanadiro badeSemovlebuli
saxlis win Tvlems, xolo saxlSi mosamarTleobis JiniT
Sepyrobili filokleonia (kleonis moyvaruli) damwyvdeuli.
misi vaJi bdelikleoni (kleonis maginebeli) avi znisagan mamis
gankurnebas cdilobs da saxlSi hyavs gamoketili. moxuci
filokleoni yvela xerxsa da Rones xmarobs, rom gaiparos,
xan sakvamuridan miipareba bolad mokatunebuli (`kvamli var,
movbolav~1), xan sarkmlidan unda CitiviT gafrindes, xanac ki
virs mucelze aekvreba da ise cdilobs yaraulebs gaeparos.2
filokleonis mxardasaWerad misi TanamoZme mosamarTleebis
gundi moemarTeba. gundis wevrebs ukan krazanis nestari
hkidiaT, romelsac zogjer fexebs Soris moiqceven, oponentebi
rom dageslon. `krazanebis~ sakarnavalo xasiaTi socio-
politikuri da istoriuli aluziebiTaa gajerebuli. moxuci
mosamarTleebi warsulSi eladis damcvelebi da maraTonis
gmirebi iyvnen. isini Tavisi gmiruli warsuliT amayoben da
miaCniaT, rom mtris winaSe iseTi simamace gamoiCines, ise
`daunestres tomrebiviT Sarvlebi~, rom dRemde `...barbarosebSi/
simamacis nimuSia atikuri krazana~3. axla ki samSoblos amayi
damcveli atikeli `avtoxTonebi~ daberdnen, daCaCanakdnen da
moxucebulobis axirebuloba moeriaT.
krazanaTa qoro jiutad cdilobs filokleonis tyveobidan
gamoxsnas, magram bdelikleonis winaaRmdegobas awydeba. mamasa
da Svils Soris agoni imarTeba, romelsac sasamarTlo
davis forma aqvs. maT sityvier paeqrobas krazanebis gundi
msajobs. filokleons gadawyvetili aqvs, rom Tu SvilTan
davaSi damarcxdeba, xmalze daiklavs Tavs, imdenad didia misi
1
aristofane, komediebi, t.II, `krazanebi~, Tbilisi, 2004, gv.108.
2
ase gaepara ciklop polifemoss odisevsi, cxvarze qvemodan moxveuli.
3
aristofane, komediebi, t.II, krazanebi~, Tbilisi, 2004, gv.162.

201
SemarTeba da mosamarTleobis Jini. is Svils Tavis argumentebs
warmoudgens, romelTa Tanaxmadac, mosamarTleoba erT-erTi
yvelaze sapatio saqmea aTenis realobaSi, maT yvela ridiTa
da pativiT epyroba, epirfereba, mdidar aTenelebs SiSis
zars scems maTi samarTali. Zalauflebis gancda udides
siamovnebas hgvris heliastebs (mosamarTleebs), RmerTebis
darad miaCniaT Tavi. xelisufalnic eferebian da zrunaven
maTze, Sinaurebi angariSs uweven da saTanado pativs miageben.
gana arsebobs amaze ukeTesi xvedri? bdelikleoni pativisa
da Zalauflebis moyvare mamas civ Sxaps gadaasxams: mas
ra, marTla Tavisufali hgonia Tavi? is xom iuristebisa
da demagogebis monaa, romlebic usindisod Zarcvaven xalxs,
romelsac viTom filokleoni emsaxureba. gana ra aris sami
oboli im Semosavlebidan, romelic aTens ugrovdeba. mokavSire
qalaqebi gadasaxadebs uxdian sazRvao kavSiris lider aTenis
imperias, romlis Zalaufleba sardiniidan pontos zRvamde
vrceldeba. bdelikleoni: `... ubralod gamoiTvale,.../ ra gvaqvs
Semosavali Cven mokavSire qalaqebidan, /amas daurTe calke da
erTad Semdeg suyvela gadasaxadi,/sarCelis fuli, maRaroebi,
navsadgurebi, konfiskacia,/... axla gadade mosamarTleTa mTeli
wliuri Semosavali~. filokleoni gaogndeba, ra mcire wili
xvdebaT mosamarTleebs am Tanxebidan. is dainteresdeba, Tu
sad midis danarCeni Tanxebi, bdelikleoni uxsnis: eg fuli
midis masTan, vinc ambobs, `ar vuRalateb xalxs arasodes,/
mudam vibrZoleb misi gulisTvis~, Sen ki, Zvirfaso,pirs
daaReb da/ am dapirebiT gadareuli imas airCev aucileblad~.
gana umjobesi ar iqneboda, ambobs bdelikleoni, rom TiTo
mokavSire qalaqs erTi oc-oci aTeneli Rataki Seenaxa?
filokleonis rwmena Seryeulia, magram mas mainc ar
eTmoba mosamarTlis mantia, maSin Svili `ZaRlebis procesis~
Catarebas SesTavazebs, romelic cotaoden mainc daacxrobs
misi Zalauflebisa da mosamarTlebis Jins. ori ZaRlis
davis ambavs istoriuli faqti udevs safuZvlad, 425 wels
strategos laqets siciliur eqspediciaSi Cadenili finansuri
danaSauli dabralda, mis bralmdeblad kleoni gamodioda.
swored am procesze parodia aqvs warmodgenili aristofanes

202
ZaRlebis sasamarTlos saxiT. kidaTineli ZaRli (kleoni)
brals debs labets (laqets) siciliuri yvelis qurdobaSi,
romelic Rormucelam marto Sesansla da aravis gauziara.
filokleoni mTeli seriozulobiT marTavs sasamarTlo
process, bdelikleoni ki braldebulis damcvelad gamodis.
komediis finalSi bdelikleoni mamas axalgazrduli
garTobiT acdunebs da sasamarTlos daaviwyebs, Tumca moxuci
iseTive TavaSvebuli aRmoCndeba drostarebaSi, rogorc aqamde
mosamarTleobaSi iyo. is axalgazrdebs dajabnis Tavisi
usaqcielobiT, gvarianad gamoTvreba da fleitisti qalis
TanxlebiT gadis, Tanac aRSfoTebul Svils pedantobis gamo
dascinis.
aristofanes adreul piesebSi dramaturgis aTenis
Tanamedrove realobis Sefaseba ikiTxeba. mkvlevarTa nawili
mas aristokratTa interesebis gamomxatvelad miiCnevs, Tumca
misi piesebi ufro adamianuri mankierebisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis degradaciis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, vidre
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. piriqiT, mwerlis
mTeli Semoqmedeba aTenuri demokratiis pirobebSi arsebuli
Tavisufali TviTgamoxatvis SesaZleblobis dadasturebaa.
politikuri satirisa da bufonadis is xarisxi da xasiaTi,
romelic mis nawarmoebebs axasiaTebs, mwerlis demokratiul
msoflgancdisa da Tavisufali sulis demonstraciaa.
amaze metyvelebs aristofanes sayvareli gmiris – aTeneli
miwaTmoqmedis xasiaTis Tvisebebi, misi iniciativiani buneba,
gabeduleba da individualuri nebis gamoxtavis siTamame.
dikeopoliss gabeduleba yofnis, rom personaluri zavi dados
spartasTan, erTsa da imave dros is Tanamedrove politikosebis
interesebisa da Tanamoqalaqeebis Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg
ilaSqrebs. amas didi simamace sWirdeba. Tavad agonis
polemikuri xasiaTi ori mxaris poziciaTa demonstraciaa, rac
aTenuri demokratiis gaxsnili samoqalaqo xasiaTis dasturad
SegviZlia ganvixiloT. meore miwaTmoqmedi – trigeosi zecaSi
midis samogzaurod da RvTaebrivi marTlwesrigis aRdgenas,
RmerTebis nebis koreqcias axdens. is amarcxebs omis demon
polemoss da mSvidobis qalRmerTs aTavisuflebs. amdenad,

203
aristofanes komediis mTavari personaJi miwaTmoqmedia,
romelic Tavis beds marTavs. swored aTeneli miwaToqmedis,
zogadad ki aTenis Tavisufali moqalaqisadmi aris mimarTuli
mwerlis komediebis publicisturi paTosi. is garemoeba,
rom aristofane sworedac rom WeSmariti demokratiis (da
ara misi biurokratiuli xasiaTis) momxrea, kargad Cans
`mxedrebSi~, sadac komediis ritualuri ganaxlebis obieqti,
erTgvari momakvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi RmerTi swored
xalxia (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs demosis gaaxalgazrdaveba
`mxedrebSi~). aTenuri sazogadoeba aristofanes komediebSi
saintereso WrilSi warmogvidgeba. garda miwaTmoqmedisa, aq
gvxvdeba demagogis, meomris, cru filosofosis, mosamarTle-
heliastis (heliastebi demokratiuli wesiT airCeodnen) da
sxvaTa saxeebi. iqmneba aTenuri realobis socio-politikuri
Teatris ZiriTadi aqtorebis portretebi.
amave periodSi yalibdeba misi Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi
mxatvruli xerxebi. atikuri komediis politikuri da
publicisturi xasiaTi, misi simwvave da aqtualoba, mimdinare
realobis ZiriTad Temebze uSualo da cxoveli reagirebis
unari, Zalian axloa xalxur sawyisebTan. miTologiur
ZirebTan, folklorul JanrebTan, zRaparTan, igavTan. swored
folkloruli da ritualuri sawyisebi qmnis realobis
modelirebis mxatvruli xerxebis safuZvels. inveqtiva,
romlis Zirebic ritualis farglebidan modis da romelime
konkretuli piris gamasxaravebas isaxavs miznad, niRbiani
monawileebis Semosvisa da ritualuri gardasaxvis tradicia
aristofanes komediaSi konkretuli reluri personaJis
hiperboluri gardaqmnis safuZvels qmnis. am xerxis gamoyenebiT
komediografosi Tavisi personaJebis utrirebul groteskul,
SarJul saxeebs qmnis, maT ukiduresad farsuli TvisebebiT
aRWuravs. gesliani da kirkita mosamarTle heliastebi
krazanebad gardaiqmnebian, xalxis msaxuri demagogi kleoni _
demenciuri moxuci demosis usircxvilo monad. aristofanes
fantazias sazRvari ara aqvs, is advilad `arjulebs~
nebismier pirobiTobas, nexvis xoWoTi mogzauroba, zavis
Rvinis WurWelSi Casxma, sakvamuridan bolad gaparva – mTeli

204
es sazRapro pirobiTobis arsenali nayofierebis orgiastul-
falikuri atributebiT, dramaturgis komediuri samyaros
qsovils unikalursa da ganumeorebel xasiaTs aniWebs.
siuJeturi situaciis gamZafrebiT, realisturi viTarebis
farglebis garRveviT, urTierTgamomricxavi kontrastebiT,
fantastikisa da zRapris elementebisa da saxieri enis
SemotaniT, aristofane Tavis azrs reliefurad gamokveTs
da komediis mxatvrul sivrces qmnis. aristofanes komediis
personaJebi an sakuTar saxelebs atareben, an Tavisi socialuri
da eTnikuri warmomavlobiTa Tu saqmianobiT erqmevaT saxeli.
gvxvdeba istoriuli da gamogonili saxelebic, romlebic
gmiris daxasiaTebis elementebs Seicaven Tavis TavSi.
421 wels nikias zavis dadebam aTens droebiTi mSvidoba
moutana, nawilobriv aRorZinda ekonomika da sameurneo
cxovreba, magram zavis SedegebiT arcerTi meomari mxare ar iyo
kmayofili, radgan aTenma ver moaxerxa zRvaze Tavisi batonobis
ganvrcoba, xolo spartam _ mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba.

205
 55. frinvelebi
421-414 wlebidan aristofanes nawarmobebidan mxolod
nawyvetebma moaRwia, mTlianad gadarCa mxolod `frinvelebi~,
romelic did dionisiebze 414 wels daidga. es mRelvare
movlenebis weli iyo, romlebmac mTeli saberZneTi moicva.
mSvidobis SedegebiT ukmayofilo aTeni samxedro upiratesobis
mopovebas da siciliis qalaq sirakuzze Setevas gegmavda.
aseTi politikuri da socialuri foni hqonda aristofanes
komedia-utopia `frinvelebs~, ris gamoc masSi aTenis momavali
warmatebis fantastikur xatebas xedaven. Tumca, bevr mkvlevars
istoriul movlenebsa da mxatvrul samyaros Soris aseTi
pirdapiri kavSiri gazviadebulad eCveneba. gamomgoneblobiT,
folkloruli, miTologiuri, farsuli elementebiT,
socialuri ideebis originalurobiT, fantaziis usazRvrobiT
am nawarmoebs Znelad Tu moeZebneba analogi. is aristofanes
politikuri komediebis pirvel etaps agvirgvinebs. amasTan,
is Zalian sainteresoa aristofanes msoflgancdis evoluciis
kuTxiT.
Tu trigeosi da dikeopolisi arsebuli sazogadoebis
gaumjobesebas, korufciis Sewyvetas, omis partiis dasrulebas
isaxaven miznad, evelpide da pisTetere gacilebiT Sors
midian. isini axali msoflwesrigis formirebis ambiciiT
arian Sepyrobilni. rogorc aRiniSna, arsebobs azri, rom
`frinvelebi~ siciliis momavali eqspediciis politikur da
ekonomikur miznebze mwerlis erTgvar reaqcias warmoadgens.
`SeuZlebelia ver amovikiTxoT masSi (komediaSi) im sistemis
... tendencia, romelic siciliuri eqspediciis warmatebiT
dasrulebis Semdeg dadgeba. aseT... SemTxvevaSi, mTeli
saberZneTi gadauxdis begaras aTens~,1 wers iohan vilhelm
siuverni. sxvebi `frinvelebSi~ politikuri utopiisa da
axali saxelmwifoebrivi marTlwesrigis aristofaneseul
versias xedaven. nawarmoebSi Semdegi ambavia gadmocemuli:
ori aTeneli _ evelpide (erTguli megobari anu saimedo)
da pisTetere (siqvelis momlodine anu imediani), aTenis
1
Essay on ‘the Birds’ of Aristophanes, tr. by W.R. Hamilton,  By Johann Wilhelm
Süvern, pg. 72.

206
realobiT gabezrebulni, qalaqs toveben da frinvelebis
samyaroSi midian. megzurebad Wka da yvavi auyvaniaT, romlebic
farTxaliTa da yrantaliT terevsis1 adgilsamyofelTan
miiyvanen. terevsi – erT dros Trakiis mefe, RmerTebma ofofad
aqcies, misi coli prokne ki bulbulad. evelpide da pisTetere
arwmuneben terevss, rom droa frinvelebma dakarguli
dideba daibrunon da samyaroze kontroli daaweson. terevsi
frinvelTa krebas moiwvevs, romlebic jer mtrulad arian
ganwyobilni adamianebis mimarT, radgan kacTa da frinvelT
Soris didi xania SuRlia Camovardnili. frinvelebis qoro
scenaze sxvadasxva fantastikuri samosiT, niskartebiTa da
klanWebiT SeiaraRebuli gamodis. piesaSi davis, Cxubisa
da kinklaobis tradiciuli scena zRaprul xasiaTs iZens,
aTasi juris frinveli erTiandeba evelpidesa da pisTeteres
winaaRmdeg. ofofs did Zalisxmevad ujdeba maTi daSoSmineba.
Tumca, sabolood, isini mainc moismenen aTenelTa argumentebs
da qalaqis aSenebas dasTanxmdebian. zecasa da miwas Soris
axali qalaqi – RrubelguguleTi aigeba, rac frinvelebs
zecasa da miwas Soris kavSirisa da mimoqcevis kontrolis
saSualebas miscems. adamianTa mier RmerTebisaTvis Sewiruli
Tu mirTmeuli msxverplis kvamli zecamde veRar miaRwevs,
RmerTebi daimSevian da advili samarTavi gaxdebian.
pisTetere arigebs Citebs: `kedlebs rom aRmarTavT, zevss
Zalaufleba mosTxoveT kuTvnili.../ adamianebsac unda gaugzavnoT
frTamali despani. acnobeT, dReidan frinvelni mefoben da
ara RmerTebi./ msxverpli jer frinvelebs Seswiron, isini
mere gaixsenon~. pisTetere, romelic am politikuri utopiis
ZiriTadi avtoria, frinvelebs Zalauflebis mopovebisa da
SenarCunebis saomar strategiasac gaacnobs. faqtobrivad, iqmneba
politikuri da strategiuli kontrolisa da dominirebis
gegma. pisTetere frinvelTa konsolidaciiT maTi samyaros
1
aTenuri miTis Tanaxmad, Trakiis mefe terevsma Tavisi meuRle proknes daze,
filomelaze iZalada, Ralatis dasamalad man filomelasTvis enis mokveTa
brZana. proknem mainc Seityo simarTle, qmarze SurisZiebis mizniT, maTi vaJi
itisi mokla da filomelasTan erTad gaiqca. terevsi daedevna gaqceulebs.
maSin RmerTebma prokne bulbulad, filomela mercxlad, terevsi ki ofofad
gadaaqcies. arsebobda sofokles tragedia saxelwodebiT `terevsi~.

207
gardaqmnas axdens, manade Citebi Tavisuflad cxovrobdnen,
maTi samefo farglebs ar icnobda, is yvelgan iyo da arsad.
maT arc `qisa sWirdebodaT~ da arc sarCoze zrunva (`davfrenT
baRebSi, SeveqceviT qaTqaTa sisims~).1 pisTetrem Citebis
samyaroSi `promeTeuli~ gadatrialeba moaxdina, frinvelebs
`kultura~ moutana, maTi samefos mdebareobis strategiuli
upiratesobebi daanaxa, auxsna, rom maTi samyofeli – haeri,
romelic miwasa da zecas Soris mTel sivrces avsebs, Zalze
momgebiani politikis warmoebis saSualebas iZleva. (`miwidan
camde haeri sufevs.../ hoda RmerTebmac gadauxadon frinvelebs
baJi,/ keTil inebon, Tu arada, surnelovani samsxverplo
kvamli ar gavuSvaT RmerTebis karad,/ daxSuli iyos maTTvis
Tqveni qalaqis zeca~. pisTetere).2
faqtobrivad, pisTeterem da evelpidem Citebis samefo
da maTi politikuri doqtrina Seqmnes. Citebis samefos
politikuri strategia aTenis regionul politikasa da
sazRvao kavSirSi mis rolsa da mdgomareobas hgavs. Tumca,
aristofanem am poziciis absolutizacia moaxdina da mTel
samyaroze ganavrco frinvelebis gavlena da Zalaufleba.
Citebis samefos Sida mowyobis principi demokratiulia, aq
mravali saeWvo xelobisa da reputaciis adamiani ar daiSveba.
RrubelguguleTTan axal qalaqSi cxovrebis msurvelTa
rigi dgeba – aq modian poeti, astronomi metoni (realuri
istoriuli personaJi), mdidrulad Cacmuli Cinovniki,
aseve saxalxo krebis dadgenilebaTa gamyidveli. pisTetere
yvelas scems da agdebs, mxolod poets daasaCuqreben axali
samosiT, Tumca imasac uariT gaistumreben. RrubelguguleTSi
cxovrebaze uari eTqmebaT urC Svils, diTirambul poet
kinesias, sikofants (oficialur damsmens). aristofane
`wmends~ arasasurveli adamianebisagan Tavis utopiur qalaqs,
romelSic axali, ufro srulyofili marTlwesrigi unda
sufevdes.
RrubelgugulTis daarsebisaTvis, garda samefos sazRvrebis
dadgenisa, saWiroa politikuri doqtrinisa da ideologiis
1
aristofane, `frinvelebi~, gv. 24
2
iqve, gv. 27

208
Seqmna, romelic frinvelebis batonobis legitimacias
moaxdens. aseTi doqtrinis safuZveli frinvelebis kosmogonia
xdeba, romlis Tanaxmadac frinvelebi RmerTebze, xmeleTsa
da caze adre gaCndnen amqveynad. pirvelad iyo qaosi, Rame
da erebusi (wyvdiadi) da tartarosi, `wyvdiadis wiaRSi
Ramem Caisaxa qarisgan nayofi~, daido kvercxi, romlidanac
eroti gamoiCeka. Sav tartarosSi eroti qaoss SeeuRla da
gaCndnen frinvelni, `erotis pirveli gancxromis nayofni~.
mxolod amis Semdeg gaCnda xmeleTi, ukidegano ca da unapiro
zRva. ukvdavTa modgma yvelaze bolos iSva. am kosmogoniuri
versiiT, frinvelebs samyaroSi pirveloba umtkicdebaT, rac
maTi qmedebis gamarTlebis moralur da politikur safuZvels
warmoadgens. frinvelTa da maT rigebSi miRebul adamianTa
erToba pisTeteres gegmis brwyinvale ganxorcielebiT
sruldeba, damSeuli RmerTebi kapitulacias acxadeben, qalaqi
yvavis. komedia tradiciuli mxiaruli qorwiliT mTavrdeba.
eqsodosSi sxvadasxva jurisa da Seferilobis frinvelebiT
(komediis gundiT) garemoculi pisTetere mSvenier basileaze
qorwindeba. gundi saqorwino himns mReris.
aristofanes piesa, tradiciulad, paradoqsulad
viTardeba. evelpide da pisTetere, romlebic qalaqis (aTenis)
yoveldRiurobas, gauTavebel sasamarTlo davebs, dasmenebsa
da aurzaurs gaeqcnen, frinvelebis idiliursa da Tavisufal
samyaros Taviseburad gardaqmnian da, saboloo jamSi, imasve
iReben, rasac gaurbodnen. `frinvelebis~ politikuri satira
ufro igavur, zRaprul xasiaTs iZens, vidre misi winamorbedi
komediebisa. aqac uamrav publicistur miniSnebas, istoriuli
pirebis xsenebas vxvdebiT, magram aristofane kidev ufro
afarTovebs Tavis Semoqmedebis arsenals. erTi mxriv, komediaSi
adamianTa da frinvelTa samyaros TaviseburebaTa Sepirispirebas
vxedavT. rodesac terevss ekiTxebian: `modi frinvelTa
cxovrebaze gviambe rameo,~ is pausxobs: `saamoa maTTan cxovreba,/
rac mTavaria, ar gWirdeba arafrad qisa~. frinvelebis samyaros
mxatvruli xatebis Sesaqmnelad aristofanem berZnuli
kulturis yvela sferoSi arsebuli codna da warmodgenebi
SeaerTa, sabunebismetyvelo Tvalsazrisi, miTologia, mantika,

209
ezopes igavebi, TviT alternatiuli kosmogoniuri miTic ki,
romlis Tanaxmadac frinvelTa mefoba miwaze da RmerTebze
adre gaCenila. calke aRniSvnis sagania komediis sanaxaobrivi
potenciali, romelic komediis scenuri gamomsaxvelobis
safuZvels qmnis, antromorfuli da zoomorfuli formebis
sinTezs mimarTavs, iseve rogorc `krazanebSi~ Tu `bayayebSi~.
413 wels siciliis samxedro eqspedicia marTlac
ganxorcielda, Tumca aTenma masSi seriozuli marcxi ganicada.
nikia da demosTene, swored is mxedarmTavrebi, romlebic
demosis msaxurebis saxeliT `mxedrebSi~ gavicaniT, tyved
Cavardnen. sicilielebma isini sikvdiliT dasajes, xolo
datyvevebuli aTeneli jariskacebi monebad aqcies. eqspediciis
iniciatorsa da xelmZRvanel alkibiades brZolebis dawyebamde
mouwia gaqceva, radgan aTenSi is hermesis gamosaxulebebis
Seuracxyofasa da elevsinis misteriebis gamasxaravebaSi
daadanaSaules. siciliuri eqspediciis marcxiT peloponesis
omi Tavis finalur fazaSi Sevida.

210
 56. lisistrate
411 wels aristofane aTenis mayurebels axal komedias
sTavazobs. `lisistrates~ erotikul komediur qsovilSi,
mis eqstremalurad bufonur esTetikaSi omisa da mSvidobis
Temis filosofiuri gaazreba ikiTxeba. aristofanem komediis
falikuri tradiciisa da Tanamedrove azrovnebis gaerTianeba
SeZlo. is kidev erTxel ubrundeba omisa da mSvidobis Temas
da mas kvlav komediis sicocxlis damamtkicebel, orgiastul
konteqstSi aTavsebs. lisistrate berZnulad omis, laSqrobis
Semwyvets niSnavs. dikeopolisisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
zavs Tavis Tavze moirgebs, lisistrate gacilebiT ufro
masStaburi amocanis ganxorcielebas gadawyvets. amisaTvis is
aTenisa da spartis qalebs mimarTavs da SesTavazebs maT, omis
Sewyvetis mizniT, mamakacebTan sarecelis gaziarebaze uari
Tqvan manam, sanam isini ar dazavdebian da mSvidobian cxovrebas
ar daubrundebian.
Tu aristofanes adreuli komediebis mTavari protagonisti
atikeli miwaTmoqmedi da memamule-mxedari iyo, mis gviandel
komediebSi, sadac fantastikur-zRapruli elementi Zlierdeba
da politikuri inveqtiva klebulobs, qalis figura
winaurdeba, romelsac mwerali eross ukavSirebs. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom lisistrateSi `erosisa~ da `Tanatosis~ brZola
mimdinareobs, romelic erosis gamarjvebiT sruldeba. aTeneli
qali lisistrate akropolis win mdebare moedanze saberZneTis
yvela mxaridan uxmobs qalebs da Rvinis tikze sazeimo
fics daadebinebs, rom qmrebsa da sayvarlebs alersze uars
etyvian. aTenelebs sparteli lampito SeuerTdeba, romlis
garegnoba da Zala qalebSi aRfrTovanebas iwvevs. qalebi
Zalze radikalurad arian ganwyobilni, isini akropolsa
da parTenons (aTenas taZars) daikaveben da saxelmwifo
xazinas daeuflebian. amiT isini omisaTvis aucilebel
saxsrebs Caigdeben xelSi, riTac meomar mxareebs finansur
sayrdens gamoaclian. aristofanes komediaSi kvlavac aisaxeba
aTenSi mimdinare movlenebis realiebi. amjerad, mwerali
oligarqebis usisxlo gadatrialebis warmomadgenels _
pisandres akritikebs. (siciliis eqspediciis warumateblobis
211
Semdeg, 411 wels aTenSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis krizisi
momwifda. xelisuflebaSi xanmokle periodiT oligarqiuli
partia movida. SemoRebul iqna qonebrivi cenzi). mrCevelTan
saubrisas lisistrate mmarTvel oligarqebs omiT gamdidrebis
dauokebel survilSi adanaSaulebs. misi azriT, oqro omis
safuZveli da mTavari mizezia. qalebi xazinis marTvas axali
principebiT apireben. qalebisa da moxucebis qoros paeqroba
mTeli komediis manZilze grZeldeba da xSirad xelCarTul
SerkinebaSi gadadis. mamakacebi akropolisisTvis cecxlis
wakidebas apireben, qalebi maT cecxls wyliT aqroben.
fizikur dapirispirebas sityvieri paeqroba axlavs Tan. ori
naxevargundis dapirispirebis fonze calkeuli epizodebi
viTardeba. qalebs aranakleb enatrebaT Tavisi mamakacebi, vidre
mamakacebs isini. veeba tyavis falosiT aRWurvili kinesia
Tavisi coli mirinas siyvaruls mowadinebuli akropolisTan
miipareba paemanze, Tumca gawbilebuls da uaresad gaxelebuls
gamoabruneben.
mrCevelisa da lisistrates saubridan ikveTeba, rom
qalebs dazavebisa da mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis mTeli
programa aqvT. isini wlebis manZilze dagrovil gaugebrobaTa
`gorgals~ daSlian da adamianTa Soris keTilmezoblur
urTierTobebs aRadgenen. naxevargundebis paeqrobisa da kamaTis
fonze TandaTan izrdeba erotikuli daZabulobis muxti,
mamakacebi xvdebian, rom verc SeteviT, verc CxubiTa da verc
darwmunebiT ver daimorCileben qalebs, amitom aTenisa da
spartis elCoba molaparakebas gadawyvets. maT lisistratec
uerTdeba da mSvidobiani drois upiratesobas Seaxsenebs.
qalebis mizani miRweulia. sparteli qalebi da mamakacebi erT
gundSi erTiandebian, ase iqcevian aTenelebic da yvelaferi
sayovelTao cekviTa da mxiarulebiT mTavrdeba.
`lisistrateSi~ aristofane tradiciuli formisa da
patriarqaluri sazogadoebis komediuri diskursis farglebSi,
romlis mixedviTac qalebi, Tavqariani, cru da moRalate
arsebebi, mxolod saojaxo saqmeebisa da qmris gasacureblad
Tu vargian, qalTa socialuri da vitaluri funqciis
gaazrebas axdens. swored qalebi inaxaven ojaxur keras, maTze

212
modis omis yvelaze mZime gansacdeli, isini uCenen da swiraven
samSoblos meomrebs. Sin marto darCenilni qvrivebiviT
cxovroben da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Wapans ewevian. isini
rom ara, saomrad aRerRili mamakacebis xelSi qveyana uares
dReSi Cavardeboda.
lisistrates saxiT, aristofane moazrovne da Wkviani
strategosis xasiaTs qmnis, romelic misTvis xelmisawvdomi
saSualebebiT aRwevs mizans da situacias radikalurad cvlis.
piesaSi xazgasmulia qalebis kavSiri dionises, sabaziusisa
Tu adonisis nayofierebis kultebTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
aristofane qalis socialur da biologiur funqciaSi Zlier
civilizaciur da vitalur potencials xedavs.

213
 57. qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze

evripides mimarT kritikuli damokidebuleba aristofanes

mraval komediaSi gvxvdeba. amis mizezi msoflmxedvelobriv
gansxvavebaSi unda veZeboT. iTvleba, rom aristofane,
rogorc Zveli atikuri komediis warmomadgeneli, Zalze
axloa samiwaTmoqmedo demokratiis ideologiasTan, evripides
msoflgancda ki sofistebis filosofias uaxlovdeba. is
tragediis deheroizacias axdens, misi nawarmoebebi aTenis
sazRvao imperiis epoqis pragmatizmiTa da skepticizmiTaa
ganmsWvaluli, tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis, wes-
Cveulebebisa da cxovrebis wesis rRvevas, religiuri rwmenis
safuZvlebis reviziasa da sofistebis anTropocentruli
doqtrinis formirebas asaxavs, romelic aTeni patriarqaluri
demokratiis normebs upirispirdeba. amitomac aristofane,
romelsac poeti `didebis maswavleblad~ miaCnia, evripides
mimarT Zalze kritikulia da mas iseTive sarkazmiT
akritikebs, rogorc sokrates, Tanac Tvlis, rom evripide,
rogorc poeti pasuxismgebelia aTenSi Seqmnil moralur da
msoflmxedvelobriv situaciaze. miuxedavad amisa, aristofane
iseTi mxiaruli azartiT amasxaravebs evripides, misi
metaforebi, xSirad, imdenad pirdapiria, mkiTxvels `safuZvliani
eWvi~ uCndeba, xom ar aris es yovelive aristofanes morigi
masxroba da provokacia, romlis miRma evripidesa da sokrates
doqtrinebisadmi simpaTia da interesi imaleba.
`qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze~ (Zv. w. 411,
dionisiebi) aristofanes meore `qaluri~ komediaa. misi
ZiriTadi Tema tragikos evripidesa da agaTonis kritika da
gamasxrebaa. Tumca, evripide aristofanes komediis mTavari
samiznea. `qalTmoZule~ evripideze ganawyenebulma qalebma
gadawyvites, Tesmoforiebis1 dResaswaulze TaTbiri moawyon
da saZulvel poetze SursZiebis gegma dasaxon. evripidem
Seityo qalebis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, Tavis simamr mnesiloqes
qalis samosi Caacva da dResaswaulze Seapara ambis gasagebad.
1
demetrasa da persefonesadmi miZRvnili dResaswauli Zvel saberZneTSi,
romelSic mxolod Tavisufali qalebi monawileobdnen.

214
mnesiloqem gamZvinvarebuli qalebisagan evripides dacva scada,
daeWvebulma qalebma is gamoaaSkaraves da Seipyres. evripides
didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda simamris dasaxsnelad. komedia
evripides tragediebis gamojavrebazea agebuli. mnesiloqes
ganTavisuflebis scenebSi aristofane evripides cnobili
tragediebis parodirebas axdens, magaliTad, `elenesi~ (qalad
gadacmuli mnesiloqe elenes `ganasaxierebs~, evripide ki
menelaosis samosiT modis mis dasaxsnelad), an `andromedasi~
(mnesiloqes tetia skviTi darajisagan daxsnis epizodi persevsis
mier andromedas zRvis urCxulisagan ganTavisuflebis scenas
emsgavseba). komikuri citireba, parodia da klounada evripides
tragediebis gamasxrebis formad iqceva.

215
 58. bayayebi

`bayayebi~ aTenSi 205 wels daidga, maleve evripides

gardacvalebis Semdeg. aristofanem swored es garemoeba
gamoiyena komediis siuJetSi, romlis mixedviTac RmerTi
dionise, im mizeziT, rom miwaze arcerTi namdvili poeti
aRar darCa, hadesSi Cadis axalgardacvlili evripides
dasabruneblad. dionises gadawyvetileba imTaviTve ironiulad
JRers, radgan politikosebis Semdeg, swored evripide iyo
aristofanes satiris erT-erTi ZiriTadi samizne. `bayayebidan~
Cans, rom aristofanes eripides mimarT igive pretenziebi aqvs,
rac sokrates misamarTiT `RrublebSi~. hadesSi mas qurdebi,
naZiralebi da mamis mkvlelebi uWeren mxars – swored isini,
romlebic misi tragediis msoflmxedvelobaze gaizardnen. es
mogzauroba aristofanesTvis Tavisi esTetikuri, politikuri
Tu moraluri Sexedulebebis gadmocemis saSualeba xdeba.
`bayayebSi~ aristofane komediis nawilebis tradiciul
kompozicias cvlis, moqmedebas epizodebiT iwyebs, xolo
agoni meore nawilSi gadaaqvs. pirvel nawils klounadisa da
bufonadis forma aqvs, misi gmirebi _ ori `jambazi~ – RmerTi
dionise da misi msaxuri qsanTia arian. dionise mxdali batonia,
qsanTia ki gaiZvera mosamsaxure. dionises heraklesaviT lomis
tyavi aqvs mosxmuli, xelSi ki didi kombali uWiravs. qsanTia
mZime bargs moaTrevs da mudmivad wuwunebs. Rvinis RmerTma
herakles samosi imitom Caicva, rom imedi aqvs, gmiris niRbiT
hadesis urCxulebisa da RmerTebisagan ukeT daicavs Tavs, maT
ridsa da pativiscemas daimsaxurebs, heraklem xom jojoxeTis
ZaRli kerberi SeboWa da miwisqveSa samefodan moitaca. Tumca
herakled gadacma garozgvisagan mainc ver daixsnis mas. piriqiT,
eaki, hadesis sasaxlis kariskaci (miTologiaSi ki codvilTa
mrisxane msajuli), ZaRlis motacebas gauxsenebs TviTmarqvia
gmirs. komediis pirvel nawilSi qoro bayayebis gunds
ganasaxierebs, romlebic miwisqveSa samefoSi mogzaurobisas
damcinavi yiyiniT miacileben batonsa da msaxurs, meore nawilSi
gundi elevsisis demetrasa da persefones kults naziarebi
mistebisagan Sedgeba, romlebsac hadesSi gansakuTrebuli
pativi da mdgomareoba aqvT. mistebis gundi parabasaSi poetis

216
saxeliT mouwodebs aTenelebs, daiviwyon Zveli politikuri
uTanxmoebebi da saxelmwifos keTildReobaze izrunon. hadesSi
dionise da qsanTia esqilesa da evripides Soris gamarTuli
davis mowmeni gaxdebian. evripide moiTxovs, rom tragediis
taxti dauTmon. dionises, rogorc Teatris RmerTs, plutoni
davis msajulobas sTxovs. iwyeba komediis ZiriTadi nawili
– esqielsa da evripides poeturi Sejibri. am paeqrobis
msvlelobisas, aristofane tragediis poetikis, misi miznis,
enisa Tu struqturis Tavis xedvas warmoaCens. esqiles is
maRalfardovnebas uwunebs, xolo evripides ritorikulobasa
da zedmet sityvakazmulobas.
parodireba da kritika orive poetis stilis gansxvavebul
sisusteebs gamoavlens, amitom, dionise leqsebs `yveliviT~
awonis _ esqiles strofebi miwamde xris sasworis pinas,
evripides poezia ki `mCate~ aRmoCndeba. Tumca, dionise arc am
zomas dasjerdeba da finalur gamocdas awyobs – miwaze imas
daabrunebs, vinc `alkibiadeTi dasneulebuli~ qalaqis xsnis
ukeTes gzas monaxavs.1 aseTi, ra Tqma unda, esqile aRmoCndeba,
romelsac dionise dedamiwaze daabrunebs, raTa tragedias
Zveli dideba daubrunos da aTenis moqalaqeebi WeSmariti
samoqalaqo da adamianuri RirebulebebiT aRzardos, sulis
simtkice da simamace Caunergos maT. tragediis taxts esqile
sofokles uTmobs, TviTon ki miwaze brundeba Teatrisa da
tragediis aRorZinebisaTvis.
esqiles hadesidan amoyvana erTgvari simboluri aqtia,
romelic aTenis demokratiis saukeTeso dReebze aristofanes
nostalgias gadmoscems. aristofanes politikuri
Sexedulebebi naklebad radikaluria, is politikuri Tanxmobis
platmorfaze dgas da miuxedavad arsebuli mmarTvelobis
kritikisa, kompromisuli zomebis momxrea. xelisuflebis
Secvlas is mSvidobiani politikis gatarebas, samoqalaqo
Tanxmobas, vaWrobis ganviTarebas da mokavSireebis mimarT
loialur sagadasaxado politikas amjobinebs (esqiles gegma
`bayayebSi~).

1
aristofanes Zalze zustad aqvs gadmocemuli alkibiades mimarT aTenSi
arsebuli damokidebuleba – qalaqs, erTsa da imave dros, `sZuls da surs~
alkibiade, erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli politikosi.

217
 59. socialuri utopia da
Zveli komediis dasasruli

poetis Semoqmedebis bolo periodidan dRemde mxolod

orma komediam moaRwia, esenia `qalebi saxalxo krebaze~
(Zv. w. 392w.), komedia, romelic socialuri utopiis Janrs
miekuTvneba da `plutosi~ (Zv. w. 388w.) _ socialur-
filosofiuri zRapari simdidresa da siRaribeze. Zv. w. V
saukunis dasasruls peloponesis omi finalur fazaSi Sevida,
405 wels sazRvao floti spatelebma gaanadgures. aTenma
saboloo damarcxeba igema, qveyanas aRar darCa brZolisunariani
floti, armia da xsnis imedi. 404 wlis aprilSi daido
sazavo xelSekruleba, romelis mixedviTac aTeni kargavda
Tavis zRvis gaRma mdebare samflobeloebs, flotis yolis
uflebas, gavlenasa da simdidres. korinTo da Tebe qalaqis
dangrevasac ki moiTxovdnen, magram, sabolood, SedarebiT
zomieri zavi daido.
aseTi viTareba iyo Seqmnili Zv. w. IV saukunis
damdegs. aTenis demoss, romlis udides nawils Tavisufali
miwaTmoqmedebi Seadgendnen, axal politikur da ekonomikur
situaciasTan Segueba uWirda, aTenelebi marcxis mizezebze
fiqrobdnen da sakuTari Tavis mimarT skeptikurad da
ironiulad iyvnen ganwyobilni. aRar arsebobda aRmavali
kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli energetika da sasicocxlo
muxti. mosaxleobis didi nawilisaTvis saxalxo krebebSi
monawileoba, romlisTvisac mcire gasamrjelo dawesda,
Semosavlis wyaro gaxda da ara gacnobierebuli samoqalaqo
pasuxismgebloba.
`qalebi saxalxo krebaze~ Zalze kargad asaxavs berZnul
sazogadoebaSi dasadgurebul skepticizms, piesaSi ar aris
parabazisi, sadac poeti gundis saSualebiT Tavis Sexedulebebs
gamoTqvams, tradiciuli agoni formalur xasiaTs atarebs.
nawarmoebSi viTardeba idea-utopia mamakacTa mmarTvelobis
qalTa sayovelTao mmarTvelobiT Secvlis Sesaxeb. aTeneli
qalebi moilaparakeben, rom mamakacebad gadaicvan, qmrebs
gaeparon da saxalxo krebaze mividnen, raTa xmaTa umravlesobiT

218
qalTa mmarTveloba SemoiRon. `spikerad~ da xelmZRvanelad
isini praqsagoras irCeven, romelmac qalTa mmarTvelobis
upiratesobaSi unda daarwmuos krebis wevrebi. piesis
eqspoziciur nawilSi qalebi jer kidev gaTenebamde ikribebian
kacebad gadacmulni, maT qmrebis samosi mouparavT da xelovnuri
wverebi miubamT, raTa krebaze moxvedra SeZlon. qalebis gegma
gaamarTlebs da aTenSi qalTa mmarTveloba myardeba. axali
wyobileba saerTo sakuTrebasa da samoqalaqo Tanasworobas
isaxavs miznad, myardeba seqsualuri Tavisuflebac, romelic
Tanabari da samarTliani `ganawilebis~ sayovelTao princips
emyareba.
piesis meore nawilSi aristofane sakuTari Tezis parodirebas
gvTavazobs da axali kanonebis praqtikaSi moqmedebis komikur
scenebs qmnis. ori mouci qali axalgazrda kacs aiZulebs,
rom axalgazrda Seyvarebulis nacvlad maTTan daiWiros saqme,
moxucebsac xom undaT axalgazrdebis siyvaruli. TandaTan
cxadi xdeba, rom primitiulad gagebuli Tanasworoba
sasurvel bednierebas da sayovelTao keTildReobas ver
daamyarebs. aristofane aTenis sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul
hedonistur ganwyobebsa da saxelmwifosadmi momxmareblur
damokidebulebas gvaCvenebs. saxelmwifos sasargeblod Tavisi
qonebis Sewirva yvelas rodi unda, samagierod, sajaro nadimze
dasaswrebad uklebliv yvela garbis. aristofanes realizmi
SesaniSnavad asaxavs aTenis peloponesis omisSemdgom realobas,
sazogadoebisa da misi mTavari gmiris – Tavisufali aTeneli
miwaTmoqmedis degradacias.
aristofanes ukanaskneli komediis _ `plutosis~
gadamuSavebuli versia 388 wels iTamaSes (adreuli versia
mas 408 wels Seuqmnia). komediaSi aRar aris politikuri
satira da parodia, am filosofiuri zRapris sagani adamianTa
sisusteebi da mankierebani gaxda. aTenis mier politikuri da
ekonomikuri gavlenisa da Zlierebis dakargvam sazogadoebrivi
sarbieli Sekveca, dairRva demokratiuli sazogadoebis
RirebulebiTi erToba da suliskveTeba, daisadgura gaWirvebam,
adamianTa interesebi piradi keTildReobiT Semoifargla,
daeca zneoba. swored aseTi sazogadoeba ixateba `plutosSi~.

219
moxuc miwaTmoqmed qremiloss, romelmac cxovreba Sromasa da
siRaribeSi galia, Tavisi vaJi aseTi xvedrisTvis enaneba. is
orakulTan midis da misi rCeviT, pirvelive Semxvedrs aedevneba,
raTa is Tavis saxlSi miiyvanos pativiT. es adamiani zevsis
mier dabrmavebuli simdidris RmerTi plutosi aRmoCndeba.
zevss patiosani xalxis simdidre Surdao, eubneba qremiloss
plutosi, amitomac damabrmava, rom TeTri DSavisagan veRar
gamerCiao.
samarTlianobis damyarebis erTaderTi gza plutosisaTvis
mxedvelobis dabrunebaa. qremilosi da misi mona karioni
plutoss asklepiosis taZarSi waiyvanen, sadac mas Tvals
auxelen. plutosi mtyuanisa da marTlis garCevas iwyebs. Tumca
aristofane, romelic arasodes ar iZleva martiv receptebs,
samarTliani ganawilebis principsac akritikebs (iseve, rogorc
komediaSi `qalebi saxalxo krebaze~). siRaribe, avi da saZageli
garegnobis moxuci qali amtkicebs, rom Tuki yvela muqTad
miiRebs fuls, muSaobas aRaravin moisurvebs, xelosnoba da
mecniereba gaqreba da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba daqveiTdeba.
qremilosi miugebs, rom saqmes monebi da msaxurebi gaakeTeben,
Tumca siRaribe amis perspeqtivasac ver xedavs, radgan monebisa
da msaxurebis yidvas fuli sWirdeba. qremilosi da karionis
yurs ar ugdeben siRaribes. gankurnebuli plutosi patiosan
xalxs Soris simdidris Tanabar ganawilebas iwyebs. RmerTebs
ZRvens aRaravin swiravs, isini hermess gamoagzavnian situaciis
gamosasworeblad, Tumca, sabolood, hermesi qremiloss
msaxurad daudgeba lukmapuris saSovnelad, aTenelTa mTavari
RmerTi ki simdidris RvTaeba plutosi xdeba.
aristofane am komediaSic ironiuli da orazrovania, is
cxadad aCvenebs, rom ar arsebobs simdidrisa da keTldReobis
receptebi da yvelaferi mizandasaxuli SromiTa da patiosani
cxovrebiT modis. zogierTni aristofanes ukanasknel komediebs
Sua atikur komedias miakuTvneben, romelSic sayofacxovrebo
Tematika Zlierdeba, Cndeba komediuri niRbebi (Tumca amis
winapiroba Zvel komediaSi ukve arsebobs), ikargeba interesi
politikuri Temebisadmi. Sua atikuri komediidan nawarmoebTa
mxolod umniSvnelo fragmentebia moRweuli. Zv. w. III saukuneSi

220
Sua atikuri komedia e.w. axal atikur komediaSi gadaizrdeba,
romelic ukve elinizmis xanas miekuTvneba.
aristofanes komediebs sam jgufad yofen, pirvel jgufs
mwvave politikuri satiriT, inveqtiviTa da konkretul
moRvaweebze pirovnuli TavdasxmebiT gajerebul adreul
piesebs miakuTvneben, `frinvelebidan~ moyolebuli Zlierdeba
naratiuli elementi, siuJeti ufro mniSvnelovan datvirTvas
iZens, samagierod, iklebs politikuri komponenti, inveqtiva,
mcirdeba da Semdeg qreba parabazisi (bolo or komediaSi),
sul ufro klebulobs gundis roli, rbildeba Zveli atikuri
komediis ritualur-erotikuli aspeqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
skabrezuloba da sxv.
es 11 komedia demokratiuli aTenis saTetaro da
politikuri kulturis wvdomisaTvis umniSvnelovanes wyaros
warmoadgens. maT Zalze kargad asaxes qveynis politikuri
da kulturuli cxovrebis dinamika, socialuri procesebi
da tendenciebi. faqtobrivad, Cven winaSe sakmaod dramatuli
sanaxaoba Caivlis, Zlieri da gavleniani sazRvao imperiis
daqveiTeba didi saomari avantiuris WrilSi. magram yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aristofanes komediebSi samoqalaqo da
pirovnuli Tavisuflebis is xmaa, romelic gansakuTebuli
ZaliT gaismis mis adreul nawarmoebebSi. aristofanes,
zogjer, konservatorad da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
mowinaaRmdeged miiCneven, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli
misi Semoqmedeba berZnuli demokratiis qmediTi demonstraciaa.
metic, aristofane Zalian kargad xedavs, rom Seqmnili
viTarebis ZiriTadi subieqti aTeneli miwaTmoqmedia, adamiani,
romelmac Tavis droze sparselebTan omSi aTenis demokratiis
aRmavlobas Cauyara safuZveli. perikles mmarTvelobis
periodSi, berZnul-sparsuli omebSi gamarjvebis Semdeg,
aTenis mier dasaxuli ambiciuri gegmebi spartisa da Zalis
Zveli centrebis (Tebe, korinTo) gaafTrebuli saukunovani
winaaRmdegobiTa da zewoliT ganadgurda. TiTqos perikle
is ukanaskneli kaSxali iyo, romelic am Rvarcofs aCerebda.
aTenis demokratiam axali cnobierebis eqsporti rigi mizezebiT
ver moaxerxa. politikosebs motivacia, talanti, codna da

221
inteleqti ar eyoT perikles politikis gasagrZeleblad.
swored amitom, intuciiTa Tu codniT, aristofane kvlav
dionises ritualis wiaRSi dabrunebas iTxovs, raTa iqidan
ganaxlebulni rZesa da wyalSi gamovlilni dabrundnen da
qveynis Zliereba aaRorZinon.
Tavisufali, mamaci, sicocxlismoyvare aTeneli miwaTmoqmedi,
romlis degradacia mTel qveyanas uqadis katastrofas. Tavis
sasacilo da mxiarul komediebSi aristofane umniSvnelovanes
da Zalze seriozul Temebs exeba, xedavs ra, rom peloponesis
omi masSi CarTuli Tu CaTreuli yvela berZnuli polisisTvis
damRupvelia, omisa da mSvidobis Tema misi adreuli komediebis
laitmotivi xdeba. is yvela negatiur socialur fenomens
akritikebs _ demagogias, momxveWelobas, sasamarTlos
organizebis sisusteebs, moralsa da aRzrdis sakiTxebs, exeba
da gaiazrebs xelovnebisa da Semoqmedebis sakiTxebs, poetis
funqciasa da valdebulebebs sazogadoebis winaSe da sxv. is
upirispirdeba sofistebsa da Tanamedrove poetebs, romelTa
pesimisturi, skeptikuri filosofia, misi azriT, arRvevs
adamianTa erTobis safuZvlebs, maT sulier sijansaRes. is
harmoniulad aerTianebs dionises komediis vitalurobas,
xalxurobas, sicocxlisa da nayofierebis kults, romelic ase
Zlierad vlindeba Zvel atikur komediaSi, da misi epoqisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel inteleqtualizms, publicisturobas,
SemoqmedebiT fantazias.

kiTxvebi da davalebebi 45 _ 59 Tavebisadmi:

1. rodis daibada aristofane da ra aris cnobili misi

biografiidan?
2. ra movlenebi viTardeboda aTenSi 431-421 wlebSi?
3. risi mowme gaxda 15 wlis aristofane da ram gansazRvra misi
SemoqmedebiTi da politikuri kredo?

222
4. rodis daiwyo peloponesis omi da ra Sedegebi gamoiRo man
aTenisaTvis?
5. romeli kavSirebi ibrZodnen zRvasa da materikze gavlenisaTvis
da rogor dasrulda es dapirispireba?
6. daaxasiaTeT aTensa da spartas Soris dadebuli sami zavis pirbebi
– 30 wlianis, nikias zavisa da feramnes zavis pirobebi.
7. ra konfliqtia cnobili aristofanesa da demagog kleons Soris,
romelsac dramaturgi Zlivs gadaurCa?
8. rodis warmoadgines `aqarnelebi~ da ra amoZravebda dikeopoliss,
rodesac pniqsze modioda?
9. rogoria dikeopolisi, rogorc personaJi da aRwevs Tu ara is
sawadels? daaxasiaTeT igi.
10. ra ironiuli sazrisi aqvs Cadebuli aristofanes dikeopolisisa
da lamaqes agonSi?
11. rodis daidga komedia `mSvidoba~ da ratom gaafrina avtorma
trigeosi nexvis xoWoTi?
12. rogor gaaTavisufles eirene da ratom gaakeTa aristofanem
aqcenti, kvlav, atikel miwaTmoqmedebze?
13. rogoria komediis agonis xerxebis arsenali `mxedrebSi~? ra
eTikuri principebiT `izRudeba~ misi normebi?
14. ra transformacias ganicdis moxucebuli demosi `mxedrebSi~?
15. ra aris `mxedrebis~ morali?
16. rogor Semodis, e. w. `sokratuli Tema~ aristofanes
SemoqmeebaSi?
17. ramdenad aris `Rrublebi~ marTlac sokrateze da ara aTenelebis
moralur problemebze, romlebic damnaSaveebs `gareT~ eZeben?
18. ra mizani amoZravebs strefsiades, rodesac is safiqraleTSi
Tanamedrove sibrZnes eZebs?
19. rogor aisaxa `RrublebSi~ soflisa da qalaqis dapirispirebis
Tema. romelic ase organulia atikuri komediisTvis?
20. ra problema aqvs dayenebuli aristofanes kidev erTi
demokratiuli institutis – heliastebis sasamarTlos
kritikisas?
21. vis asamarTlebs moxuci mosamarTle, rodesac saxlidan gaparvas
ver SeZlebs?
22. vis eZeben `frinvelebSi~ evelpide da pisTetere da rogor
xvdebian isini berZnuli folkloris sivrceSi?
23. ras gamoeqcnen isini aTenidan da risi Seqmna surT?
24. ratom qmnian isini axal ideologias da rogor icvlebian
frinvelebi adamianebTan urTierTobiT?

223
25. ra saboloo produqts miiReben isini da riTi gansxvavdeba
RrubelguguleTi `utopiuri aTenisagan~?
26. gavlenisa da ekonomikuri Zalauflebis mopovebis ra berketebs
iyeneben `frinvelebSi~?
27. rogor Semodis e. w. `qalTa Tema~ aristofanesTan da raSi
mdgomareobs lisistrates Canafiqri mSvidobis miRwevis
TvalsazrisiT?
28. ra mniSvnelobas aniWebs aristofane _ a), ekonomikur berketebs
Tavis piesebSi personaJTa proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas, b)
politikuri brZolis intensivobas da xarisxs, d) Canafiqris
sicxadesa da mizanSewonilobas?
29. rogor Semodis Rvinis, rogorc mSvidobis materialuri
ekvivalentis Tema komediebSi?
30. ra ironiuli orazrovneba ikiTxeba evripides uzomo kritikaSi
aristofanes mier?
31. marTlac aseTi Zvelmoduri tradicionalistia es mowinave
azrovnebis komediografosi?
32. ratom Cadis dionise hadesSi aristofanes `bayayebSi~ da vin
daxvdeba mas iq?
33. ra transformacias ganicdis demokratiis normebi piesaSi `qalebi
saxalxo krebaze~?
34. Tqveni azriT, iyo Tu ara aristofane `primitiuli~ qalTmoZule?
moiyvaneT Tqveni argumentebi.
35. ra transformacia ganicda atikurma komediam aristofanes
socialur utopiaSi?
36. daakavSireT da SeadareT erTmaneTs evripidesa da aristofanes
figurebi da gaaanalizeT maTi Semoqmedeba demokratiuli aTenis
dacemis WrilSi.

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 60. aristotele. `poetika~

meoTxe saukunis damdegisaTvis, Zveli berZnuli dramis

praqtika ukve saukuneze mets iTvlida. momwifda am gamocdilebis
Teoriuli analizis aucilebloba. berZnul filosofiaSi ukve
arsebobda xelovnebis filosofiuri gaazrebis mniSvnelovani
nimuSebi. am kuTxiT, Zalze sainteresoa piTagora samoselis
(Zv.w. 570-490ww.) Sexeduleba musikalur xelovnebaze.
piTagoras azriT, samyaros safuZvelSi abstraqtuli ricxvi
Zevs, romelic yoveli arsebulis fuZes warmoadgens. kosmosi
erTgvari ricxviT-musikaluri konstruqciaa, romlis ricxvi-
atomebi erTmaneTTan mkacrad kanonzomier mimarTebaSi
imyofebian. piTagoram da misma mimdevrebma maTematika, harmonia
da musika erTian esTetikur sistemaSi gaaerTianes, romelic ara
mxolod kosmosis, aramed adamianis sulis (mikrokosmosis) Tu
nebismieri arsebulis safuZvelia. am koncefciaze dayrdnobiT,
piTagora musikas Terapiul funqcias aniWebda da mas adamianis
sulier mdgomareobaze, sulier simrTeleze zemoqmedebis
unars miawerda. Sesabamisad, ukve piTagorelebTan, xelovneba
da mxatvruli nawarmoebi samyaros arsebobis fuZiseul
principebs ukavSirdeba.
mSvenieris bunebis gaazrebisas, sokratec Tavisi
filosofiuri doqtrinidan amodioda (misi filosofiuri
Tvalsazrisi sxvadasxva avtoris, yvelaze ukeT ki qsenofontesa
_ `mogonebebi sokrateze~ da platonis nawerebidan ikiTxeba).
sokrates Tanaxmad, samyaro gonivruli da harmoniulia.
Sesabamisad, yovelive arsebuli am TvisebebiT fasobs. mSveniers
sokrate gaiazrebs rogorc zogad cnebas, kategorias. misTvis
movlenisa Tu sagnis mSveniereba Sinagani mizanSewonilobis
xarisxiT, formisa da arsis TanxmobiTa da harmoniiT
ganisazRvreba.
sokrates mowafe da yvela drois udidesi filosofosi
platoni mSvenierisa da xelovnebis arsze ramdenime dialogSi
saubrobs, maT Soris `did hipiasa~ da `nadimSi~, aseve `ionSi~
(poeturi inspiraciisa da dionisuri eqstazis Sesaxeb).
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania platonis Sexedulebebi

225
xelovnebis bunebaze. misi azriT, xelovneba realobis mibaZvaa,
realoba ki uzenaesi realobis _ ideaTa samyaros Crdilia,
amdenad, xelovnebis nawarmoebi ukve ori safexuriT wydeba
umaRles da WeSmarit yofierebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
platoni xelovnebis mimarT skeptikuradaa ganwyobili, is
gamoyofs xelovnebis SeqmniTi bunebis ZiriTad aspeqts –
mimeziss.
platonisagan gansxvavebiT, filosofosi aristotele (Zv.w.
384-322 ww.), platonis mowafe da dramis Teoriis Semqmneli,
xelovnebas mTlianad pozitiurad uyurebs da mis SemecnebiT,
aRmzrdelobiT da Terapiul Tvisebebs aRiarebs. platonis
msgavsad, isic xelovnebis mimeturi (baZviTi) Teoriis mimdevaria.
xelovneba aristotelesTvis Semecnebis safuZvelia da adamians
grZnobadi (xiluli da smenadi) realobis ukeT Seswavlis
saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc is `poetikaSi~ (Zv.w. 335 w.) wers,
arsebobs realobis iseTi mxareebi, romlebic adamianisaTvis
safrTxesa da saSiSroebas Seicavs, amitom, sinamdvilis am
aspeqtis Sesamecneblad mxatvruli asaxva saukeTeso saSualebas
warmoadgens. xelovnebis Teorias, aristotele, ZiriTadad,
`poetikaSi~ ayalibebs. aristoteles mixedviT, adamians aqvs
mibaZvis TanSobili Tviseba, romelic xelovnebis arsebobis
safuZvelsac qmnis. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi adamiani realobis
yvela aspeqts asaxavs, rogorc gareSe realobas, ise sakuTar
Tavs, rogorc erTiani realobis nawils. amdenad, `poetikis~
ZiriTad amosaval cnebas xelovnebis SeqmniTi bunebis
safuZveli _ mimezisi warmoadgens. aristotele mimezisis
saxeebs ramdenime principiT ganasxvavebs: mibaZvis saSualebiT,
mibaZvis sagniTa da mibaZvis xerxiT. mibaZvis saSualebebs Soris
is ritms, sityvasa da harmonias asaxelebs. mibaZvis sagnad mas
realobis sxvadasxva mxare da xarisxi miaCnia – zogi realobas
asaxavs ukeTesad, zogi uaresad (Sedegad viRebT parodiasa
da komedias), zogi ki iseTad, rogoric is aris. asaxvis
xerxic samia – pirvel SemTxvevaSi poeti movlenebs gareSe
damkvirveblis TvaliT gadmogvcems, rogorc amas homerosi
akeTebs. meore saxeobaSi poeti sakuTari saxeliT gvesaubreba,
xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi is personaJebs moqmedebaSi gvaCvenebs.

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aristotele xelovnebis aRqmis aspeqtebzec saubrobs, misi
azriT, xelovneba siamovnebas gvaniWebs rogorc SeqmniT, ise
aRqmiT. am siamovnebis safuZveli cnoba da mixvedraa.
`poetikaSi~ aristotele tragediisa da komediis warmoSobis
Sesaxebac saubrobs, swored is gvauwyebs, rom tragedia
improvizaciidan da diTirambTa wamomwyebidan, aseve satiruli
dramidan ganviTarda, esqilem meore msaxiobi Semoiyvana da
gundis partiebi Seamcira, xolo sofoklem moqmedebas mesame
msaxiobi da scenis ferweruli moxatva daamata. komedia
falikur simReraTa wamomwyebTagan wamovida, is maxinjsa da
ugvanos asaxavs, Tumca tanjvis gareSe. tragedia da eposi
seriozul movlenebs gadmogvcemen, Tumca erTmaneTisagan
struqturiTa da eniT gansxvavdebian.
tragediaSi aristotele eqvs ZiriTad nawils ganasxvavebs
– asaxvis sagnis kuTxiT is sams _ miToss, xasiaTebsa da
safiqrals (azrebs) asaxelebs; mibaZvis xerxiT sasceno
garemos, mibaZvis saSualebebiT sityvier formasa da musikalur
kompozicias. mniSvnelobis mixedviT is tragediis nawilebs
Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT warmogvidgens: fabula (miTosi),
xasiaTebi, safiqrali (azrebi), sityvieri forma (saTqmeli),
musikaluri kompozicia (sasmeni) da saxilveli (sasceno
xorcSesxma).
aristotelesTvis tragedia, asaxavs ra dasrulebul
seriozul moqmedebas, romelsac garkveuli moculoba gaaCnia,
asaxavs sityviTa da moqmedebiT da ara TxrobiT, SiSiTa da
TanagancdiT msgavs afeqtTagan gvaTavisuflebs (gangvwmends).
tragedia Tavad warmoadgens erTian mTlianobas, romelsac
aqvs dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli. imisaTvis, rom
tragedia gamarTuli da gasagebi iyos. aucilebelia arsebobdes
moqmedebis erTianoba, romelic movlenaTa urTierTkavSirsa
da Tanmimdevrobaze iqneboda damyarebuli. movlenaTa jaWvis
romelime rgolis gamotoveba mTlianobas unda arRvevdes.
poetis mizania isaubros ara momxdarze, aramed SesaZlebelze,
romelic aucileblobisa da albaTobis principiT xorcieldeba.
amdenad, aristoteles azriT, poezia, romelic SesaZlebelze
saubrobs, istoriaze ufro seriozuli da filosofiuria.

227
 amis Semdgom, aristotele tragediis fabulisa da
mTlianad tragediis formalur struqturas ganixilavs. is
erTmaneTisagan martivsa da rTul fabulebs ganasxvavebs.
rTulia fabula, romelic peripetiasa da gamocnobas
Seicavs. peripetia aris moqmedebis sawinaaRdegoSi gadasvla
albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis Sedegad, magaliTad, rodesac
sofokles `oidipos mefeSi~ macnes oidiposis dasamSvidebeli
ambavi moaqvs, Sedegi sapirispiro aRmoCndeba. gamocnoba aris
arcodnidan codnaSi gadasvla, aristotele iseT gamocnobas
aniWebs upiratesobas, romelic peripetias ukavSirdeba
(rogorc es `oidipos mefeSi~ xdeba). mesame maxasiaTebeli,
romelic tragedias peripetiasa da gamocnobasTan erTad
axasiaTebs, tanjvaa, romelic sikvdilsa Tu tkivils iwvevs.
`poetikis~ erT-erTi mTavari cneba tragikuli
danaSaulis hamartiis (berZn. ἁμαρτί) cnebaa, romelsac
adamiani katastrofisken (tragikuli dasasrulisken) mihyavs.
aristotele ase msjelobs, imisTvis rom tragediis gmirs
TanavugrZnoT, is uneblie danaSauls unda sCadiodes Secdomis
an garemoebebis gamoisobiT da ara mankieri bunebis gamo.
tragediis gmiri unda iyos keTilSobili da Tanmimdevruli.
misi qmedebac albaTobisa da aucileblobis mixedviT unda
viTardebodes.
`poetikis~ ZiriTadi nawili aristotelem tragediis
poetikas dauTmo. amasTan, dramisa da xelovnebis TeoriaSi man
Semoitana iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa ganwmenda (kaTarzisi),
termini, romelic, zogierTis azriT, filosofiaSi medicinidan
Semovida. Tumca kaTarzisi, rogorc esTetikuri termini,
sulieri ganwmendisa da wonasworobis miRwevas niSnavs, romelic
emociuri TanagancdiTa da sulieri gamocdilebiT miiRweva;
hamartia – tragikuli danaSaul, romelsac sxvadasxvanairad
xsnian, kerZod, zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, hamartia arcodniT
daSvebuli Secdomas SeiZleba niSnavdes, radgan berZenTaTvis
conda, samyaros kosmiur kanonzomierebaTa wvdoma umaRlesi
siqvelea. adamiani, romelic kosmiur kanonebs ver swvdeba,
balanss arRvevs da katastrofa moelis, radgan man movlenaTa
uzenaesi marTlwesrigi xelyo. sxvebi hamartias codvis

228
qristianul gagebas uaxloveben, rac eTikuri normebisa da
principebis darRvevas uTanabrdeba.
`poetika~ dramis Teoriisa da esTetikis erT-erT
fundamentur teqstad iTvleba, Tumca misi mkvlevrebi
Tanxmdebian imaze, rom teqstSi bevri ram bundovania, rac,
maTi azriT, imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom `poetika~ erTgvari
konspetis xasiaTisaa da, SesaZloa, aristoteles mowafeTa
Canawersac warmoadgendes. masSi unda iyos gviandeli
CanarTebic. miuxedavad amisa, `poetikis~ saidumloeba dResac
samecniero da mxatvruli inspiraciis sababia, miT ufro, rom
aristotele am teqstSi, ZiriTadad, tragedias da eposs exeba,
xolo komediis poetikis ganxilvas samomavlod gadadebs.
`poetikam~ gaamTliana klasikuri epoqis tragediis
gamocdileba da misi ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi gamokveTa.
aristoteles `poetikam~ udidesi gavlena moaxdina dramis
Teoriis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, tragediis mamodelirebeli
bunebis gagebaze. swored aristoteles `poetikaze~
dayrdnobiT Camoyalibda XVII-XVIII saukunis dramis Teoriasa
da praqtikaSi e. w. sami erTanobis _ moqmedebis, adgilisa
da drois erTianobis kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, garda
moqmedebis erTianobisa, dramaSi daculi unda yofiliyo
adgilis erTianobis (moqmedebis adgili erTi konkretuli
adgiliT unda yofiliyo Semofargluli) da drois
erTianobis (tragediis moqmedebis dros 24 saaTisTvis ar
unda gadaeWarbebina) kanoni. romantikulma dramam erTianobis
kanonebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da dramis kompoziciasa da
struqturaSi Tavisufleba Seitana. aristoteles poetikam
gavlena moaxdina dramis elinistur da romaul koncefciebze
da, zogadad, mravali saukuniT gansazRvra dramis Teoriis
ganviTareba.

229
 kiTxvebi da davalebebi:

1. ras fiqrobda piTagora kosmosis, musikisa da adamianis sulis,

rogorc mikrokosmosis Sesaxeb?
2. ratom miaCnda platons xelovneba mimezisis saxeobad da ra
gavrceleba hpova am platoniseulma azrma Semdgom dramis
TeoriaSi?
3. ras fiqrobs aristotele xelovnebis SemecnebiT funqciaze?
4. rogor ganasxvavebs aristotele mimezisis saxeebs?
5. ris safuZvelze axdens is xelovnebis klasifikacias?
6. ra cnobebs gvawvdis is tragediisa da komediis Sesaxeb?
7. ramden nawils ganasxvavebs is tragediaSi?
8. romeli tragedia miaCnia mas sanimuSod?
9. ras wers aristotele tragediis fabulaze, peripetiasa da
gamocnobaze?
10. ra aris, misi azriT – amartia – tragikuli danaSauli?
11. ganixileT kaTarzisis cneba.
12. saidan wamovida, aristoteles mixedviT, komedia?
13. ra gavlena iqonia aristoteles `poetikam~ dramis Teoriis
Semdgom ganviTarebaze.

230
 maia goSaZe

61. elinizmis epoqa da Teatri

elinizmi: politikuri da kulturuli winapirobebi.

kulturis eqsporti da kulturuli sinkretizmi

terminiT `elinizmi~ aRiniSneba periodi, romelic iwyeba

aleqsandre makedonelis imperiis warmoqmnidan (Zv. w. _
aR. 334-324 ww.) da mTavrdeba Zv.w. I saukuneSi, romaelTa
mier ukanaskneli didi elinisturi saxelmwifos, egviptis
dapyrobiT. berZnulidan warmomdgari termini mecnierebaSi
pirvelad daamkvidra XIX saukuneSi moRvawe germanelma
mecnierma i. droizenma. elinizmiT aRiniSneba garkveuli epoqa
(Zv. w. IV s. 30-iani wlebi – I s.) mTeli Tavisi socialur-
politikuri, istoriuli kataklizmebiTa da kulturiT.
aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebis Sedegad, Seiqmna
uzarma­zari imperia, romelic maSindeli civilizebuli
samyaros udides nawils moicavda; makedonia-saberZneTidan
moyolebuli, centraluri aziis CaTvliT. makedonelis mizans
erTian socialur-politikuri da kulturul sivrced
qceuli msoflio imperiis Seqmna warmoadgenda. aleqsandre
makedonelis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze berZnuli ena
dominirebda. elinistur saxelmwifoebSi Seqmnil did
filologiur centrebSi kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavla
da gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT berZnuli literaturis
popularizacia mimdinareobda.
aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdilis Semdeg imperia
daiSala, magram myari da sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda Tavad
elinisturi kultura (am sityvis farTo gagebiT). ara mxolod
berZnulma literaturam da xelovnebam, aramed saxelmwifo da
samarTlebrivma normebma didi gavlena moaxdines aRmosavleTis
qveynebze. TiTqmis yvela elinistur saxelmwifoSi aarseben
polisebs an Zvel saqalaqo centrebs aniWeben polisis statuss.
jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis mier daarsebuli qalaqebi
did sameurneo da kulturul centrebad iqcnen. berZnuli

231
enis atikuri dialeqtis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli axali
nairsaxeoba safuZvlad daedo mTel elinistur litera­ turas.
gar­kveuli TvalsazrisiT. cvlileba ganicada elinisturi
epoqis adamianis cnobierebamac. sul ufro aqtualuri xdeboda
samyaros moqalaqeobis, kosmopolitizmis idea, romelic
adamianis mier Tavis ara mxolod sakuTari eTnosis, aramed
kacobriobis nawilad aRqmas efuZneboda. kosmopolitur ideebSi
yuradReba eqceva imas, rac yvela adamians, misi eTnikuri
warmomav­lobisa da sarwmunoebisgan ganur­ Cevlad, aerTianebs;
iqneba es yovel­ dRiuri cxovrebis mdinareba Tu maradiuli
grZnobebi, miswrafebebi da satkivari.
elinisturi humanis­turi paTosi iseTi adamianis aRzrdi­
sken iyo mimarTuli, romelsac mxolod sakuTari kuTxis
interesebi ar aRelvebs, romelic Riaa samyaros mimarT
da yovelgvari ierarqiuli dogmebis gareSe aRiqvams sxvas.
berZnulisa da aRmosavluris garkveuli sinTeziT gamorCeuli,
Tavad elinisturi kultura yovelgvari karCa­ keti­lobis
sapirispiro movlenas warmoadgenda.
elinisturi kulturis wamyvan centrebad Camoyalibda
egvipteSi _ aleqsandria, mcire aziaSi _ pergamoni, siriaSi _
antioqia, siciliaSi _ sirakuza, saberZneTSi _ aTeni. berZnuli
da aRmosavluri civilizaciebis urTierTgavlena mkveT­ rad
gamovlinda axali kulturis sinkretizmSi, upirvelesad ki
elinisturi xanis religiebsa da miTo-religiur arqetipebSi.
sinkre­tizmi aerTianebs berZnul da aRmosavlur religiur
warmodgenebs da mZafrad avlens erTian arqetiptTa momcvel
RvTaebaTa igiveobis gancdas. sinkretul religiur kulturaSi
egvipturi RvTaeba isida igivdeba berZnul demetrasTan,
afroditesa da artemidesTan. osirisi ki _ dionisesTan.
farTod gavrcelda berZnul-egvipturi RvTaebas serapisis,
qveynis meufisa da ganmkurneblis kulti. elinistur
religiur azrovnebaSi aseve damkvidrda mcireazielTa didi
dedis _ kibeles kulti. aseve damkvidrda cocxal mefeTa da
dedofalTa, rogorc RvTaebriv wyvilTa Tayvaniscema.
sinkretizmis niSnebiT gamorCeuli kultura mistikur
xasiaTsac iZens. babilonuri varskvlavTmricxvelobisa da

232
berZnuli astronomiis urTierTzegavlenam safuZveli Cauyara
astrologiis Seqmnas, amavdrou­ lad warmatebiT viTardeba
mecniereba. maTematika da bunebismetyveleba gansakuTrebiT
ganaviTares evklitesma, apoloniosma da arqimedesma. maTi
aRmoCenebi maTematikasa da meqanikaSi, Tavis mxriv, mravali
siaxlis safuZvlad iqca. astronomiaSi umniSvnelovanesi iyo
aristarqos samoselis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, rom
dedamiwa sakuTari RerZisa da mzis garSemo moZraobs. aqtiurma
zRvaosnobam xeli Seuwyo geografiis ganviTarebas. medicinis
sferoSi winsvla ganicada anatomiam da qirurgiam.
elinisturi epoqis filosofiur azrovnebaSi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda epikureizmis da stoicizmis
mimarTulebebi. epikureizmi epikure samoselis (Zv. w. _ aR. 341-
270 ww.) moZRvrebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. epikureizmi adamians
sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis mRelvarebisgan ganze
gandgomasa da mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos
saqmeebSi monawileobis miRebas urCevs. amavdroulad, epikure
ar iyo despotizmisadmi morCilebis momxre, is despotizmis
nebismier nairsaxeobas kicxavda, iqneba es monebisadmi,
qalebisa Tu sakuTari Svilebisadmi tiranuli damokidebuleba.
epikure fiqrobda, rom adamians, umeteswilad, Trgunavs ara
gare­momcveli samyaro, aramed misive crurwmenebi, SiSebi,
pativmoyvareoba, vnebebi, amitomac yvelaze metad Sinagani
simSvidisa da damoukideb­ lobis SegrZnebas afasebda. bunebis
wiaRSi dabrunebasa da axlobelTa garemocvaSi uSfoTvel
cxovrebas adidebda.
stoelTa filosofia _ igive stoicizmi, romlis
fuZemdebladac zenoni miiCneva (Zv. w. 335-262 ww.), epikureizmTan
SedarebiT, ufro tragikulad aRiqvams adamianis xvedrsa da
bedisweris pirquS Zalebs. magram bedisweris fatalurobis
aRiarebasTan erTad, stoicizmi adamianis Sinagani Tavisuflebis
prerogativebsac aRiarebs; adamians, cxovrebiseuli Wir-
varamisa Tu siameTa mimarT uSfoTveli damoki­ debulebis
gamovlenisken, afeqtebisa da mZafri vnebebisgan gaTavisuf­
le­bisken mouxmobs. aseve stoikosebi WeSmarit Tavisuflebas
adamianis Sinagani da ara socialuri mdgomareobis

233
gamomxatvelad miiCnevdnen. stoikosebi kicxavdnen qalisadmi
upirovno, utilitarul damokidebu­ lebas da mxolod sulier
siaxloveze damyarebuli qorwinebis faseulobas aRiarebdnen.
elinisturi humanisturi paTosis gamomxa­ tvelma epikureizmmac
da stoicizmmac didi gavlena moaxdines am epoqis adamianis
cnobierebaze. msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT ki, epiku­
reizmi elinisturi komediografiis erT-erT masazrdoebel
wyarod miiCneva.
rogorc warsuli literaturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa
da Seswavlis, aseve misi samomavlo ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT,
Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda filologiis mecnierebis
aRmoceneba-ganviTa­rebas, romlis centri aleqsandria aRmoCnda.
pirveli mniSvne­ lo­vani filologiuri naSromebis avtorebad
eratosTene, zenodote, aristarqe samoTraqieli, apolonios
rodoseli da stefane bizantieli miiCnevian.
elinisturi kulturisa da ganaTlebis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes kerad aleqsandriaSi, didebul sasaxleSi
ganlagebuli muzeumi da biblioTeka iqca. muzeumis sasaxlis
darbazebsa da baRebSi leqciebs kiTxulobdnen sagangebod
mowveuli mecnierebi. muzeumisve umdidres biblioTekaSi
Tavmoyrili iyo mTeli imxanad arsebuli literaturuli
memkvidreoba, Cv. w. III saukuneSi aleqsadriul biblioTekaSi
inaxe­
boda naxevar milionze meti gragnili, papirusis
mwarmoebeli egvipte wignebis sagamomcemlo warmoebis
centradve iqca. ukve Cv. w. II saukuneSi saberZneTSi, kerZod
pergamosSi, Seiqmna meore udidesi bib­lio­Teka, sadac aqtiurad
mimdinareobda samecniero muSaoba; rogorc bibliografiis
Sedgena, aseve literaturuli memkvidreobis Seswavla,
komentireba, recenzireba, avtoriseul originalur teqstTa
dadgena da gamijvna araavtoriseuli teqstebis danamatisgan.
Zalze rTuli da Sromatevadi aRmoCnda homerosiseuli
eposis Seswavla da eposis teqstSi avtoriseuli nawilis
dadgena. Tumca, am mxriv, erTiani azri mecnierebs Soris arc
Tanamedrove epoqaSi arsebobs, magram warsulis literaturuli
memkvidreobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, elinisturma
filologiurma mecnierebam udidesi roli iTamaSa.

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 elinisturi epoqis kulturis erT-erT yvelaze TviTmyofad
movlenas Teatri warmoadgenda, sadac Zalze TvalnaTliv
gamovlinda epoqaluri msoflaRqmis Taviseburebebi;
gansakuTrebuli interesi individisadmi, misi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebisa da problemebisadmi, misi piradi grZnobebisa da
gancdebisadmi; aseve gaizarda adamianis Rirebulebis gancda
misi pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, sqesisa Tu socia­
luri statusisgan ganurCevlad.

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 62. axali komedia

elinisturi epoqis ara mxolod dramaturgiis, aramed

mTlianad literaturis yvelaze did monapovrad komediaa
miCneuli. wina epoqisgan gansxvavebiT, elinisturi tragediis
JanrSi RirsSesaniSnavi araferi Seqmnila _ gacilebiT ufro
warmatebuli da amavdroulad Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli
aRmoCnda komediografia, romlis yvelaze cnobili
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen menandrosi, avilemoni da defilosi.
axali komediis ganviTarebis epoqad Zv. w. IV saukunis
miwurulisa da III saukunis momcveli periodia miCneuli.
antikur xanaSi damkvid­ rebuli gansazRvreba `axali komedia~
elinuri periodis komediisgan elinisturis gansxvavebulobas
warmoaCens. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi aTenSi (atikis centrSi) Seqmnilma
komediam Semdgomi ganviTareba swored axal atikur komediaSi
hpova. Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT, axal komediaSi ignorirebulia
istoriuli mniSvnelobis movlenebi Tu gmirebi, sinam­ dvilis
politi­ kuri aspeqtebi, uaryofilia ara mxolod politikuri
satira, aramed nebismieri movlenis, adamianisa Tu msoflaRqmis
warmoCenisas mZafrad kritikuli paTosic.
elinisturi xanis komediografia adamianTa piradi cxovrebis,
yoveldRiuri problemebisa da gancdebis warmoCeniT xasiaTdeba.
axali komediis dadgmis intensivobac da popularobac im
xanis sazogadoe­ baSi damkvidrebul ganwyobebzec metyvelebs.
SesaZloa, vivaraudoT, rom elinisturi sazogadoeba
gaucxoebuli aRmoCnda sinamdvilis mZafrad satiruli da, am
TvalsazrisiT, aristofaneseuli aRqmis suliskveTe­ bisgan.
droebiT miviwyebas micemuli Zveli komedia, misTvis
dama­xasiaTebeli politikuri satiriTa da fantasmagoriiT,
yoveldRiuri realobis zomierad kritikuli aRqmis paTosiT
gamor­ Ceulma axalma komediam Caanacvla. axali komediis
warmomadgenelTa Semoqmedebam, menandrosis piesebis mciredi
(da isic, umeteswilad, fragmentebis saxiT SemorCenili)
nawilis gamoklebiT, Cvenamde ver moaRwia. arsebuli cnobebis
Tanaxmad, axali komediis avtorebi, siuJe­ turi TvalsazrisiT
an yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realiebs warmoaCendnen, an
miTologiiT sazrdoobdnen. miTologiuri siuJetebisa da
gmirebis parodiul variaciebs warmoadgendnen.
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 axal komedias, rogorc xasiaTTa, aseve viTarebaTa
an zne-CveulebaTa komediad moixsenieben. gmirTa xvedris
ganmsazRvrelad ukve ara olimpos mTis mkvidrni, ara istoriuli
movlenebi Tu kataklizmebi, aramed, erTi mxriv, SemTxve­viToba,
meore mxriv ki, maTive xasiaTi iqceva. axali komediis yvelaze
tipuri siuJeti Seyvarebuli ymawvilis siyvarulis ambis
gansxvave­
buli variaciiT warmoCenaa. Seyvarebul protagonists
komikuri elferiT warmoCenili winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva
uwevs, _ iqneba es mSoblis axirebuli xasiaTi, socialuri
uTanasworoba, gavleniani metoqe Tu romelime sxva saxis
xelisSemSleli garemoeba an gaugeb­ roba. sabolood ki,
komediis Janris Sesatyvisad, rogorc Seyvarebuli ymawvilisa
da misi damxmare gulSematkivrebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, aseve
bednieri SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT yvelaferi gvardeboda.
axal komediaSi Tvisobrivad icvleba qoros rolic. qoro
kargavs piesis sazrisiseuli, msoflmxedvelobrivi mxaris
warmomCenis, gmirTa cxovrebis warmmarTveli kanonzomierebis
gamomxatvelisa da movlenebis Semfaseblis funqcias. elinistur
TeatrSi qoros roli scenur moqmedebebs Soris intervalebSi
interludiebis SesrulebiT amoiwure­ boda.
axali komedia garkveuli fsiqo-tipis gamomxatvel
personaJTa fiqsirebuli niRbebis (am sityvis farTo gagebiT)
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda. ase magaliTad, cnobilia,
rom arsebobda moxuci mamakacis cxra, axalgazrda mamakacis
oTxi, monis Svidi, axalgazrda qalis xuTi tipis nairsaxeoba,
TiToeuli personaJi romelime cnobili niRbis gamomxatveli
iyo, myarad fiqsirebuli maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeoda. amdenad,
msaxiobis scenaze gamoCenisTanave mayurebeli scnobda mis
mier gansaxierebul gmirs. piesis gmiri, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
Seyvarebuli ymawvili iyo. ymawvilis metoqes aseve xSirad,
mkvexara meomari warmoadgenda, _ metad baqia, magram,
umeteswilad, uboroto.
ufro negatiur tips warmoadgenda maWankali qali,
angarebiani da fulis gamo yvelafris mkadrebeli. maWankali
qali, yvela sxva sikeTesTan erTad, SesaZloa loTic yofiliyo
da cdilobda sarfianad evaWra sakuTari, RviZli an ayvanili
qaliSviliT. umanko qaliSviliT vaWrobasa da mis heterad
qcevaSi maWankals Seyvarebuli ymawvili xels uSlida. ymawvilis

237
mTavar mokavSires da damxmares misive msaxuri warmoadgenda.
Cveulebisamebr, ymawvilis trfobis obieqtsac, mSvenier
qaliSvilsac hyavda damxmare msaxuri, mxiaruli, moxerxebuli,
anci axalgazrda qali an moxuci, erTguli ZiZa. komediaTa
nawilSi axalgazrdebis bednierebis mowinaaRmdeged erT-erTi
maTganis mSobeli mama iqceoda, _ sakuTari mZime xasiaTis gamo
an romelime pragmatuli mosazrebiT motivirebuli.
axal komediaSi xSirad meordeboda dakarguli pirmSoebis
povnisa da cnobis motivi. piesis dasawyisSi uTvistomod
miCneuli qaliSvili SesaZloa mdidari da gavleniani aTenelis
qaliSvili aRmoCeniliyo. dakarguli Svilis povnis motivi
sxva variaciiTac TamaSdeboda. romelime dResaswaulze,
nasvami ymawvilis Zaladobis msxverplad qceuli qaliSvili,
Tavadac aCenda ukanono pirmSos da garemomcvelTa SiSiT,
Tavidan icilebda Cvils. piesis finalSi ki qaliSvilis
Seyvarebuli an masze daqorwinebuli ymawvili aRmoCndeboda
ucnobi moZaladec da kvlav napovni Svilis mamac.
axali komediis avtorebi siuJeturi intrigis dinamikurad
warmarTvis ostatebad iTvlebodnen. piesis moqmedeba agebuli
iyo mTel rig gaugebrobebze, romelTa mogvarebac nawilobriv
bednieri SemTxvevi­Tobis wyalobiT xdeboda. komediografosebi
Cveulebisamebr mimarTav­dnen gadacmisa da karnavaluri TamaSis
mxatvrul xerxs. ama Tu im konfliqtis safuZvlad qceuli
gaugebrobis mogvareba, xSirad, sxvisi saubris uneblie an ganzrax
mosmenis Sedegad gvardeboda, _ ase, magaliTad, Seyvarebulis
an meuRlis eWvianoba usafuZvlo aRmoCnde­ boda. amdenad, axal
komediaSi bedisweris Zala SemTxveviTobis saxiT vlindeba,
rac cxovrebis warmmarTveli, uzenaesi kanonzmomi­ erebis, _
yovlismomcveli eTikuri da goniTi sawyisis arsebobaSi,
elinisturi epoqis adamianis daeWvebis gamomxatveladaa
miCneuli. Tanamedroveobamde am Janris warmomadgenelTa
samocdaoTxi avtoris saxelma da aTas oTxasamde piesis dadgmis
Sesaxeb cnobebma moaRwia. am, raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT didi
SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobidan, Cvenamde mxolod menandrosis
piesebis mciredma nawilma _ isic (erTi piesis, `diskolosis~
gamoklebiT) arasruli, fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia.

238
 63. menandrosi
(Zv. w. 342-292/29 ww.)

aTenSi dabadebuli, berZeni komediografi menandrosi

aleqsisi, axali atikuri komediis yvelaze mniSvnelovan
warmomadgenlad miiCneva. warCinebuli aTenelis pirmSom,
epikures megobarma da Teofrastes mowafem, menandrosma kargi
ganaTleba miiRo, gansakuTrebiT literatu­ ris, filosofiisa
da ritorikis ganxriT. Tavdapirvel interess Teatrisa da
dramaturgiisadmi misi axlo naTesavis, saSualo atikuri
komediis poetis, aleqsidesis gavlenasac miaweren. piesebis
wera 21 wlis asakidan daiwyo da arasodes Seuwyvetia. 52 wlis
asakSi, SemoqmedebiTi energiiT aRsavse menandrosis sicocxle
ubedurma SemTxvevam imsxverpla; poeti Tavis mamulSi, pireosSi
curaobisas wyalSi daixrCo. daRupvis Semdgom, menandross
dionises TeatrSi Zegli daudges. hermaze homerosTan erTad
gamosaxes, xolo misi mamulidan aTenisken mimaval gzaze
kenotafi aRumarTes. swored misi sikvdilis Semdgom moxda
komediografosis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis saTanadod
dafaseba. sicocxleSi menandrosma, Teatraluri SejibrebebSi
sul rva gamarjveba moipova, _ xuTi did dionisiebze, sami
leneebze, Tumca mis mier daweril piesaTa ricxvi 100
aRemateboda. gacilebiT ufro xSirad SejibrebebSi imarjvebdnen
sxva komediografosebi. gardacvalebis­ Tanave menandrosi axali
komediis wamyvan warmomadgenlad aRiares. misma popularobam
mzardi xasiaTi SeiZina. romauli kulturis ganviTarebis
periodSi erT-erT yvelaze popularul dramaturgad
menandrosi iqca, romlis komediebs aqtiurad dgamdnen da
kiTxulobdnen kidec. romaeli komediografosebi TavianT
uSualo winaprad menandross miiCnevdnen, xSirad mimarTavdnen
TavianT komediebSi menandrosiseuli piesebis motivebs,
xasiaTebsa Tu mxatvrul xerxebs. menandross aRmatebulad
moixseniebdnen horaciusi da plutarqe. misi piesebi saskolo
programebSi Seitanes, _ wasakiTxad savaldebulo avtorTa
ricxvs miakuTvnes. menandrosiseul gmirTa gamonaTqvamebis
citireba farTod iyo damkvidrebuli mTel antikur samyaroSi.

239
menandrosze iwereboda monografiebi, gamokvlevebi, statiebi.
Zv.w. V-IV ss-Si misma aRirebam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia,
magram mere xangrZlivi droiT daviwyebas mieca. dramaturgis
miviwyebas Semdgom epoqebSi xeli Seuwyo misi SemoqmedebiTi
memkvidreobis dakargvam. mxolod XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan
moyolebuli, gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT ki saukunis
miwuruls, daiwyo papirussa Tu pergamentze SemorCenili
misi piesebis fragmentebis aRmoCenis procesi.
menandrosis, savaraudod 108 piesidan Cvenamde sruli
saxiT mxolod erTma komediam @`diskolosma~ moaRwia,
frangmentebis saxiT ki aRmoCenilia sxvadasxva piesa:@`Tma
mokveTili~,@`samediatoro sasamarT­ lo~, @`samoseli qali~,
`fari~, @`gmiri~, @`Serisxuli~, @`SeZulebuli~, `miwis muSa~,
`orjer motyuebuli kiTaristi~, `karTageneli~, `sikio­
neli~, @`mliqvneli~, @`moCveneba~. aseve aRmoCenilia misi sxva
komediebis Zalze mciredi fragmentebi.
sagulisxmoa, rom menandrosis piesebis aRmoCena dResac
grZeldeba. 2003 wels vatikanis biblioTekaSi miagnes
menandrosiseuli teqstis 200 striqons. XIX saukuneSi
siriel monazons gamouyenebia deficituri saweri masala
da menandrosis teqstis ignorirebiT qristi­ anuli qadageba
dauweria. Tumca restavraciis wyalobiT, yvela arqeologiuri
aRmoCenis Sedegad napovni menandrosi­ seuli teqstis aRdgena
SesaZlebeli gaxda. arsebiTad, menandrosiseuli SemoqmedebiTi
memkvidreobis nawilobrivi gadarCena. erTi mxriv, mecnierTa
Zalisxmevis, meore mxriv ki, swored im bednier SemTxveviTobaTa
wyalobiTac moxda, romelsac esoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
komediografosis yvela piesaSi.
menandrosis erTaderTi, savaraudod, sruli saxiT
SemorCenili komedia `diskolosi~ pirvelad XX saukunis
60-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda; Tavis droze Zv. w. 312 wels
pirvelad aTenis TeatrSi, leneebis dResaswaulze daidga.
mecnieri rismag gordeziani menandrosis am piesis saTauris
qarTul enaze Targmnis problematurobas aRniSnavs. misi TqmiT,
Targmani `braziani~, `autaneli~, `adamianTmoZule~, `buzRuna~
ver gamoxatavs berZnuli saTauris arss, romlis Sesatyvisad

240
swored `diskoloss~ miiCnevs. diskolosi saxeobaa adamiani
zRarbis, romelic mudam mzadaa susxiani TavdacvisTvis da
zustad gamoxatavs piesis gmiris xasiaTs.
menandrosis piesis gmiri, yvelaTi da yvelafriT
ukmayofilo, eWviani mizanTropia, romlis nairsaxeobebi
sxvadasxva epoqis dramatur­ giaSi gvxvdeba. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia molieriseuli mizanTropis saxe, romlis erT-
erTi mTavar literaturul winaprad menandroseuli braziani
knemoni moiazreba. molieris komediis personaJis msgavsad,
arc menandrosiseuli gmiria calsaxa da erTgvarovani
personaJi. gaWirve­ basTan dauRalavad mebrZoli knemoni, ufro
axirebuli xasiaTis adamiania, vidre kacTmoZule, ufro
eWviani da imedgacruebuli, vidre avis msurveli an avis
maqnisi. piesis finalSi, roca mis mier Serisxuli ymawvili
WaSi Cavardnil knemons daxmarebas gauwevs, axirebuli moxuci
aRiarebs adamianebis mier urTierTdaxmarebis saWiroebas
cxovrebaSi. marTalia, jiuti moxuci Tavisi znis Secvlaze
uars acxadebs, magram sxvebis bednierebisTvis xelis SeSlasac
aRar apirebs. knemoni qaliSvilis gaTxovebasac daTanxmdeba
da usamarTlod saxlidan gagdebul colsa da gers maTTvis
kuTvnili memkvidreobis nawilsac uwiladebs.
mizanTropiisa da brazianobis Riad gamomxatveli, enamware
knemonis garegnul antipodad iqceva gamorCenis mizniT
tkbilad moubari da yvelas maqebari mzareuli sikoni. amdenad,
menandrosi, mxolod garegnuli gamoxatvis formebis mixedviT,
adamianis kacTmoyva­ reobasa Tu kacTmoZuleobaze msjelobis
simcdaresac warmoaCens.
piesaSi knemonis morjulebasa da Seyvarebuli wyvilis
SeuRle­ baSi gadamwyvet rols SemTxveviTobis Zala TamaSobs,
magram bedni­ erebis `Sergebas~ swored keTili zne sWirdeba.
amavdroulad Tavad SemTxveviTobac menandrosis komediaSi mainc
garkveuli kanonzomierebis gamomxatvelia, radgan nebismieri,
adamianebisgan gandgomili mizanTropi adre Tu gvian, ama Tu im
saxiT movlenili gasaWiris SemTxvevaSi, sxvebis daxmarebisa
da Tanadgomis saWiroebas mainc SeigrZnobs.
`diskolosSi~ sakmaod naTlad vlindeba sicocxlis

241
damamkvid­rebeli stiqiis gamomxatvel, adamianur miswrafebebSi
avtoriseuli rwmena.
menandrosi evripidiseuli msoflaRqmis, evripideseuli
humanisturi paTosis gamziareblad miiCneva, rac gansakuTrebiT
naTlad vlindeba monebisadmi, qalebisa da qorwinebis gareSe
gaCenili ukanono Svilebi­ sadmi damokidebulebaSi. imxanad
sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli mama­
kacis stereotipuli
azrovnebisa da moqmedebis wess menandrosiseuli gmiri mamakacebi
arRveven da uaryofen kidec, rogorc mcdarsa da bednierebisTvis
xelis SemSlels. sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli da popularul
oratorTa mier gaxmovanebuli Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, coli
mamakacs gvaris gasagrZeleblad da meurneobis misaxedad,
msaxuri mona qali sxeulis yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebebis
dasakma­yofileblad, hetera ki siamovnebis misaRebad sWirdeba.
evri pides dramebis msgavsad, menandro­ sis piesebSic qalisadmi
gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba vlindeba. menandrosiseuli
mamakaci gmirebi Tavadve aRiareben imis usamarTlobas, rom kacs
advilad mieteveba qalisTvis miuteveblad miCneuli codvebi.
marTlac, Zaladobis msxverplad qcevis SemTxvevaSic ki qali
miiCneva damnaSaved, moZalade ki _ Tavqarian meqalTaned.
colisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis simcdares gaac­ nobierebs
piesis @`samediatoro sasamar­ Tlos~ gmiri, rac misi pirovnebis
gakeTilSobilebis sawindrad iqceva. Tuki elinuri periodis
drama­turgiaSi masStaburi movlenebi da kata­ klizmebi iwvevdnen
kaTarziss, menandrosis komediebSi gmiris kaTarziss uaxloes
adamianTa Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi daSvebuli Secdomis
gacnobiereba iwvevs.
`samediatoro sasamarTlo~ siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT
axali kome­ diis tipur nimuSs warmoadgens, magram masSi
uCveuloa movlenebis aRqmisa da Sefasebis rakursi. komediis
gmiri, mdidari aTeneli ymaw­ vili qarisiosi, droebiT
gaemgzavreba mSobliuri qalaqidan da axalSerTul colsac,
pamfilas stovebs. amasobaSi, qmris gamgzavrebidan xuTi Tvis
Semdeg, pamfila bavSvs aCens da ZiZis daxmarebiT, sxvadasxva
amosacnob nivTTan erTad, Cvils sxvas miugdebs. qalis mier
Svilis gaCenis Sesaxeb qarisiosis msaxuri onisime Seityobs

242
da batons CamosvlisTanave amcnobs. colSi Seuyvarebeli
qarisiosi pamfilas saxlidan ar gaagdebs, magram dardis
gafantvas heterasTan, pabroto­ nionTan garTobiT cdilobs.
bednieri SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT qarisiosi Seityobs, rom
jer kidev qorwinebamde misive colis moZa­lade da Cvilis mamac
Tavadve yofila. Tavadve, nasvam mdgomareobaSi qalze moZalade
qarisiosi ganicdis, rom sxvisi Zaladobis msxverplad qceul
cols adanaSaulebda. mxolod amis Semdeg Seityobs ymawvili
kaci, rom warsulSi mis mier Cadenilis msxverpli misive coli
yofila. piesa yvela gaugebrobis garkveviTa da konfliq­ tis
mogvarebiT srul­ deba, rasac xels uwyobs heteria habrotonini.
menandrosis komediaSi adamians keTilSobileba ar aris
gapirobebuli arc misi warmomavlobiTa da arc socialuri
mdgomareobiT, iseve, rogorc adamianis Sexedulebebs, saboloo
jamSic, Sinagani Tavisufleba gansazRvravs da ara aRzrda an
garemos gavlena.
menandrosi mamakacur siZlieresa da Rirsebas xedavs ara
sakuTari sqesobrivi upiratesobis SegrZnebaSi, _ sakuTari
Tavis mimarT ukritiko, yvelafris mpatiebel damokidebulebaSi,
aramed sruliad sapirispiro TvisebebSi; Secdomis aRiarebis,
Sexedulebebis Secvlis, yovelgvari kliSeebisa da dogmebisagan
gaTavisuflebis unarSi.
nacnobi @niRbis moulodneli kuTxiT warmoCeniTa da
mamakacuri siZlieris aseve aratradiciuli TvalTaxedviT
CvenebiT xasiaTdeba menandrosiseuli komedia `TmaSeWrili~,
Cveulebisamebr, TviTkmayofile­ biTa da baqiaobiT cnobili
meomris niRabi moulodnel elfers iZens menandrosis
komediaSi. piesis gmiri polemoni mkvexara meomris fsiqo-
tipis gamomxatveli personaJi, sakuTari TavisTvisac da
garemomcvel­ TaTvis gasakvir transformacias ganicdis.
siyvarulis gavleniT, uxeSi da ficxi arsebidan saTuT
romantikosad iqceva. Tavdapirvelad ampartavani polemoni,
usafuZvlo eWviT Sepyrobili, imxanad didad Seuracxmyofel
miCneul saqciels sCadis da Tavis sayvarels _ glikeras
Tmas moaWris. TmaSeWriloba qalis uRirsobis maCveneblad
aRiqmeboda, amdenad Seuracxyofili glikera polemons

243
miatovebs da misi saxlidan midis. sayvarelTan ganSorebis
Semdeg, polemoni Tavisi grZnobis siZlieres pirvelad
gaacnobierebs, sinanulisa da monatrebis mZafri gancda eufleba.
amavdroulad, gakeTilSobilebuli polemoni misgan gaqceuli
sayvarlis iZulebiT dabrunebis yovelgvar mcdelobas uaryofs
da TiTqmis imeddakarguli itanjeba. am ganSorebis drosve
irkveva, rom glikera warCinebuli da SeZlebuli moqalaqis
kanonieri pirmSoa _ bedis ukuRmarTobis gamo dakarguli.
magram wlebis Semdeg bednieri SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT, maman
kvlav napovna. swored maSin, rodesac polemoni sabolood
kargavs Tavisi Seyva­ rebulis dabrunebis imeds, aRmoCndeba,
rom glikeram daafasa kacSi momxdari cvlileba da kvlav mas
ubrundeba. dasasruls ki polemoni Tavisi siuxeSis daZlevisa
da colis pativiscemis pirobas iZleva.
Tuki elinur dramaturgiaSi siyvaruli araerTgvarovani,
_ rogorc SemoqmedebiTi, aseve Zalze xSirad damangreveli
stiqiis saxiT vlindeboda, menandrosTan siyvaruli yovelTvis
mainc pozitiur rols TamaSobs. menandrosiseuli gmirebi
sabolood yovelTvis siyvarulis Rirsni aRmoCndebian
da kritikul Jams sulgrZelobas avlenen. mamakaci Tavisi
stereotipuli rolis daZlevis, qali ki misi Rirsebis
danaxvis unarmqone aRmoCndeba.
menandrosis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani da SedarebiT
mozrdili fragmentebis saxiT SemorCenili piesa @`SeZulebuli~
adamianis Sina­
gani Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobas warmoaCens, misi
socialuri mdgomareobisgan ganurCevlad. piesis gmiri, meomari
orakoni, yvela mcdelobis miuxedavad, uZluria Tavisive tyve
monas, kreteas Tavi Seayvaros _ manam, sanam qalSi TavisTavad
ar iRviZebs siyvarulis grZnoba. rodesac irkveva, rom orakoni
ar aris qalis Zmis mkvleli, meomris grZnobis siZlieriTa
da delikaturobiT moxiblul kreteaSic sapasuxo grZnoba
iRviZebs. Cveulebisamebr, kreteac warCinebuli war­ momavlobis
aRmoCndeba, magram am siuJeturi svlis miuxedavad, menan­drosi
aSkarad pirovnuli TvisebebiT gamoiarCevs adamians. Tavisuf­
lebac da monobac Sinagani mdgomareobis gamomxatvelad iqceva.
Tavisufleba ki upirvelesad sxvisi arCevanis pativiscemaSi

244
vlindeba. orakons azradac ki ar mosdis misive tyve monis
ZaliT damorCileba, radgan siyvarulis grZnoba misTvis ara
Tavisuflebis damTrgunveli, aramed piriqiT, Tavisuflebis
gamomxatvelia. menandrosis am komediis finalSic SeuRldebian
swored Sinaganad Tavisufali, Zlieri ada­ mianebi, romlebic
mxolod sakuTari arCevanisa da gulis karnaxis Zalas
scnoben.
menandrosis komediebis gmirebi xSirad cdebian, naCqareb
das­kvnebs akeTeben, Tavs arideben urTierTobebisa da simarTlis
droulad garkvevas, magram, amavdroulad, sakuTari Secdomis
aRiarebisa da sxvisi patiebis Zalac SeswevT.
menandrosiseuli komediis samyaroSi adamianTa cxovrebas
arc olimposis mTis mkvidrni da arc raime sxva saxis
uzenaesi kanonzomiereba warmarTavs. bedisweris Zala brma
SemTxveviTobis ZaliT vlindeba. amavdroulad, menandrosi
imasac gviCvenebs, rom iRbali qaris motanilad da qarisave
waRebulad iqceva, Tuki adamians misi danaxvis, dafasebis _
sabolood ki sicocxliT tkbobis unari ar gaaCnia.

245
 64. elinizmis epoqis Teatri

elinistur epoqaSi gaizarda saerTo dResaswaulebis da

maTTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebis raodenoba. warmodgenebis
gamarTvis sixSiris gazrdam xeli Seuwyo sadadgmo kulturis
amaRlebas. Cv.w. IV saukuneSi saberZneTSi pirvelad gaCndnen
dionises msaxiobTa kavSirad wodebuli gaerTianebebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa manZilze bevri dResaswauli
da Teatraluri Sejibri aRar iyo dakavSirebuli dionises
kultTan, rogorc Teatraluri gaerTianebis saxelwo­ deba
iuwyeba, Teatraluri xelovneba yvelaze mWidrod kvlav
dionises RvTaebasTan asocirdeboda. Teatraluri gaerTianebis
wevroba mxolod Tavisufal moqalaqeebad dabadebul
mamakac msaxiobebs SeeZloT. gaerTianebaSi ar Rebulobdnen
mimebs, magram masSi, msa­xiobebis garda, Sediodnen qoros
Semsruleblebi, poetebi, musikosebi, scenografebi. msaxioboba
prestiJul saqmianobad iTvleboda, isini Tavisufldebodnen
samxedro valdebulebebisagan, maTi profesiuli saqmianobisa
da gastrolebisTvis xelis Sewyoba omis SemTxvevaSic ki
iyo garanti­ rebuli. msaxiobebis gavlena dramaturgebTan
mimarTebaSic mzardi aRmoCnda. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac
dramaturgebi romelime msaxiobis individualobas ama Tu im
saxiT argebdnen rols, _ msaxiobTan TanamSromlobis Sedegad
teqsts cvlidnen. cnobilia, rom imxanad arsebobda daaxloebiT
300 kacis odenobiT gastrolior msaxiobTa jgufi, romelic
intensiurad muSaobda sakontraqto sistemis safuZvelze.
dResaswaulis gamarTvis win ama Tu im qalaqis mmarTve­ loba
ukavSirdeboda msaxiobTa kavSiris uaxloes warmomadgenlobas.
or mxares Soris dadebuli kontraqti zustad iTvaliswinebda
mowveul msaxiobTa ufleba-movaleobebs. dResaswaulis
Catareba saTanado do­ neze imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom
Teatralur kontraqts elinistur samyaroSi saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebis Zala hqonda. kontraqtis yvela pirobis Sesruleba
savalebulo iyo nebismier, Tundac saomar piro­ bebSi.

246
 65. kostiumi

cnobilia, rom elinistur xanaSi tragikuli rolis

Semsru­lebeli msaxiobebi atarebdnen maRal Tavsaburavebs,
gaberil kos­tiumebs da amaRlebul fexsacmelebs (koTurnebs).
msaxiobis Cacmulobis mizani iyo msaxiobisTvis pompezurobisa
da monumenturobis SeZena. tragikuli niRabic adamianis saxis
nakvTebis utrirebuli warmoCeniT xasiaTdeba. mTlianobaSi,
tragikosi msaxiobis garegnuli ieri maqsimalurad daSorebulia
adamianis yoveldRiur, Cveul ier-saxes. tragikuli rolis
SemsrulebelTa kostiumebisgan gansxvavdeboda komediis
saTamaSod gankuTvnili kostiumebi. komikuri rolis
Semsruleblis kostiumi, garkveuli stilizaciis miuxedavad
(romelic, ZiriTadad, Tmis ferSi vlindeboda), mainc
yoveldRiurobaSi damkvid­ rebuli tansacmlis nairsaxeobas
warmoadgenda. Tavisi mravalferov­ nebiT, komikuri niRbebi
tragikuls aRematebodnen. komediur niRabTa nawili _
magaliTad, SeyvarebulTa wyvilis niRbebi realisturobiT
gamoirCeodnen, ufro groteskul personaJTa niRbebi ki
satirul xasiaTs atarebdnen. yvelaze mkafiod pirobiToba
mainc Tmis ferSi vlindeboda. cnobilia, rom msaxurebis
rolis Semsrulebeli umeteswilad wiTeli feris parikebs
atarebdnen, xolo heterebi _ yviTeli feris.

247
 66. arqiteqtura
elinistur epoqaSi Teatrebs qvisgan aSenebdnen.
Tanamedroveo­ bamde mravali elinisturi Teatris nangrevebma
moaRwia, cnobilia, rom imxanad marto saberZneTSi arsebul,
savaraudod 170 Teatralur nagebobaTa umravlesoba
elinisturi tipis iyo.
orqestra am TeatrebSi wriuli an naxevrad wriuli saxis
iyo. axal komediaSi qoros ararsebobasTan dakavSirebiT,
varaudoben, rom orqes­ tram dakarga saTamaSo sivrcis funqcia.
Tumca, bolomde ucnobi darCa orqestras daniSnuleba.
mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom msaxiobebi mainc iyenebdnen
orqestras, rogorc saTamaSo sivrcis nawils, sxvebis varaudiT
ki, orqestraze mxolod ara dramatuli saxis sanaxaobebis _
magaliTad, diTirambebi sruldeboda. arc is varaudi gamoiri­
cxeba, rom orqestra warsulis gadmonaSTad, ufunqcio
sivrced iqca. elinisturi Teatris siaxles orsarTuliani
scena warmoadgenda. scenis pirvel sarTuls qvisgan aSenebuli
svetebiani proskenioni ebjineboda, romlis (siRrmeSi 2,5
_ 3,5 metris) saxuravze scenuri moqmedeba TamaSdeboda.
proskenionis Tavze aRmar­ Tuli iyo skenes (igive scenis)
meore sarTuli episkenioni _ ramdenime karibWiani kedeli,
romlis win gaSlil sivrceSi aseve TamaSdeboda moqmedeba.
orqestradan scenaze moxvedra SesaZlebeli iyo an gverdiTa
kibeebiT an aseve, erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares aRmarTuli,
daqane­
buli konstruqciis meSveobiT. mayurebelTa darbazi
ucvleli darCa. savaraudod, mcire darbaziani Teatri 3000
kacs itevda, xolo mozrdili Teatrebi _ 24.000 mayurebels.
Teatralur nagebobebTan dakavSi­ rebuli mravali kiTxva jer
kidev pasuxgaucemeli rCeba. ucnobia scenis meore sarTulis
zusti daniS­ nuleba, _ warmoadgenda is TamaSi sivrcis Cveul
nawils Tu specifikuri epizodebis gasaTamaSeb­ lad iyenebdnen,
_ magaliTad, olimpos mTidan movlenili RmerTebis tribunad
iqceoda. cnobilia, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala scenis
meore sarTulis fasadi, Tavdapirvelad 3-karib­ Wiani kedeli
7-karibWianad iqca. karbiWis aRma 7 metrian siRrmiv sivrceSi
ki moxatuli niSebi iyo ganlagebuli.

248
 elinisturi samyaros Semadgeneli sxva qalaqebisgan
gansxvavebiT, aTenis Teatrebi didxans inarCunebdnen Zvel
ier-saxes, magram Cv. w. I saukunisaTvis dionises Teatrmac
elinisturi elferi SeiZina, scenis gazrda orqestras
Semcirebis xarjze moxda. mogvianebiT orqestra sxvadasxva
sanaxaobaTa, upirvelesad ki, gladiatorTa omebis gasamarT
sivrced iqca.

249
 67. mimosebi da fleakebi

elinistur samyaroSi popularobas iZens mimosebis

xelovneba, mimosebi asrulebdnen parodiul-satiruli xasiaTis
leqsebs yofiTi cxovre­ bidan. mimosebs uwodebdnen rogorc
xalxuri, balaganuri sanaxaobis am nairsaxeobas, aseve am
sanaxaobisTvis Seqmnili mcire zomis piesebis teqstebsa da
Tavad Semsruleblebsac. mimebi TamaSobdnen rogorc adamianebs,
aseve cxovelTa, mcenareTa da frinvelTa imitirebasac
axdendnen, aseve flobdnen akrobatikis da cekvis xelovnebas.
gamorCeulad metyveli plastika da mimika unda hqonodaT. mimebis
teqstebma Cvenamde ver moaRwia _ SemogvrCa mxolod mwiri
cnobebi mimebis xelovnebis Sesaxeb. mimebis mier warmoCenili
personaJebi garkveul nazavs warmoadgendnen _ erTi mxriv, axali
komediis cnobili niRbebiT nasazrdovebs, meore mxriv ki, Tavad
cxovrebiseuli realobidan nasesxeb tipebs warmoaCendnen, _
iqneboda es mkvexara meomari, swavluli Sarlatani, muqTaxora
paraziti, briyvi an sazriani msaxuri, romanti­
kuli Seyvarebuli,
despoturi an liberaluri bunebis ojaxis ufrosi da sxva.
aseve mimebi yvela tipis saqmianobisa Tu profesiis adamianTa
saxe-niRbebsac warmoaCendnen _ eqimis, mzareulis, mezRvauris,
meTevzis, mewaRis, mepuris, mwyemsis, qurdis, TaRliTis,
heterasa Tu maWanklis. mimebis SesrulebiT, miTologiuri
personaJebi, TviT RmerTebic ki yoveldRiurobidan kargad
nacnob, satirul tipaJebs warmoadgendnen. komikur efeqts
qmnida miTologiuri gmirebisa da RmerTebis takimas­ xruli
Cacmuloba, rasac mimebi xSirad mimarTavdnen. umeteswilad,
mimebi, samxreT italiisa da siciliis gamoklebiT, rogorc
niRbebiT, aseve uniRbod TamaSobdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom
pirvelad swored mimosSi gamovida scenaze qali. qalebi ara
mxolod garkveul personaJebs asaxierebdnen, aramed cekviTac
da akrobatikiTac arTobdnen mayu­ rebels. mcire jgufis mimebi
warmodgenebs marTavdnen nadimebze, bazrobebsa Tu romelime
sxva saxis Tavyrilobebze. ramdenadac cnobilia, mcire zomis
mimikuri piesebi pirvelad Zv.w. IV saukunis saberZneTSi,
kerZod megaraSi daidga. amave periodSi mimebis xelovneba

250
Zalze popularuli gaxda berZnul koloniebSi _ siciliasa
da samxreT italiaSi, sadac mimebs fliakebs uwodebdnen.
fliakebs mxolod mamakacebi asrulebdnen. niRbebis gareSe ar
TamaSobdnen da umeteswilad ara yofiTi cxovrebis realiebs,
aramed miTologiuri siuJetebisa da gmirebis parodirebas
mimarTavdnen. cnobilia, rom fliakebis erT-erTi yvelaze
popularuli Tema herakles gmirTa parodireba iyo.
elinistur epoqaSi mimebis xelovnebam kidev ufro farTo
asparezi hpova da aRmosavleTis qveynebSic damkvidrda. mimisuri
warmodgenebis teqstebma garkveuli saxecvlileba ganicades;
saxumaro improvizaciebidan ufro cekvisa da sasimRero
dialogebis momcvel sanaxaobad iqcnen. miTologiur siuJetTa
Tu yofiTi cxovrebis warmomCenni teqstebis popularul
motivebs TaRliTobebi an sasiyva­ rulo Tavgadasavlebi
warmoadgendnen. mimebi satirulad warmoaCendnen adamianur
mankierebaTa ama Tu im mxares _ iqneboda es crupenteloba,
Rormuceloba, TviTkmayofileba Tu TaRliToba.
savaraudod, mimebis dasi mogzaurobisas Tan daatarebda
ficris scenas, romlis droebiTi aRmarTva SesaZlebeli iyo.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili larnakebis
moxatuloba, mecnierTa nawilis azriT, mimebis warmodgenas
asaxavs. mecnierebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas isic iwvevs
_ larnakze gamosaxulia mudmivi Teatris scena Tu droebiT
aRmarTuli scena. cnobilia, rom mimebis warmodgenebis
rekvizits Seadgenda: sakurTxeveli, xati, magida, skamebi,
zanduki, xeebi. mimebis popularobam mzardi xasiaTi SeiZina
da Tavis mwvervals mimosi ukve romis periodSi aRwevs.
romis imperiis xanaSi mimebis xelovnebam Tavisi popularobiT
daCrdila yvela sxva saTeatro Janri.

251
 68. respublikis xanis romis Teatri
Zveli italiis mosaxleoba
Zveli italiis mravaleTnikur mosaxleobas Soris,
gamoirCeodnen erTiani enobrivi da kulturuli fesvebis
mqone italikuri tomebi: berZnebi da etruskebi. italikuri
warmomavlobis tomebs Soris gansakuTrebuli gavlena moipova
laTinelTa tomma. laTinelebi, umTavresad, tibrosis qveda
nakadis gayolebaze ganlagebul, laciumad wodebul olqSi
saxlobdnen, romlis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier monaTmflobelur
qalaq-polisad, droTa manZilze, romi iqca.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, romi Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi, 753 wels
daarsda. Tumca, romis daarsebis TariRi mainc pirobiTadaa
miCneuli. rogorc arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi mowmoben,
laTinelTa da sabi­ nelTa tomebi momavali romis teritoriaze,
aRniSnul TariRze gacilebiT ufro adre damkvidrdnen,
romis daarseba ki xangrZliv, etapobrivad ganxor­ cielebad
process warmoadgenda. Zveli italiis eTnikurad mravalfe­
rovan mosaxleobas Soris, gamoirCeodnen berZnebi, romlebsac
odiTganve, jer kidev didi kolonizaciis periodidan
moyolebuli, dasavleT italiasa da siciliaSi Tavisi koloniebi
hqondaT. etruskebis eTnikuri warmomavlobis fesvebi dRemde
ucnobia, magram maTi kulturis maRalganviTarebuloba eWvs ar
iwvevs. Zv.w.-aR. VI saukunemde, etruskebma italiis Crdilo-
dasavleT nawilSi didi gavlenis mopoveba da italikuri
warmomavlobis tomebis Tavis daqvemdebarebaSi moqceva SeZles.
italiis dasavleT sanapiroze hegemo­ niisTvis xangrZlivi drois
manZilze erTmaneTs Soris berZnebi da etruskebi ibrZodnen.
italiis dasavleT sanapiroze ganlagebuli laciumi, erTmaneTs
Soris dapirispirebul, etruskul dasaxlebebsa da berZnul
koloniebs Soris aRmoCnda moqceuli.
Zv. w. VI saukunis miwurulamde laciumis erT-erT
yvelaze gavlenian poliss, roms, etruskebis samefo dinastia
marTavda. laTinelTa amboxebis Sedegad, romSi etruskebis
hegemonias bolo moeRo da respublika damyarda.1 amis
1
509 wels romidan gaZeves ukanaskneli etruski mefe tarkvinius amayi,
romelic aq 534-509 ww. mefoda. 510 wels romSi respublika gamocxadda.

252
Semdeg, romis mniSvneloba da romis mosaxle laTinelTa
Zlevamosileba mzard xasiaTs iZens. romaelebma TandaTanobiT
mTeli italiis dapyroba da italikuri tomebisgan Semdgari
erTiani federaciis Seqmna daiwyes. romae­ lebis warmatebas
xels uwyobda tibrosis gayolebaze, italiis centrSi
ganlagebuli, zRvasTan dakavSirebuli romis strategiulad
momgebiani geografiuli mdgomareoba.
Zv. w. VI saukunidan Zv. w. I saukunemde romi aristokratiul
respub­ likad rCeboda. umaRles mmarTvel organod ki _
warCinebul moqalaqeTagan Semdgari senati. romis respublikis
yvelaze gavleniani fena aristokratia iyo, mosaxleobis
yvelaze uuflebo nawils ki monebi warmoadgendnen. Zv. w. I
saukuneSi respublikuri mmarTveloba samxedro diqtaturiT,
Semdgom ki imperiiT Seicvala.
kulturuli gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, romaelebma bevri
ram berZnebisa da etruskebisgan aiTvises. romauli kulturis
ganviTareba elinistur epoqaSi iwyeba. italiis berZnulma
dasaxlebebma erTiani elinisturi kultu­ ris SeqmnaSi Tavisi
wvlili Seitanes, _ upirvelesad imiT, rom berZnul enas
italiis mkvidri mosaxleobis didi nawili aziares. romauli
literaturisa da Teatris dabadeba-ganviTarebis periodad Zv.
w. III saukunea miCneuli. elinisturi kulturis ayvavebis
xanaSi, berZnuli miTologia da xelovneba romaelTaTvis
masazrdoebel wyarod iqca. berZnulma Rmer­ Tebma romauli
saxelebi SeiZines, zevsi iupiterma Caanacvla, hera-iunonam,
artemidesi _ dianam, venera afroditem, dionise-bakxusma.
romaelebisTvis miTologia ara mxolod religiuri
warmodgenebis amsaxveli iyo, aramed istoriuli warsulis
matianesac warmoadgenda. swored romis daarsebis legendaruli
istoriis amsaxveli ambavi gamoirCeoda im TviTmyofadobiT,
romelic aklda berZnuli olimpos mTis mkvidrTa Sesaxeb
miTebis romaul variaciebs.
romauli miTologiis mixedviT, romis damaarsebeli,
troas omis saxel­ ganTqmuli gmiris, eneasis STamomavlis
_ numitoris SviliSvili romulusi iyo. numitors missive

253
Zmam amuleusma muxanaTurad waarTva Zalaufleba, vaJiSvili
moukla, qaliSvili ki _ rea silvia qalRmerT vestas qurumad
aqcia, radgan qurumebs umankoebis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi
cocxlad marxavdnen. magram rea silvias silamaziT moxiblulma
marsma masTan yofna ganizraxa. marsisgan dafexmZimebuli rea
silvias tyupebi _ romulusi da remiusi eyola. amuleusma
maTi daRupvac ganizraxa, magram marsma Svilebi gadaarCina.
tibross gayolili kalaTa Sig myofi tyupebiT wyalma napirze
gariya. tyupebi Zu mgelma ipova da Tavisi rZiT gamokveba, ramac
gansakuTrebuli siZliere SesZina marsis vaJebs. Semdgom, tyupebi
mwyemsma ipovna, saxlSi waiyvana da RviZl SvilebTan erTad
gazarda. marsis Svilebi simamaciT, silamaziTa da medidurobiT
gamoirCeodnen. orive Zma warmatebuli meomari da monadire
iyo. orive uSiSrad icavda Tavis mSobliur kuTxes yaCaRebis
Tavdasxmebisgan. sabolood, rodesac remusi amuleusis xelSi
Cavarda, romulusma SeZlo mefis sawinaaRmdegod xalxis
amxedreba, amuleusis damarcxeba da Zmis gaTa­visufleba. Zmebma
taxtidan Camogdebul numitors, misTvis kuTvnili Zala­
ufleba daubrunes, magram alba-longaSi darCenis nacvlad,
axali qalaqis aSeneba ganizraxes. legendis Tanaxmad, Zmebma
axali qalaqis daarseba swored im adgilas gadawyvites, sadac
tibrosis wyalma isini napirze gariya. es adgili, mogvianebiT,
Zveli romis akvnad Seracxuli uZvelesi, palatinis ferdobi
iyo. Zmebs Soris pirvelobisTvis brZolas remusis sicocxle
emsxverpla. romulusma mis mierve daarsebul qalaqs Tavisi
saxeli mianiWa da romis pirveli mefec Tavadve gaxda.
romis istoria, qalaqis daarsebidan moyolebuli, mzardi
Zlierebis, saomari gamarjvebebis, moqiSpe mezobeli tomebis
dapyrobisa da sazRvrebis gafarToebis istorias warmoadgens.
romauli kultura romaul saxelmwifoze gacilebiT ufro
gvian ganviTarda. xelovnebis ganviTarebas win uswrebda
sakulto ritualebis ganviTareba, romelTa Semadgenel
nawilsac romauli poeziis uZveles nimuSad miCneuli sakulto
himnebi warmoadgenda. imxanad mxatvruli sityva musikasTan
Serwymulad moiazreboda da miTo-ritualuri fesvebiT
sazrdoobda.

254
 aseve sakulto ritualebs ukavSirdeba romauli Teatris
uZvelesi sawyisebi. yovelwliurad, martisa da oqtombris
TveebSi, omis RmerTis _ marsis sadideblad, samxedro
atributikiT _ farebiTa da maxvilebiT SeiaraRebul qurumTa
jgufi ritualuri cekviT mTel qalaqs moivlida.
dedamiwis qalRmerT deiasadmi miZRvnili samdRiani
ritualis Catare­ bisas ki, mrokavi qurumebi qalRmerTs uxv
mosavals simReriT SesTxovdnen.
ama Tu im RvTaebasTan dakavSirebuli sadResaswaulo
ritualis Catare­ bisas, Sesrulebuli simRerebis teqstebi
moicavda locvebs, Selocvebs, winaswarmetyvelebebsa Tu
RmerTebis madidebel himnebs.
Cvenamde aseve moaRwia cnobebma samgloviaro ritualebis
Sesaxeb, romlis Catarebisas, fleitis TanxlebiT, neniad
wodebuli datireba xdeboda. datirebis saxelwodeba
gardacvlilTa qalRmerT nenias saxels ukavSirdeba. romaelebs
swamdaT, rom datireba gardacvlils saiqioSi mosaxvedr
gzas umsubuqebda. datirebisas gardacvlilTa axloblebi
mZime danakargis gamo gancdil mwuxarebas gamoxatavdnen da
amavdroulad, xotba-didebas asxamdnen gardacvlils. ceremonias
daqiravebuli profesionali damtirebeli miuZRoda.

255
 69. fesceninebi

romauli Teatris dabadebis erT-erT wyarod

miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakav­
Sirebuli ritualebia miCneuli. mkis
dasrulebisas imarTeboda dResaswa­
uli _ fesceninebi,
romlis saxelwodebac, savaraudod, samxreT etruriaSi
ganlagebul fesceniumis saxels ukavSirdeba. horaciusi
fesceninebis dResas­ wauls yovelgvari SezRudvebisa da
cenzurisgan Tavisufali sityvis dResas­ waulad moixseniebda.
dResaswaulis dros or jgufad gayofili adamianebi
erTmaneTs enakvimat da uwmawur xumrobaTa momcvel, aseve
fesceninebad wodebuli simRerebis SesrulebaSi ejibrebodnen.
romaelebis rwmeniT, silaRe, mxiaruleba da uwmawuroba xels
uwyobda nayofierebas, uxvmosavlianobas da, amavdroulad,
avsulebisganac icavda maT. fesceninebi erT-erTi yvelaze
warmatebuli da sicocxlisunariani dResaswauli aRmoCnda.
fesceninebi, saukuneTa manZilze, romaelTa qorwinebebis
ganuyofel Semadgenel nawilad iqca. vinaidan qorwilic
nayofierebis dResaswauls warmoadgenda, misi monawileni
saxumaro uwmawurobebiT aqilikebdnen axaldaqorwinebulebs.
avi sulisgan damcavi da adamianisTvis yovelive sasikeTos
gamravlebis­Tvis xelis Semwyobi fesceninebi sruldeboda
samxedro gamarjvebis mompove­beli mxedarTmTavris sadideblad.
zeimi Teatralizebul saxes iZenda. romauli jari sazeimo
msvlelobas awyobda kapitoliumisken. saomar etlSi iupiteris
samosSi gamowyobili, iupiteriseuli Zlevamosilebis
gamomxatveli atributikiTa da dafnis gvirgviniT Semkuli
mxedarTmTavari jars win miuZ­ Roda. saomar etlSi Sebmuli
sagangebod SerCeuli TeTri raSebi sanaxaobas gansakuTrebul
pompezurobas sZendnen. amavdroulad, TviT iupiterTan Seda­
rebuli gmiris madidebel msvlelobas Tan sdevda misive
ganmaqilikebeli fesceninebi. saxumaro lanZRvis gamomxatveli
simRerebi, RvTaebasTan TiTqmis gatolebuli triumfatoris,
mis arakeTilmosurneTa avi Tvalisgan dacvisa da, amavdroulad,
TviTgakerpebis cTunebisgan dacvis mizans emsaxurebodnen.

256
 Tuki triumfatorTan mimarTebaSi, fesceninebis salanZRavi
xasiaTi saxumaro ganwyobis gamomxatveli iyo, socialuri
protestis gamoxatvisas isini calsaxad gamkicxav paToss
iZendnen. protestis gamovlena, xSirad ZalauflebiT aRWurvili
piris saxlis win xalxis Sekrebisa da misi abuCad amgdebi
sanaxaobis gamarTvis formiT xdeboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi,
romauli kanonmdeblobiT, socialuri ukmayofilebis
gamomxatveli fesceninebi aikrZala.

257
 70. saturniebi

fesceninebis garda, romauli Teatris warmoSobis erT-

erTi wyarod saturniebis (saturnaliebi _ laT. Saturnalia)
dResaswaulia miCneuli. satur­ niebi Zveli romaelebis erT-
erTi RmerTis, saturnisadmi miZRvnili udidesi dResaswauli
iyo. saturns laciis mkvidrni miawerdnen miwaTmoqmedebis,
mevenaxeobis, meRvineobisa da mravali sxva saxis sasargeblo
saqmianobisa Tu kulturaTa ganviTarebas; miTologiis Tanaxmad,
saturnis mier italiis mmar­ Tvelobis xana sayovelTao
keTildReobisa da Tanasworobis epoqad _ oqros xanadaa
miCneuli. saturnis madidebeli dResaswauli dekembris meore
naxe­
varSi tardeboda. am droisTvis, ukve dasrulebuli
samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoe­ bisa da mosavlis aRebis Semdeg,
xalxs bunebrivad uCndeboda sadResaswaulo ganwyobilebac,
_ mxiarulad dasvenebisa da gantvirTvis survili. saturniebi
Zvel romaelTaTvis umniSvnelovanes dResaswaulad iqca,
romlis drosac wyvetda muSaobas yvela sazogadoebrivi uwyeba,
cxaddeboda saskolo ardade­ gebi, ar sjidnen damnaSaveebs, ar
iTxovdnen gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, monebs aTavisuflebdnen
Cveuli movaleobebis Sesrulebisgan. simbolurad, 19 dekemberi
monaTa Tavisuflebis dRed miiCneoda, Tumca arsebiTad
saturniebi iqca adamianis yovelgvari yofiTi movaleobebisgan,
ierarqiuli urTier­ Tobebisa da faseulobebisgan droebiTi
Tavisuflebis gamomxatvel dResas­ waulad.
dResaswauli forumSi, saturnis taZarSi ganxorcielebuli
msxverplSe­wirviT iwyeboda. msxverplSewirvas mohyveboda
nadimi; ojaxebSi Roris dak­vliT sruldeboda msxverplSewirvis
rituali, Semdeg mxiaruleba quCaSi grZeldeboda. axloblebi
erTmaneTs saCuqrebs Cuqnidnen. sadResaswaulo saCuqrebad
miiCneoda cvilis sanTlebi, terakotisa da comisagan damzade­
buli mcire zomis figurebi, sxvadasxva gamosaxulebani.
dResaswauli ramdenime dRe grZeldeboda _ respublikis
bolo periodSi ki erT kviras iTvlida.
saturniebi mTeli Tavisi atributikiTa da formiT,
gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul, Teatralizebul

258
dResaswauls warmoadgen­da, _ kostiumebiT, niRbebiT,
mimikuri TamaSiT, saxumaro simRerebiT, dia­
lo­gebiT, sityvieri
improvizaciiTa da karnavaluri stiqiis TavisuflebiT.
saturniebis dResaswauli yvela ierarqiuli urTierTobebis,
Cveuli normebis, wesebisa da dogmebis darRveviT da
parodirebiT xasiaTdeboda. droebiT, yvelaferi Cveuli
damkvidrebuli, TiTqos yiraze dgeboda, _ ufrosi umcrosad
iqceoda, batoni-ymad, mona-batonad. dResaswaulis monawileni
kenWisyriT saturniebis Tavkacs _ mefes irCevdnen. mefis
brZanebis Sesruleba ki yvelasTvis savaldebulo iyo. Cv. w. I
saukuneSi mcxovrebi romaeli istorikosis, titus liviusis
gadmocemiT, romauli ritualuri dResaswaulebis, maT Soris
satruniebis TamaSiseul formebze didi gavlena etruskulma
sanaxaobriv-ritualurma kulturam moaxdina.

259
 71. etruskuli sanaxaobrivi tradiciis
gavlena adreul romaul kulturaze

marTlac, romis istoriis adreul periodSi, sanaxaobrivi

kulturis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli, etruskuli
sanaxaobrivi tradiciebis gavlena aRmoCnda. cnobilia, rom
Savi Wiris epidemiis gavrcelebis dros, 364 wels, RmerTebis
mfarvelobis mosapoveblad, romaelebma saturniebis Catareba
gadawyvites. am mizniT, etruriidan romSi mimikuri cekvebis
Semsruleblebi moiwvies. droTa manZilze, romaelebma ufro
mravalferovani gaxades satur­ niebi. fleitis TanxlebiT
cekvas saxumaro dialogebi daemata. sabolood ki, ritualuri
dResaswauli musikis, cekvis, akrobatikis, simRerisa da
dialogis gamaerTianebel, sinTezur sanaxaobad iqca. romauli
sanaxaobrivi kulturisa da sadResaswaulo ritualuri
TamaSebis formirebaze etruskebis gavlenis dasturadaa
miCneuli msaxiobis aRmniSvneli sityvis _ histrionis
etruskuli warmomavloba.
saturniebis garda, erT-erT yvelaze adreul romaul
sanaxaobad, komikuri xasiaTis atelana iyo miCneuli.
sanaxaobis es nairsaxeoba roma­ elebma samxreT italiaSi
warmoebuli eqspansiis dros, kampaniaSi mcxovrebi oskebis
tomebisgan isesxes. savaraudod, sanaxaobis saxelwodebac
kampaniis erT-erTi qalaqis atelas saxelwodebas ukavSirdeba.
atelana komikuri scenebisgan Semdgari erTaqtiani warmodgena
iyo. literaturul atelanas niRbebs Soris wamyvani oTxi
niRabi aRmoCnda. yoveli maTgani karikaturuli garegnobiT da
groteskulad warmoCenili mankierebebiT gamoirCeoda. didyura,
meloti, mokauWebuli cxviriT gamorCeuli maki, _ Rormucela
da warumate­ beli, mudam gabriyvebuli rCeboda. Rababiani,
drunCiani papi, _ briyvi, ybedi, Rormucela da Zunwi moxucis
tips warmoadgenda. kuziani doseni ki Sarlatani swavluli,
umecari da TviTkmayofili iyo, magram Tavisi Tavdaje­rebuli,
pretenziuli laparakis maneriT garemomcvelebze ganswavluli
adamianis STabeWdilebis moxdena SeeZlo. bukoni, bukoni-
alazoni gasuqebuli Rormucela iyo, ybedi da baqia.

260
 72. respublikis periodis pirveli
romaeli dramaturgebi

respublikis periodis literaturis, dramisa da Teatris

xanad Zv. w. V saukunidan moyolebuli Zv. w. I saukunis
pirveli naxevris CaTvliT periodi miiCneva.
Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebis antikur polisad qceuli romi
mzard Zlierebas iZens, _ imorCilebs rogorc laTinuri
warmomavlobis tomebs, aseve berZnul koloniebs; kampanias,
etrurias, italiis mniSvnelovan nawils. romma metoqe
karTagenTan xangrZlivi drois manZilze warmoebuli
punikuri omebis Sedegad, sruli sazRvao hegemoniis mopoveba
SeZlo. mzardma siZli­ erem roms mzardi ambiciebi da
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi gabatonebis survili gauCina. meore
punikuri omis (218-2011 ww.) Sedegad karTageni sabo­ lood
damarcxda, romaelebma ki espaneTis nawili, xmelTaSuazRvis­
pireTis dasavle­ TiT arsebuli kunZulebi, afrikis nawili
karTagenis olqi, makedonia, saberZneTi, mcire aziis dasavleTi
sanapiro, pireneis naxevarkunZuli da winaalpuri galia
daipyres. romaelebis eqspansiam grandiozul masStabebs Zv.w.
II saukuneSi miaRwia.
romi, rogorc samxedro, aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac
Zlierdeba, vaWrobis Sedegad Cndeba axali mdidari fena,
romelic, Tavisi finansuri ZlierebiT, metoqeobas uwevs
aristokratias. berZnebiT dasaxlebuli samxreT italiis
teritoriis dapyrobam xeli Seuwyo berZnul kulturasTan
romae­lebis ziarebis process, _ gansakuTrebuli intensivoba
SesZina elinizaciis saerTo tendencias. ganaTlebuli berZeni
xSirad warCinebul romael yrmaTa aRmzrdelis funqcias
asrulebda. berZnuli miTologiis motivebi TiTqmis srulad
aisaxa romaul miTologiaSi. saxelSecvlil berZen Rmer­ Tebs
taZrebs ugebdnen da, xSirad, berZnebisganve nasesxeb religiur
rituallebs usrulebdnen. Teatris dabadebac, upirvelesad,
ama Tu im RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil sakulto dResaswaulebs,
msvlelobebs, himnebsa da ritualur TamaSebs ukavSirdeba.
savsebiT kanonzomieria, rom pirvel romael dramaturgTa

261
Soris erT-erTi, warmomavlobiT berZeni livius andronikusi
iyo. tyved ayvanil berZens saxeli liviusi da Tavisuflebac
misma romaelma batonma uboZa. liviusi warCinebul romaelTa
Svilebs berZnulsa da laTinurs aswavlida. amas­ Tanve,
liviusi aqtiur literaturul moRvaweobasac eweoda. man
saxeli, rogorc dramaturgma da mTargmnelma gaiTqva. swored
mas ekuTvnis homerosi­ seuli `odiseis~ pirveli Targmani
laTinur enaze, romelic romauli saskolo savaldebulo
literaturis umniSvnelovanes Semadgenel nawilad iqca. ori
saukunis manZilze, liviusis TargmaniT ecnobodnen romaeli
mowa­feebi homerosiseul eposs.
amasTanve, 14 tragediisa da 3 komediis avtorad miCneuli
liviusi, rogorc romauli tragediis, aseve komediis
mamamTavrad moixsenieba. romSi Teatraluri repertuaris
damkvidrebis sawyiss etaps misi piesebis dadgmebs ukavSireben.
komediografiaSi is paliatas pirveli komediis avtorad miiCneva
(mosasxamis komediis@`Comedia palliata; pallium _ berZnuli
mosasxami). paliatad wodebul komediaSi moqmedebis adgili
saberZneTi iyo, _ berZnuli tansac­ mliT Semosili moqmedi
gmirebi ki berZnuli tradiciebisa da wesebis Sesa­ tyvisad
cxovrobdnen. axali atikuri yofiTi xasiaTis elinisturi
komediis safuZvelze Seqmnili romauli komedia warmatebiT
sargeblobda Zv. w. IX saukuneSi paliatas moqmedi gmirebi
saSualo fenis berZeni warmomadgenlebi, ZiriTadad, vaWrebi da
xelosnebi iyvnen.
aseve cnobilia, rom pirveli punikuri omis warmatebiT
dasrulebis Semdeg, gamarjvebis aRmniSvneli zeimisTvis
dramatuli warmodgenis momza­ debis sapatio misia masve daekisra.
miuxedavad amisa, ciceroni, liviuss romauli dramaturgiis
mamamTavrad, magram mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod susti
piesebis avtorad moixseniebs.
berZnuli dramis msgavsad, romaul dramaSic poeziis
ena damkvidrda. elinistur periodSi ukve formalurad
arsebuli qoro ki, romaul TeatrSi mTlianad uaryofil
iqna. tragediasTan erTad viTardeba romauli komedio­ grafia,
romlis masazrdoebel wyarod aristofanes Semdgomi _
politikuri satiris uarmyofeli komediografia iqca.

262
 73. gneius neviusi
(Zv. w. daaxl. 280-201 ww.)

rogorc komediografiis, aseve tragediis JanrSi imxanad

warmatebul dramaturgad gneus neviusi miiCneoda. romaeli
mayureblis interess ufro mZafrsiuJetiani da dinamikuri
piesa iwvevda da dramaturgebic mayureblis dakveTis
Sesrulebas cdilobdnen. neviusis tragediebi moqmedebis
dinamikuri ganviTarebiT gamoirCeoda. dramaturgi Tavis
tragediebSi, rogorc romis istoriul warsuls, aseve mis
Tanamedrove realiebsac warmoaCenda. istoriuli Tematikis
safuZvelze Seqmnil tragediebs preteqstas uwodebdnen.
neviusis tragediebs xSirad TamaSobdnen samxedro gamarjvebis
aRvniSvnisas an romelime mxedarTmTavris dakrZalvisas. Tumca,
mayureblis interess, imxanad, tragediebze metad kome­ diebi,
maT Soris neviusis komediebi iwvevda.
neviusi aqtiurad mimarTavda berZnuli piesebis
gadmokeTebasa da kontaminaciis xerxs _ ramdenime, ori an sami
berZnuli komediis siuJeturi motivis komediaSi gaerTianebis
mxatvrul xerxs. kontaminaciis saSualebiT neviusma SeZlo
mZafri sanaxaobis momTxovni romaeli mayureblis molodinis
dakmayofileba. amasTanave, neviusi togatad wodebuli
komediebis avtoric iyo.
togata _ (togata) Zveli romauli nacionaluri
komediaa, romlis moqmedi gmirebi ara sazogadoebis maRali
warmomadgenlebi, aramed rigiTi adamianebi iyvnen: glexebi,
xelosnebi, vaWrebi. komediis saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba
msaxiobTa romaul mosasxams _ togas. komedia togatas
paliatasgan, moqmed gmirTa romauli Cacmuloba, maTi laTinuri
warmomavloba, garemo da romauli tradiciebis Sesatyvisi yofa-
cxovreba ganasxvavebda. amavdroulad, togata garkveulwilad
paliataze konservatiuli aRmoCnda. togatas avto­ rebma uaryves
gamWriaxi, moxerxebuli da Tavis batonze ufro sazriani
msaxuris saxe. aseve ufro konservatiuli aRmoCnda togata
qalTa saxeebTan mimarTebaSi. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT,
paliatasTan SedarebiT, togata ufro iSviaTad warmoaCenda

263
heterebs. togatas qali gmirebi umeteswilad mainc umanko
qaliSvilebi an daojaxebuli qalebi iyvnen. Zalze xSirad
piesis konfliqti ojaxur uTanxmoebebs warmoaCenda. Cvenamde
togatas 70 komediis dasaxelebam moaRwia. togatas Semqmnel
poetebs Soris moixsenieben titiniuss, attas da afraniuss.
yvelaze warmatebulad maT Soris lucius afraniusi
(savaraudod, dabadebuli Zv.w. 150 wels) miiCneva. Cvenamde
moaRwia afraniusis 40-mde piesis saxelwodebam da mcire
zomis fragmentebma.
mayurebelSi, komediaze naklebi warmatebiT sargeblobda
romauli tragedia, romelic amavdroulad moklebuli iyo
berZnuli dramisTvis damaxasiaTebel azrobriv siRrmes.
romauli tragedia mZafrsiuJetianobiTa da paTetikurobiT
gamoirCeoda. berZnuli dramis msgavsad, romaul tragediaSic
dramaturgebi poeziis da ara prozis enas mimarTavdnen. Zv.w.
III-IV sauku­ neebSi wamyvan romaul tragikosebad miiCnevian
aniusi, pakuviusi da aqciusi. imxanis, verc tragediebma da
verc komediebma Cvenamde ver moaRwies. Tanamedroveobas SemorCa
mxolod fragmentebi piesebidan da imdroindeli drama­ turgiis
Sesaxeb arsebuli mwiri cnobebi.

264
 74. plavtusi
(Zv. w. daaxl. 254-189 ww.)

titus makuss plavtusi, romauli komediografiis pirveli

umni­Svnelovanesi warmomadgeneli, romlis Semoqmedeba berZnuli
dramatur­ giis motivebiT sazrdoobis miuxedavad, WeSmariti
TviTmyofadobiT gamoir­ Ceva. `brtyelterfianis~ aRmniSvneli
plavtusis metsaxeliT cnobili dramatur­ gis sagvareulo
saxeli dRemde ucnobi rCeba. saxeli titusi romaelis
aRmni­Svnel sinonims warmoadgens, _ makussi ki, savaraudod
italikuri saxalxo Teatris niRbebis komedia `atelanas~ erT-
erTi personaJisgan nasesxeb metsaxels. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
plavtusi umbriis sarsinaSi daibada da romSi gardaicvala.
varaudoben, rom dramatul xelovnebas plavtusi Tavdapirvelad
msaxiobobis saSualebiT eziara, komediebis wera ki mogvanebiT
daiwyo. plavtusis literaturuli moRvaweobis periodi Zv.w.
III saukunis dasasrulisa da V saukunis dasawyiss moicavs.
Zveli drois sxva cnobil moRvaweTa msgavsad, plavtusis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb danam­ dvilebiT TiTqmis araferia cnobili,
_ varaudebis sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisobis Semowmeba ki
umetes SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
plavtusi sakmaod didi xnis manZilze italikuri xalxuri
niRbebis komediis, atelanas msaxiobi iyo, Semdgom savaWro
saqmesac mihyo xeli, romis jarSic eqvsi weli umsaxuria da
meore punikuri omis monawilec yofila, Tumca sabolood
sulier dakmayofilebasac da uzrunvel cxovrebasac
dramaturgiuli moRvaweobis Sedegad miaRwia.
plavtuss 130 komediis avtorobas miaweren. mwerlis
popularobis gamo misTvis miweril piesaTa didi nawili,
sinamdvileSi, mas ar ekuTvnis. WeSmaritad plavtusiseulad
Cvenamde moRweuli 21 piesaa miCneuli. misma Tanamedroveebma
plavtusi imTaviTve komedia paliatas Seudarebel didostatad
aRiares. misi komediis siuJeturi motivebic da personaJTa
tipebic axali atikuri komediis warmomadgenelTa, upirvelesad
menan­
drosis komediografiidanaa nasesxebi, Tumca amiT ar
dakninebula plav­tusis Semoqmedebis mxatvruli Rirebuleba da

265
TviTmyofadoba. gansakuT­ rebiT warmatebulad, plavtusis mier
Seqmnil sazrian, mxiarul, enakvimat msaxurTa saxeebi miiCnevian.
rogorc wesi, Seyvarebuli batonis dasax­ mareblad garjili
msaxuri sasurvel mizans Tavisi moxerxebulobis, gamWriaxi
skepticizmisa da laRi artistulobis wyalobiT aRwevs.
swored sicocxlis moyvareoba aniWebs plavtusis komediaTa
gmirebs sakuTar Zalebsa da fortunis keTilganwyobaSi
rwmenas. iRbalic imas swyalobs, visac misi dafasebisa da
SemTxveviTobis Tavis sasikeTod gamoyenebis unari Seswevs.
paliatas wesebis Sesatyvisad, plavtusis komediebis moqmedebis
adgili saberZneTi iyo, gmirebi berZnebi, magram, amavdroulad,
romauli yofis _ swored romauli sazogadoebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebure­ bebis warmomCenni. axali atikuri
komediis Taviseburebani plavtusis SemoqmedebaSi romauli
xalxuri atelanas tradiciebs erwymoda, _ folkloris,
andazebis, enakvimati gamonaTqvamebis karnavaluri stiqiis
gamomxatveli iyo. Tuki axal atikur komediaSi simRera, cekva
da musika antraqtebis dros Sesrulebuli intermediebis
kuTvnilebas warmoadgendnen. plavtusi Tavis komediebSi
kantikebad wodebul (laTinuri sityvisgan Canto `vmReri~
warmoebuli) musikalur-vokalur elementebs xSirad mimar­
Tavda. kantikebi mis komediebSi ariis an reCitativis saxiT
sruldeboda.
plavtusis komediebSi gamZafrebulia rogorc situaciis,
aseve xasiaTebis komizmi. gadacma, motyueba, avantiurizmi
Tu oinebi ara mxolod komikur efeqts, aramed moqmedebis
dinamikur ganviTarebasac uzrunvelyofs. romaeli dramatur­
gis TiTqmis yvela piesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli prologi,
umeteswilad, dramaturgiuli konfliqtis arsis, piesis
ZiriTadi siuJeturi motivebisa da literaturuli
pirvelwyaros Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdis. plavtusis
TiTqmis yvela komediis siuJetis warmmarTvelad sasiyvarulo
intriga iqceva, _ komikuri situaciebiT, gaugebrobebiT,
karnavaluri gadacmebiTa da oinebiT aRsavse.
komedia paliatas warmomadgeneli plavtusi e.w. kontaminaciis,
_ ramdenime berZnuli piesis siuJeturi motivis gaerTianebis

266
xerxs mimarTavs, rac moqmedebis dinamikur ganviTarebas
da mayureblis mzard interess gansazRvravda. Tumca isic
cnobilia, rom plavtusis piesebis popularobis miuxedavad,
misi Tanamedroveni met interess sportuli Sejibrebebis
mimarT iCendnen. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, iseTi SemTxvevebic
yofila, rodesac Teatraluri warmodgenis mimdinareobisas,
aSkarad ufro mZafri sanaxaobis momTxovni mayureblis mzardi
ukmayofilebis dasaSoSmineblad, fleitistebs Seuwyve­ tiaT
musikis dakvra da erTmaneTs SesWidebian. plavtusis kome­
diebSi ki romael mayurebels, savaraudod swored farsis,
bufonadis, balaganurobis, groteskis, parodiis, gadacmebisa
da oxunjobebis sinTezi izidavda. garda amisa, plavtusis
komedia msaxiobs scenaze aqtiuri Jestikulaciis, sirbilis,
ayalmayalisa da cema-tyepis gamarTvis saSua­
lebas aZlevda, rac
gansakuT­
rebiT saxalisos xdida warmodgenas da imdroindeli
mayureblis gemovnebas Sesatyviseboda.

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 75. fsevdolusi

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavad plavtuss yvelaze metad

Tavisi komediebidan `fsevdolusi~ moswonda. piesis
siuJets, moxerxebuli msaxuris mier, Tavisi sixarbiTa da
daundoblobiT cnobili monaT­ mflobeli maWanklis, balios
klanWebidan, Tavis baton kalidorusis Seyvarebulis _
fenikiumis daxsnis ambavi warmoadgens. elinisturi da romauli
komediografiisTvis esoden Cveuli ambis momcveli komediis
WeSmarit TviTmyofadobas bevrad gansaz­ Rvravs piesis mTavari
gmiris, msaxur fsevdolusis saxe. skepticizmiT, artistizmiT,
ironiiTa da TviTironiiT aRsavse fsevdolusi ara mxolod
aRwevs dasaxul mizans, aramed Tavisi moxerxebulobiTa
da gamomgoneblobiT mowinaaRmdegeebsac ki moxiblavs.
fsevdolusi, speqtaklSi gaTamaSebuli speqtaklis Tavisebur
reJisorad qceuli personaJi, Tavisi enakvimatobiT yvelafris
parodirebis unariTa da artistuli avantiurizmiT, TiTqos
erTi msaxiobis Teatris gansaxierebas warmoadgens; sadac
sxvadasxva saxis, fsiqo-socialuri stereotipebisa da qcevis
normebis gaSarJebas axdens, _ iqneba es mkvexara meomari,
Tavisi winaprebiT baqia didgvarovani Tu melanqolias micemuli
Seyvarebuli. fsevdolusis xibli TviTironiis unarSic
vlindeba, romlis demonstrirebasac is TviTkmayofilebisadmi
sakuTari midrekilebis paro­ direbiT axdens. enakvimati,
mxiaruli da artistuli fsevdolusi yovelive pirquSisa
da dogmaturad seriozulis miuRebeli karnavaluri stiqiis
silaRis gansaxierebad iqceva. imavdroulad, fsevdolusis
artistizmi ganyenebul xasiaTs ki ar atarebs, aramed
savsebiT konkretuli, cxovre­ biseuli problemebis gadaWras
emsaxureba. fsevdolusi Tavisi axalgazrda Seyvarebuli
batonis sasiyvarulo saqmeebis mogvarebis mizniT axerxebs
rogorc gamocdili da frTxili ufrosi batonis, aseve
Tavisi gaqnilobiT cnobili maWanklis gacucurakebas.
situaciis komizms isic amZafrebs, rom fsevdolusi winaswar
afrTxilebs Tavis mowinaaR­ mdegeebs, rom maT gabriyvebas
apirebs. komediis TiTqmis dasawyisSive fsevdolusi romis

268
sasamarTlo proceduruli formebis parodirebiT, erT dReSi
maWanklis xelidan qalis Tavdaxsnis sazeimo fics iZleva;
yvela damswris mxiaruli gafrTxilebiT _ rom am dRes ar
endon, yvelas karnavaluri TamaSis stiqiasTan ziarebisken
mouxmobs.
fsevdolusis ZiriTadi mowinaaRmdege, maWankali balio, misi
saqmiano­
bisadmi garemomcvelTa mier gamovlenili negatiuri
damokidebulebis miuxedavad, _ sabolood mainc mxolod
Zalis, simdidris, gavlenis pativis­ mcemeli da nebismieri
warumateblobis abuCad amgdebi sazogadoebis zne-Cveulebebis
gansaxierebad iqceva. maWankali balio, erTgvari siamovnebiTac
ki eTanxmeba misi misamarTiT naTqvam salanZRav sityvebs, radgan
urCevnia warmatebuli TaRliTi iyos, vidre patiosani uiRblo.
rodesac sityvis gamtexs garewrad moixsenieben, galanZRuli
balio jibegafxekil keTil­ Sobilebas mxiaruli enakvimatobiT
abuCad igdebs, salanZRav sityvebs sakuTari moxerxebulobis
dasturad miiCnevs mxolod, rac sazogadoebaSi damkvid­
rebul Sexedulebas nawilobriv mainc exmianeba. fsevdolusi
maWanklis cinizmsa da gaiZverobas mxiarul enakvimatobasa
da moxer­ xebulobas upiris­ pirebs. fsevdolusis xasiaTic da
qcevac im maradiuli sibrZnis dasturad gvevlineba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, marTlac _ xerxi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci moigonebsa.
fsevdolusis artistuli avantiurizmi da ironia, upirvelesad,
foierverkuli enakvimatobiT gamorCeul, misive gamonaTqvamebis
kaskadSi vlindeba. misi siTav­ xedec imdenad maxvil­
gonivrulia,
rom maTac ki xiblavs, visi misamarTiTac mJRavndeba. rodesac
moxuci batoni simosi fsevdoluss daemuqreba, rom vaJiSvilis
sasiyvarulo ambebis mosagvareblad saWiro Tanxis maTTvis
sesxebas aravis urCevs, fsevdolusi enakvimatad pasuxobs, rom
sanam simosi cocxalia, sxvisi gacucurakebis saWiroebas ver
xedavs.
fsevdolusi onavruli TavdajerebulobiT Tan afrTxilebs
Tavis batons, rom mis gabriyvebas apirebs da, amavdroulad,
imasac dasZens, rom gafrTxi­ leba mainc ver uSvelis, _ ver
daixsnis mis ankesze wamogebisgan. fsevdo­ lusis TavdajerebiT
gancvifrebuli simosis megobari, – soliduri asakis

269
miuxedavad, Zalze liberaluri Sexedulebebis, _ axalgazrdebis
mimarT metad loialuri kalidorusi, movlenaTa Semdgomi
ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli, dagegmil mgzavrobasac ki
droebiT gadadebs.
piesis manZilze fsevdolusi drodadro mayurebelsac
mimarTavs sityvebiT, rom Tavad jer arc ki icis, ras
moimoqmedebs da arc is icis, ris safuZvelzea aseTi
Tavdajerebuli. marTlac, miznis misaRwevad yovel­gvari gegmis
arqonis miuxedavad, garemoebebis Tavis sasikeTod gamoyenebis
unaris yovlisSemZleobaSi rwmeniT STagonebuls iRbali
swyalobs.

270
 76. baqia meomari

sazriani msaxuris saxe erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli da

xSirad ganmeorebadia plavtusis komediografiaSi. komediaSi
`baqia (mkvexara) meomari~, kvlavac Tavisi batonisaTvis,
plevsiklesTvis warTmeuli Seyvarebulis dasabruneblad
garjili msaxuri palestrio moCvenebiTi erTgulebiT
emsaxureba qals dapatronebul mkvexara meomar pirgopolinikess.
fsevdolusis msgavsad, sabolood, moxerxebuli mona Tavisi
namdvili batonis piradi saqmeebis mogvarebasa da baqia
pirgopolini­ kesisTvis Wkuis swavlebasac SeZlebs. Tumca,
palestrios mier meomris winaaRmdeg gaTamaSebuli da am
mizniT daqiravebuli speqtaklis monawileebi, TavianTi
GgaiZverobiT, Tavad maT damqiravebelsac ki afrTxoben.
gonebaSez­Rudul da xarb pirgopolinikess, moxerxebuli,
TaRliTi da crupente­ lobaSi gamobrZmedili roskipi
abriyvebs. amdenad, mkvexara meomris damarcxeba, marTalia,
komikuria, sicilis momgvreli, magram garkveulwilad
skepticizmis gamomwvevic, radgan, arsebiTad ,erT gaiZveras
kidev ufro gaqnili gaiZverebi abriyveben. piesis finalSi
pozitiur gancdas iwvevs Seyvarebulebis gamarjveba, Tumca
cxadia isic, rom am gamarjvebis SesaZleblobas fulis Zala
da mosyidul avan­ tiuristTa moxerxebuloba iZleva. rogorc
wesi, plavtusTan SeyvarebulTa saxeebi ufro sqematuri da
nakleb sainteresoa. mxiarul da enakvimat avantiuristTa
garda, romelTa lideradac palestrio gvevlineba, komediaSi
sainteresodaa warmoCenili ori xazgas­ mulad kontrastuli
xasiaTis adamianTa saxeebi da fsiqotipebi. erTi maTgani
mkvexara meomaria, _ TviTmtkbobi da briyvi pirgopolinikesi,
_ sakuTar Tavze mudam aRmatebulad molaparake da nebismieri,
misTvis maamebluri sicruis damjeri. pirgopolinikesi Tavs
samyaros centrad aRiqvams, _ garemom­ cvelebs ki misiT
aRtacebul, misiT mosuldgmule an piruku, mis moSurne
arsebebad. mkvexara meomris sruli antipodia plevsikles mamis
megobari da satrfialo ambebis mogvarebaSi aqtiurad damxmare
peripleqto­ menusi. soliduri asakis miuxedavad, is sruli

271
gagebiTa da TanagancdiT ganimsWvaleba axalgazrda Seyvarebulis
mgznebare gancdebis mimarT da, amavdroulad, Tavad antikur
samyaroSi esoden damkvidrebuli zomierebis grZnobis dacvis
momxredac da Tavisebur gansaxierebadac gvevlineba. ara
mxolod pragmatuli gonis, _ e.w. cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis,
aramed zogadad moazrovne adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sibrZniT gamoirCeva, antikuri komediografiisTvis sakmaod
arastereotipuli personaJi, Suaxnis peri­ pleqto­menusi, _
imxanad gacilebiT ufro asakovnad miCneuli adamiani, Tavs
jer kidev Zal-RoniT, axal­ gazrduli energiiTa da mxneobiT
aRsavsed miiCnevs; ar kargavs sicocxliT tkbobis unars da,
amavdroulad, sulierad mowifuli, cxovrebiseul sibrZnes
naziarevi kacis SexedulebebiT gamoirCeva. Zveli berZnebis
msgavsad, mis cxovrebiseul kredos zomierebis grZnoba;
grZnobasa da gonebas Soris harmoniuli Tana­ arsebobis miRweva
warmoadgens. misi liberaluri da, amavdroulad, saRi azriT
aRsavse Sexedulebebi adamianebis mimarT keTilganwyobisa
da imavdroulad, garkveuli skepticizmis gamomxatvelia.
peripleqtomenusi adamianebisadmi humanur damokidebulebas _
daxmarebis, Tanadgomis, TanagrZnobis gamovlenis saWiroebas
mxolod sityvierad ki ar qadagebs, aramed avlens kidec.
Tumca, marTlac WeSmariti humanisti adamianebisa da
adamianuri urTierTobebis ideali­ zaciis winaaR­ mde­
gicaa.
mkvexara meomris sruli antipodi, peripleqtomenusi, misadmi
karg damokidebulebas arasodes aRiqvams gadaWarbebulad
da aRtacebiT naTesavebis misadmi mgznebare yuradRebas,
sakuTari marTlac kargi znis garda, sakmaod saxarbielo
finansuri mdgomareobiTac xsnis, miT ufro, rom daojaxebaze
uaris mTqmels, arc pirdapiri memkvidre hyavs. yovelgvari
iluziebisgan Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, an SesaZloa swored
amgvari Tavisuflebis wyalobiTac, moklebulia yovelgvar
mizanTropias, gare­ momcvelebs Rebulobs, iseTebad, rogorebic
arian _ gadaWarbebulad ar aRiqvams arc maT Rirsebebs
da arc mankierebebs. cdilobs cxovrebis yoveli wamiT
datkbes da sxvasac sasiamovno ganwyoba Seuqmnas. yovelmxriv
cdilobs, Tavi aaridos kamaTs, uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi ki

272
SeumCnevlad ganeridos abezar mokamaTes. stumarTmoyvare,
Tavaziani da mxiaruli, _ rogorc saubris, aseve sxvisi
mosmenis unaris mqone, mkvexara meomris saxiT warmoCenili
ego­centruli da infantiluri narcisizmis srul antipods
warmoadgens. mowifuli sulis adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
realobis adekva­turad aRmqmeli, arc Tavis personas aniWebs
gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas, _ gare samyarosTan mimarTebaSi.
qalebisadmi didi interesis miuxedavad, peripleqtomenusi
Segnebulad uars ambobs daojaxebaze. oja­ xuri movaleo­
bebisgan
Tavi­sufali cxovrebis wess irCevs, Tumca nebismier arCevans
am TvalsazrisiT Tanabrad Rirseulad miiCnevs. gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebisa da azris pativismcemeli, gonier adamianebSic
sapasuxo pativiscemas iwvevs.
misTvis xotbis Semsxmeli nebismieri crupentela maameblis
damjere narcisebisgan gansxvavebiT, peripleqtomenusi
adekvaturia rogorc garemom­ cvelTa pragmatuli interesebis
aRqmisas, aseve siyvarulis, megobrobis, TanagrZnobisa da
nebismieri uangaro, wrfeli grZnobebis dafasebisas. aSkaraa
Tavad plavtusiseuli simpaTiac keTilganwyobisa da jansaRi
skepticizmis SeTavsebis unaris mqone adamianebis mimarT.

273
 77. menexmebi

plavtusiseul komediebSi ara mxolod egocentrizmi, aramed

zedmeti mimndobloba an grZnobebs ayola did safrTxes uqmnis
adamians. komedia `menexmebSi~ TaRliTobasa da gaiZverobaSi
gawafuli crupentelebis tota­ luri moZalebis atmosferoSi,
nebismieri sisuste adamianisTvis aqilevsis quslad iqceva.
komediaSi, momxibvleli heterebisa da maTTan Suamavali
maWanklebis ankesze wamogebul mamakacebs elviseburi siswrafiT
ezrdebaT xarjebi da maT, vinc droze gons ver moegeba, sruli
gakotreba moeli. usaxsrod darCenils ki karis zRurblzec ar
uSveben isini, vinc sul cota xnis win Tavs evleboda da misi
survilebis gamocnobas lamobda. piesis siuJets safuZvlad
udevs adreul asakSi garemoebebis gamo erTmaneTs dacilebuli,
wlebis Semdeg ki kvlav erT qalaqSi aRmoCenili tyupiscali
Zmebis Sexvedrisa da gawyvetili kavSiris aRdgenis ambavi.
situaciebis komizms ki Zmebis Sexvedramde, garemomcvelTa
mier tyupis­ calebis erTma­ neTisgan ganurCevlobisa da
erTmaneTSi aRrevis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli gaugeb­ robebi
qmnis. magram komizmis miRma `menexmebSi~ kargad Cans fulis
yovlisSemZleobis amRiarebeli sazogadoebis zne-Cveulebani.
Zmis saZeb­
nelad ucxo qalaqSi Camosuli menexmi, drodadro
sxvebis mier Tavis tyupiscalad miCneuli, xan Zmis mdidari
colis tiraniis autanlobas SeigrZnobs, xan mamakacebis
gamakotrebeli heteras daundoblobasa da sixarbes, xan
ki sxvis xarjze cxovrebis msurveli parazitis abezar
gamomZalvelobas. rogorc irkveva, daojaxebuli menexmi,
Tavisi simdidris mudam qmrisTvis damyvedrebeli, enamware
da kapasi colis despotizmisgan, mis maamebel heterasTan
gaqcevis Sedegad, gacilebiT uares gansacdelSi aRmoCenila.
yvelafriT ukmayofilo colisgan yvelafriT kmayofilsa da
mudam maamebel heteraze srulad damokidebuli gamxdara.
daojaxebuli menexmi colis tiraniisagan ama Tu im gziT
gaTavisuflebis Zalas ara sakuTar TavSi, aramed sxvaSi
eZebs. despoti colisgan dasvenebis msurveli ki, mamakacebis
gakotrebaSi gawafuli, Tumca tkbilad mosaubre heteras

274
xelSi aRmoCndeba, _ kvlav sxvisi manipulaciis umweo
msxverplad qceuli, komediis finalSi Zmebis Sexvedra
qalaqidan maTi erTad gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebis miRebiT
sruldeba. axladnapovni Zmis zegavleniT, daoja­ xebuli menexmi
darCenili qonebis gayidvasa da colis mitovebasac ganizraxavs.
komediaSi, damyoli xasiaTis, damTmobi, roman­tizmisken midre­
kili adamianebis gabriyvebis, gakotrebis, gamoyenebisa da
daCagvris gardauvalobis problemaa wamoWrili. brZolis
uunaro adamiani daucveli rCeba yvelafris mitacebisken
mswraf garemomcvelTa winaSe. piesaSi situaciebis komizmis
miRma, adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari pragmatuli da
pirovnuli interesebis dacvis aucileblobis motivi mZafri
aqtualobiT vlindeba.
daojaxebuli tyupiscalisgan gansxvavebiT, misi Zma sxvebis
zegav­lenis qveS moqcevisgan Tavisufali, laRi da Zlieri
adamiani aRmoCndeba, _ Tavadac advilad igeriebs Tavxedebis,
gamomZalvelebisa da TaRliTebis Semotevebs da Zmasac exmareba.
amavroulad, garemomcvelTa mier erTmaneTSi tyupis­ calebis
aRreviT ganpirobebuli komikuri situaciebi imasac Tval­
naTliv warmoaCenen, rom arCevans TiToeuli adamiani Tavad
akeTebs; iyos sazogadoebis, garemom­cvelebis, Tundac ojaxis
wevrebis msxverpli Tu sxvebis mavne gavlenisgan Tavisufali,
sakuTari WkuiT mcxovrebi adamiani. Zalze mniSvnelovania
droze moego gons da Tavs uSvelo, rogorc amas colisa da
sayvarlis tiraniisgan, Zmis daxmarebiT gaqcevis msurveli
menexmi akeTebs. komedia adamians sifxizlis, saRi azrisa
da kritikuli gansjis unaris SenarCunebisken mouxmobs, _
radgan miamiti an grZnobebs ayolili misTvis yovel nabijze
dagebul maxeSi maSinve gaebmeba da mSvelelic, SesaZloa, arsad
gamoCndes.
nebismier asakSi saRi azris SenarCunebis aucileb­ lobis
motivi wamyvani xdeba plavtusis komedia `vaWarSic~. piesis
gmirs, ukve xandazmul mamakacs, axalgazrda qalisadmi
sasiyvarulo vneba Seip­ yrobs. SemdgomSi irkveva, rom
asakovani mamakacis trfobis obieqti misive vaJiSvilis
sayvareli yofila. simarTlis garkvevisa da sakuTari imede­

275
bis ganuxorcieleblobis gacnobierebis Semdeg, ojaxis
ufrosi egueba realobas, acnobierebs sakuTari sasiyvarulo
egzaltaciis komizms da sulier simSvidesac ibrunebs.
nebismieri Tviseba, vneba Tu miswrafeba, _ iqneba es siZunwe,
TviTgan­didebis mania Tu sasiyvarulo vneba, romelic adamians
sicocxliT tkbobisa da realobis adekvaturad aRqma-Sefasebis
unars ukargavs, plav­ tusiseul komediografiaSi damangrevel
akviatebadaa warmoCenili. sabo­ lood mainc Tavad adamianzea
damokidebuli gamoavlens Tu ara sulieri janmrTelobis
dabrunebis nebas, eziareba Tu ara Sinagan Tavisuflebas.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom, savaraudod, msoflio dramaturgiaSi
Zunwis saxis pirvelad warmomCen piesad miCneulia swored
plavtusiseuli komedia `ganZi~, romelmac Tanamedroveobamde
mxolod mciredi, fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia.
plavtusiseul komediebSi aRsaniSnavia musikalur-ritmuli
mxare, romelic aqtiurad vlindeba kantikebad wodebul ariebSi.
dialogi reCitativebsa da ariebSi gadaizrdeba da operetis
JanrTan siaxloviT xasiaTdeba. plavtusiseuli kantikebi
musikaluri struqturis mravalfe­ rovnebiT xasiaTdebian.
sasiyvarulo gancdebis gamosaxatavad Seyvarebul personaJTa
Semsru­ leb­
lebi mimarTavdnen musikalur monologebs, serenadebs,
_ maRal­ fardovani tragikuli stilis parodirebisaTvis ki _
ariebs.
plavtusis, rogorc komediografis erT-erT umTavres
miRwevad maxvil­ goniereba miiCneva, _ sityvebiT TamaSi mis
komediaSi foierverkuli gamomgoneblobiTa da silaRiT
xasiaTdeba. savsebiT bunebrivia, rom plavtusi msoflio
dramaturgiisa da Teatris ganviTarebaze (iqneba es italiuri
niRbebis komedia, Seqspirisa Tu molieris dramaturgia) erT-
erTi uZlieresi gavlenis mqone dramaturgadaa miCneuli.

276
 78. terenciusi
(Zv. w. daax­l. 190-159 ww.)

Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, publius terenciusi

(daax­loebiT 190-159 ww.) warmomavlobiT karTageneli iyo, ris
gamoc miiRo zedwodeba afri (afrikeli). karTagenidan romSi
gasayidad Camoyvanili ymawvili senator terencius lukanusis
mona aRmoCnda. senatorma masSi niWieri axalgazrda amoicno,
kargi ganaTleba misca da SemdgomSi, Tavi­ suflebac uboZa.
Tavisufleba miniWebulma ymawvilma ki Tavisi patronis saxeli
miiRo. terenciusis niWis damfaseblebi maRali wris sxva
warmomadgenlebic aRmoCndnen. mwerali megobrobda karTagenis
dampyrob­ lobiT saxelmoxveWil umcros stipionTan da konsul
gaius leliusTan. stipion emalianusis literaturuli wre
kulturis, enisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebaze, gavrceleba-
popularizaciaze zrunavda. mwerlis arakeTil­ mosurneebma
Worebi gauvrceles, TiTqos misi piesebis namdvili avtorebi
umcrosi stipioni da gaius leliusi iyvnen, romelTa metad
warmoCinebuli socialuri mdgomareoba TiTqos saCoTiros
xdida maTTvis komediebis avtorobis aRiarebas. terenciusis
mfarvelebisTvis amgvari Worebi maameb­ luri aRmoCnda da
terenciusic aqtiurad ar aprotestebda misi avtorobis
uarmyofel sicrues. mwerlis literaturuli moRvaweoba
xanmokle aRmoCnda. man sul eqvsi piesis dawera moaswro.
yovelma maTganma Cvenamde sruli saxiT moaRwia. gadmocemiT,
menandrosis komediebis Targmanis mosapoveblad mogzaurobisas
zRvaSi daixrCo. misi daRupvis zusti TariRi ucnobia.
savaraudod, daRupvisas terenciusi 35 wels ar aRemateboda,
_ SesaZloa, bevrad ufro axalgazrdac yofiliyo.
terenciusis komediebi mis sicocxleSive dadgmulia,
magram, umetes­
wilad, didi warmateba ar moupovebia. plavtusis
msgavsad, terenciusic paliatas JanrSi moRvaweobs da
kontaminaciis xerxs mimarTavs. misi piesebis siuJetur
wyaros menandrosis dramaturgia warmoadgens. plavtusisgan
gansxvavebiT, terenciusis komediebSi ar xdeba berZnul-
romauli yofisa da koloritis Sejereba. misi Semoqmedeba

277
ufro berZnul niadagze `damynobadaa~ aRiarebuli. plavtusis
komediebisgan gamorCeul, terenciusis Semoqmede­ bisTvis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebad miiCneva _ rogorc siuJeturi,
aseve enob­
rivi sisadave, nakleb skabrezuli iumori, naklebad
gesliani xumrobebi, _ aseve simReris, cekvis, kalamburebis,
kantikebis, bufonadebisa da farsis elementebis simwire.
siuJeturi intrigisa da dialogis sisadavis parale­ lurad
izrdeba gmiris xasiaTis sirRmiseulad warmoCenis tendencia.
marTalia, terenciusi antikur dramaturgiaSi kargad cnobil
niRbebs mimarTavs (iqneba es SeyvarebulTa wyvili, moxerxebuli
msaxuri, baqia meomari, xarbi maWankali Tu mkacri mama), magram
am tipiuri niRbebisgan Zalze arastandartul, araerT­ gvarovan
xasiaTebs qmnis.

278
 79. Zmebi

terenciusis erT-erT saukeTeso piesaSi `Zmebi~ (160

w. Cv. w.), albaT yvelaze srulyofilad da mravalmxrivad
warmoCindeba TaobaTa Soris urTierTobisa Tu aRmzrdelobiTi
xasiaTis problemebi.
piesa ori Zmis magaliTze or gansxvavebul aRmzrelobiT
pozicias gamoxatavs. ZmaTagan erT-erTs, sofelSi mcxovreb
Mmoxuc demeass ori vaJi _ esqinesi da ktesifoni hyavs.
esqiness qalaqSi mcxovrebi, ucolSvilo mikeosi iSvilebs.
demeasis da mikeosis aRzrdis meTodebi maTive xasi­ aTebidan
da msoflaRqmidan gamomdinare radikalurad gansxvavebuli
aRmoCnda. mTeli cxovreba qancgamwyvet SromaSi gamtarebeli,
_ ukve saWiroebis gareSec, sakuTari Tavis ardandobis Cvevis
tyved qceuli demeasi, Sesabamisad, Svilisadmic zedmetad
momTxovn mamad iqca; axalgazrduli Tavqarianobisgan Svilis
damcvel saukeTeso saSualebad dauRalav Sromasa da mkacr
discip­linas miiCnevs. misi qalaqeli Zma ki piruku, _ cxovrebiT
tkbobis unariT dajildovebuli, cdilobs sxvac _ upirvelesad
ki naSvilebi ymawvili gaaxaros. damTmobi da tolerantuli
mikeosi misTvis Cveul gulgaxsnilobas, mimndoblobasa
da loialurobas ktesifonisadmi guluxvad avlens da
saTanado dafasebasac imsaxurebs, _ rogorc vaJiSvilis,
aseve garemomcvelTa mxridan. mikeosi Tvlis, rom zedmeti
momTxovneloba, axalgazrdas Tavqari­ anobisgan gankurnebis
nac­
vlad sicrues miaCvevs; mamis mxridan gamovlenili ndoba
da loialuroba ki sapasuxo ndobasa da gulgaxsnilobas
badebs. sapirispiro Sexedulebebis mqone ZmasTan kamaTisas,
mikeosi irwmuneba, rom mamis SiSi SvilSi ara pativiscemas,
aramed aragulwrfelobasa da, zog SemTxvevaSi, arakeTil­
mosurneobasac iwvevs.
marTlac, maleve mikeosis aRzrdis meTodi _ misi
msoflaRqma TiTqos srulad marTldeba. kiTarist qalSi
Seyvarebuli ktesifonis dasaxmareblad, misi Zma esqinesi qals
maWanklis xelidan ZaliT daixsnis. demeasi, mikeoss Svilis
cudad aRzrdisTvis adanaSaulebs. SemdgomSi ki irkveva,

279
rom mamis nebis esoden morCilad mimCnevi ktesifoni arc
iseTi morCili yofila, mSobel mamaze metad ki biZas endoba.
demeasis marcxi masSi Tavisebur metamorfozas gamoiwvevs,
demeasi ara imdenad Zmis Sexedulebebis sisworeSi, ramdenadac
sakuTari poziciis calmxrivobasa da sworxazovnebaSi rwmun­
deba. zedmetma simkacrem misgan orive Svilis gaucxoeba
gamoiwvia. mdidari, magram yvelasgan moZulebul martosulad
sibereSi darCenis perspeqtivas, demeasi guluxvobis gamovlenas
amjobinebs. sxvebis maameblobiT sakuTari TavisTvis sixarulis
miniWebas gadawyvets. demeasis mier sakuTari Sexedulebebis
Secvlis unarSi misi pirovnuli siZliere, goniereba, jansaRi
pragmatizmi vlindeba. sakuTari TavisTvisve yvelaferze
uaris mTqmel siZunwes guluxvoba enacvleba, egocentrizmi
altruizmiT icvleba. demeasi aRmoCndeba adamiani, romelsac
cxovrebi­seuli gamocdilebis miRebisa da gaTvaliswinebis, _
axlis miRebisa da SeTvisebis unari Seswevs. sagulisxmoa,
rom sxvisi aRzrdis procesi Tavad aRmzrdelisTvisac
SesaZloa Wkuis saswavlebeli aRmoCndes, _ metic, aRzrda
yovelTvis ormxriv urTierT­ gavle­
nasa da urTierTganviTarebas
gulisxmobs. paradoqsulia, rom swored ukidu­ resad konserva­
tiul demeass aRmoaCndeba Tavisi cxovrebiseuli Sexedu­
lebebis calmxrivobis kritiku­ lad aRqmis unari, maSin,
rodesac mikeosi sakuTari loialurobiT Tavmomwoneobis
mZevali aRmoCndeba. mikeosi, moulod­ nelad gardasaxuli
Zmisa da vaJiSvilis zewoliT, yovelnair, maT Soris, ugunur
Txovnazec ki, uars ver ambobs, _ esqinesis sacolis moxuc
dedaze daqorwinebazec ki Tanxmobas iZleva. mikeosi mis mierve
arCeuli, yovlis gamgebi, yovlis mpatiebeli da damTmobi
kacis `rolis~ tyveobaSi aRmoCndeba da Zmisgan gansxvavebiT,
sakuTari poziciis calmxrivobis Secnobis Zala ar Seswevs.
mamobilis uzomo damTmobobiT zedmetad sargebloba, _
misTvis, arasasur­ veli gadawyvetile­ bebis Tavze moxveva, _
maT Soris adamianis pirad cxovrebaSi gaumarT­ leblad Careva,
swored vaJiSvilis egocentrizmze metyvelebs. mis aRzrdaSi
daSvebul Secdomebs da rac mTavaria, am Secdomebis Secnobis
mikeosiseul uunarobas avlens. komedia `ZmebSi~ terenciusi

280
zomierebis grZnobis mqadagebel nebismieri sworxazovnebisa da
calmxrivobis aramyofel, erTi da imave movlenis sxvadasxva
Tvalsaz­ risiT aRmqmel da am Tvalsazrisebis Sejerebisken
momwodebel avtorad gvevlineba.
arsebiTad, analogiuri TvalsazrisiTaa warmoCenili
aRzrdis problema 163 wels dadgmul piesaSi `TviTmgvemi~.
piesis gmiri, saTaurSive TviTmgvemad Seracxuli menedesi
mkacri mamis niRbis erT-erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens. Tavisi
gauTavebeli SegonebebiTa da pirquSi simkacriT menedesma
ukidu­resad daTrguna Tavisi vaJiSvili klinia. mamis zewola
SvilisTvis gansakuT­ rebiT autaneli mas Semdeg gaxda, rac
klinias mSvenieri, magram dabali warmomavlobis antifila
Seuyvardeba. bolos da bolos, Seyvarebuli ymawvili Tavs
jarSi wasvliT uSvelis. martod darCenili moxuci menedesi
TviTgvemas miecema, _ sakuTar Tavs ver patiobs Svilisadmi
gulciv damokidebulebas, rodesac sindisis qenjniT gatanjuli
moxuci, misgan farulad, Svilis dabrunebis Sesaxeb Seityobs,
mzadaa upirobod miiRos, gulSi Caikras da yvelaferi daTmos.
ukiduresi simkacridan ukidures loialurobaSi, _ yovlis
mimReblobasa da yovlis damTmobobaSi gadavardnil menedess
misi megobari da mezobeli qremesi exmareba saRi azrisa da
zomierebis grZnobis SenarCunebaSi. qremesi Tavis megobars
daarwmunebs, rom nebismieri ukiduresoba sazianoa rogorc
misTvis, aseve misi vaJiSvilisTvis. Tuki mamis despotizmi
Svilis daT­ rgunvas an masSi protestis grZnobis gaRvivebas
iwvevs, zedmeti damTmobloba axalgazrduli Tavqarianobis
waqezebis TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa, saSiSi aRmoCndes. mamisgan
farulad samSobloSi dabrunebuli klinia ki swored qremesis
vaJiSvilTan, Tavis megobar klitifosTan hpovebs TavSesafars.
piesis bolos gairkveva, rom antifila qremesis qaliSvili,
Sesabamisad ki, klitifos da aRmoCndeba. axalgazrdebis
qorwinebisTvis xelis SemSleli problema mogvardeba. Tavqarian
klitifos gonieri da zomierad damTmobi mama mflangvelobis
senisgan gankurnavs da colis moyvanazec daiTanxmebs. sabolood
piesaSi siyvarulisa da keTil­ gonierebis Zala imarjvebs.

281
 terenciusis, rogorc adamianis humanur bunebaSi rwmeniT
aRsavse mwerlis Tavisebureba, yvelaze mkveTrad komedia
`dedamTilSi~ vlindeba. `dedamTilis~ pirveli ori dadgma
metad warumatebeli aRmoCnda _ mayurebeli xan mokriveebis,
xan ki gladiatorebis sacqerad gaqceula. mxolod mogvianebiT,
xuTi wlis Semdeg, 160 wlis ganxorcielebuli dadgma aRmoCnda
met-naklebad warmatebuli. terenciusi amjeradac siuJetis
dinamikuri ganviTarebis xerxs uaryofs da yuradRebas
mTlianad kritikul viTarebaSi adamianis Sinagani bunebis
gamovlenis warmoCenaze amaxvilebs.
hetera bakqisSi Seyvarebuli ymawvili pamfilusi, mSvenier
qali­Svil filumenaze qorwindeba. heterasadmi trfobis gamo
Tavis axalgazrda cols ar ekareba, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi
sayvarlis mzardi momTxov­ nelobis fonze, momTmen da
morCil cols daafasebs da Seiyvarebs. Tavda­ pirvelad ara­
sasurvelad miCneuli qorwinebiT, moulodnelad gabedniere­
buli pamfilusi cota xniT qalaqidan saqmeze gaemgzavreba,
Camosvlisas ki coli mSoblebis saxlSi gaurkveveli mizeziT
dabrunebuli daxvdeba. rZlis wasvlis gamo, garemomcvelebi
filumenas dedamTils, sostratas adanaSauleben. isedac
dadardianebuli pamfilusi misTvis kidev ufro mware
simarTles Seityobs. qorwinebamde, viRac ucnobi moZaladis
mier daor­sulebul filumenas mSobiarobis drom mouwia da
swored Tavisi mdgo­ mareobis dasafarad dabrunebula saxlSi.
pamfiluss arc sxvisgan dafexmZimebuli colis ukan miReba
surs da amavdroulad filumenas dandobis mizniT misi
mdgomareobis gamxelasac Tavs aridebs. sabolood konfliqtis
momgvareblis rolSi moulodnelad hetera bakqisi aRmoCndeba.
SemTxveviTobis wyalobiT, hetera yofili sayvarlis colSi
pamfi­lusisve Zaladobis msxverpls, Sesabamisad ki misive
Svilis dedas amoicnobs, kvlav gabednierebuli pamfilusi
Tavis cols ubrundeba. piesaSi, dafaruli simarTlis Sedegad
warmoqmnili gaugebrobebis upirveles msxverplad sostrata
eqceva, romelsac garemomcvelebi, upirve­ lesad ki misive
qmari, rZlisadmi arakeTilganwyobasa da misadmi eWvianobaSi
adanaSauleben, magram usamarTlod damnaSaved miCneuli

282
dedamTili upir­ velesad Svilis bedni­ erebaze fiqrobs.
daumsaxurebeli braldebebis miuxe­ davad, sostrata mzad
aris, rZals moubodiSos da gaugebari konfliqti nebismieri
daTmobis xarjze moagvaros. sabolood, sostrata Svilis
bedni­
ere­
bisTvis soflad dasaxlebasac ki gadawyvets da amiT
axalgazrdebisTvis sruli Tavisuf­ lebis miniWebas cdilobs.
aseTive sulgrZelobasa da keTilSobilebas avlens pamfilusi,
romelic colis Rirsebis dasacavad mzadaa, gulci­ vobaSi
braldeba aitanos. kritikul viTarebaSi keTilSobi­ lebas
avlens hetera bakqisi da yofili sayvarlis gabednierebas
sruliad uangarod xels uwyobs. adamianis didbunebovnebaSi
rwmeniT aRsavse piesa `dedamTils~ xSirad ojaxur dramadac
moixsenieben da Zalze pirobiTad miakuTvneben komediis Janrs.
piesaSi arc situaciebia komikuri da arc adamianebi axde­
nen komikur STabeWdilebebs. piesis gmirebi erTmaneTs TiTqos
sulgrZe­ lobaSi ejibrebian da am TvalsazrisiT adamianis
Sinagani resur­sebis amouwuravobas warmoaCenen _ nebismieri
saxis siyvarulis swored gama­ keTil­­
Sobi­
lebeli Zalis
zemoqmedebas ganicdian.

283
 80. saWurisi

161 wels dadgmuli piesa `saWurisi~, aseve saukeTeso

adamianuri Tvisebebis demonstrirebas axdens. terenciusis
yvelaze warmatebuli piesa swored `saWurisi~ aRmoCnda da
2000 sesterciac miuRia jildod. rogorc komediis prologi
gvamcnobs, avtorma menandrosis ori piesa _ `saWurisi~ da
`qlesa~ gaaerTiana.
hetera Taiss, gamorCenis mizniT, sayvarlad hyavs baqia
meomari Traso, magram Tavad, naklebad SeZlebuli fedria
uyvars. amavdroulad, TrasosTan Taiss gamorCenaze metad
dedamisis mier naSvilebi da adreul asakSive garemoebebis gamo
dakarguli gogonas, pamfiles dabrunebis survili akavSirebs.
Trasom Taiss aTikidan Camouyvana msaxurad pamfile, magram,
faqtobrivad, mis mepatroned Tavadve rCeboda. baqia meomrisgan
pamfiles sabolood Tavdaxsnis mizniT, Taiss mcire xniT
fedriasgan Tavis Sors daWera uwevs. fedria eWvianobs
da misdami Taisis SesaZlo gulgri­ lobisgan itanjeba.
amavdroulad, TaisisaTvis esoden Zvirfasi pamfileTi fedrias
Zma, qereasi moixibla, rodesac qereasi gaigebs, rom misma Zmam
Taiss saWurisi aCuqa, qalTmoZule msaxuri, parmenis rCeviT,
gadaicvams da Tavs saWurisad gaasaRebs. Semdeg saWiro dros
moixelTebs, qaliSvils gaaupatiurebs da gaiqceva. qalze
moZaladis vinaoba maleve irkveva. hetera Taisi arcxvens
qereass, misTvis ukadrisi saqcielis gamo usayvedurebs.
sabednierod, pamfile atikeli moqalaqis qaliSvili
aRmoCndeba da qeresic mis colad moyvanas SeZlebs. baqia
meomris kmayofaze mcxovrebi parasiti ki fedrias gaurigdeba
da misi interesebis damcvelobas amjobinebs. swored parasiti
arwmunebs fedrias Taisis srul gulgrilobaSi Trasosadmi
da amitomac daiyoliebs Seyvarebul axalgazrdebs, momavalSic
isargeblon baqia meomris fuliT. piesis finalSi gabriyvebuli,
magram sakuTari TaviTa da xvedriT kvlav uzomod kmayofili
Traso rCeba.
`saWurisis~ mxatvruli Rirseba, amjeradac adamianis
xasiaTisa da grZnobebis sainteresod warmoCenaSi vlindeba.

284
am piesaSi yvelaze mraval­ mxrivad da siRrmiseulad
Seyvarebulobis gancdisTvis damaxasia­Tebel grZno­baTa Widilia
warmoCenili; iqneba es sixaruli da mwuxareba, sinaze da
gaRizianeba, eWvianoba da ndoba. fedrias msaxuri parmenoni
Seyvarebulobis gancdas sigiJesTan aigivebs, rasac garkveuli
Tvalsaz­ risiT piesis gmirebic adastureben. Seyvarebuli
fedria aRiarebs, rom eWvianobiT Sepyrobilobis miuxedavad, ar
surs ganikurnos im mtanjveli siyvarulisgan, nebayoflobiT
monobaSi rom amyofebs. heteras misadmi sapasuxo grZnobaSi
daeWvebuli fedria uZluria mcire xniTac ki gauZlos
qalTan ganSorebas. magram terenciusi amjeradac adamianis
saukeTeso mxridan warmomCen avtorad rCeba; siyvaruli misi
gmirebisTvis ara damTrgunvel, aramed gamakeTilSobilebel
grZnobad iqceva. isini ar cdiloben erTmaneTi daTrgunon,
daimorCilon, pragmatuli mosazrebiT an siamovnebis miRebis
mizniT gamoiyenon. fedriac da faidacc, eWvianobis grZnobis
miuxedavad, mainc sakuTar Tavze metad erTmaneTis interesebze
zrunaven. sabolood mainc urTierTndoba da erTmaneTisTvis
sixarulis miniWebis survili imarjvebs. rodesac faida,
siyvarulis gamo, mzadyofnas gamoxatavs, misTvis Zvirfasi
adamianis dabrunebazec ki uari Tqvas, fedria amgvar msxverpls
uaryofs, qalis gulwrfelobas ki maSinve irwmunebs.
gansakuTrebuli momxibvlelobiT gamoirCeva hetera Taisi,
_ misi saq­ mianobis miuxedavad, adamianebTan urTierTobaSi
sulgrZelobis gamovlenis, _ uangaro siyvarulis, TanagrZnobis,
sxvaze zrunvisa da daxmarebis unariT dajildoebuli qali.
Taisi ara mxolod Tavis Seyvarebuls gankurnavs eWvianobis
grZnobisgan, aramed Tavisi saTqmelis, Tundac sayveduris
didi taqtiT gamoTqmis wyalobiT, mis Zmaze, qereazec
gamakeTilSobileblad moqmedebs.
komediaSi SedarebiT negatiuradaa warmoCenili, swored
siyvarulis gamaufasurebeli, armcnobi da qalTmoZule
adamianis _ fedrias msaxur parmenonis saxe. parmenoni fedrias
Zmas ukadrisi saqcielisken ubiZgebs. Tundac sxvebis Cadenili,
qalebis motyuebisa da damcirebis nebismieri SemTxveva mas
did siamovnebas aniWebs. mxolod saRi azrisa da sakuTari

285
pragmatuli interesebis sadarajoze mdgari parmenoni im
sulierad xeibari adamianis gansaxierebas warmoadgens, romelic
mtruladaa ganwyobili misTvis miuwvdomeli grZnobebisa da
gancdebisadmi _ upirvelesad siyvarulis iracionaluri,
momajadovebeli stiqiisadmi. parmenoni TiTqos Tavisi batonebis
interesebis dasacavad irjeba, rodesac fedrias sayvarlisadmi
undoblobisken mouwodebs, qereas ki qaliSvilis motyuebaSi
exmareba. sinamdvileSi ki msaxuri am gziT qalebisadmi
siZulvilisa da SurisZiebis grZnobas ikmayofilebs. parmenoni
Seyvarebulobis gancdas sigiJed aRiqvams, _ saSiSi virusiviT
rom Seeyreba adamians da Tavda­
viwyebamde mihyavs. gonwarTmeuli
kacis damRupvelad ki, misi azriT, Tavisi bunebiT yovelTvis
mtacebeli qali iqceva. parmenoni gansakuTrebuli siamovnebiT
exmareba Tavis batonTagan umcross, qereas sakuTari Tavis
saWurisad gasaRebis gziT faidasTan moxvedrasa da misi
mfarvelobis qveS myof qaliSvilze ZaladobaSi. qalTmoZule
kacisTvis qalis marcxi, damcireba da motyueba TavisTavadaa
sasiamovno, gansakuTrebiT Tuki mamakacma Tavis sawadels
zedmeti emociuri da finansuri danaxarjis gareSe miaRwia.
komediis saTauri `saWurisi~ SesaZloa orgvari
mniSvnelobiT aRviqvaT. saWurisad gadacma piesis erT-erTi
siuJeturi xazis ganviTarebis safuZvlad iqceva, magram ufro
arsebiTad saWurisis mniSvneloba albaT swored siyvarulis
moZule sulieri xeibrobis motivs ukavSirdeba, romlis
gansaxierebadac parmenonis saxe warmoCindeba. terenciusi
gviCvenebs, rom siyvarulis gavlenis zedmetad moSiSis, saRi
azris moZalebulad dam­ cvelis skepticizmi sinamdvileSi
misTvis miuwvdomeli grZnobebis mtro­ bisa da uaryofis
gamovlenas warmoadgens. iRbliani Tu uiRblo, ormxrivi Tu
calmxrivi siyvarulis gancdis unaris gareSe ki adamiani
sulieri simSvidis nacvlad sulier saWurisobas aRwevs.
terenciusis yvela piesa interess iwvevs ara siuJeturi
peripetiebiT, aramed adamianis bunebis saukeTeso mxridan
warmoCeniT, _ adamianis im gamakeTilSobilebeli grZnobebis
xiblis CvenebiT, romlebTanac Tanazi­ areba kaTarzisis efeqts
axdens.

286
 terenciusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi piesebi ramdenime
aTwleulis manZilze idgmeboda, magram sakmaod didi xniT
daviwyebas mieca da Zveli romis Teatraluri repertuaridan
gaqra. Tumca mogvianebiT, terenciusis Semoqmedeba evropuli
dramis erT-erT mniSvnelovan masazrdoebel wyarod
iqna miCneuli. msoflio Teatrebis repertuarSi kvlav
damkvidrebuli avtoris dramaturgiis gavlenas, sxvebTan
erTad, aRiarebdnen didro da lesingi.

287
 81. romis Teatri

Teatraluri warmodgenebi romSi dResaswaulebisa da

sxvadasxva saxis, sazeimo an samgloviaro ceremonialebis
Semadgenel nawilad iqcnen. speqtak­ lebs marTavdnen samxedro
gamarjvebebisa an romelime triumfatoris sadi­ debeli
zeimis aRsaniSnavad _ mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze arCevnebis
Catare­bis an gamorCeul romaelTa dakrZalvis dRes. aseve
warmodgenebi imarTeboda rogorc patriciusebis, aseve
plebeebad wodebuli mosaxleobis arawarCine­ buli nawilis
dResaswaulebzec _ iupiteris pativsacemad seqtembris TveSi
gamarTuli TamaSebisa da ivnisSi apolonisadmi miZRvnili
TamaSebis gamarTvisas. gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiTa da
pompezurobiT gamoir­ Ceoda romael patriciusTa dResaswauli,
romlis mimdinareobisas, Teatralur warmodgenebTan erTad,
imarTeboda sacikro sanaxaobebi da sportuli Sejib­ rebebi.
romaul scenaze idgmeboda tragediebi, komediebi, mimikuri
warmod­ genebi da atelana. respublikis periodSi, Zv.w. II
saukunidan moyolebuli, TamaSebis xangrZlivoba mzard xasiaTs
iZenda. plebeebis dResaswaulebze gamarTuli TamaSebi or kviras
gastanda xolme, patriciusebis sadResas­ waulo RonisZiebebi
ki 16 dRes moicavda. dResaswaulebi nawilobriv saxelmwifo
xazinidan, nawilobriv ki SeZlebul romaelTa saxsrebiT finans­
deboda. sadResaswaulo RonisZiebebis mTavar xelmZRvanelad
magistrati iniSneboda. Tavis mxriv, magistrati anterpreniors
irCevda. magistrati da anterpreniori ki erTad arCevdnen
TamaSebisTvis gankuTvnil adgils, TamaSebis nairsaxeobebs,
dasadgmelad gankuTvnil piesebsa da Semsruleblebs.
saukeTesod miiCneul warmodgenebsac magistratebi fuladi
premiis miniWebiT gamoyofdnen.
mimebisgan gansxvavebiT, komediebisa da tragediebis dadgmebSi
yvela rols kacebi TamaSobdnen. Zveli berZnebisgan gansxvavebiT,
romaelebis damo­ ki­
debuleba msaxiobisadmi ar gamoirCeoda
pativiscemiT. msaxiobi ar miiCneoda sruluflebian moqalaqed;
misi socialuri mdgomareobac, cxadia, erTob araprestiJuli
iyo. msaxiobebi, monebi an TavisuflebaminiWebuli monebi iyvnen.

288
cudi TamaSisTvis msaxiobi SesaZloa gaerozgaT kidec. Zv. w. II
saukunis dasasrulidan msaxiobebma grimis gamoyenebis nacvlad,
berZnuli tipis niRbebs mimarTes.
msaxiobis profesiisadmi upativcemulo damokidebulebis
miuxedavad, gamorCeuli niWiT dajildovebuli, erTeuli
msaxiobebis xelovneba mainc dafasebuli iyo. gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, sayovelTao aRiarebiT sargeblobdnen tragikosi
ezope da komikosi rosciusi. ezope tragikuli rolebisTvis
Sesa­tyvisi medidurobiT gamoirCeoda. misi garegnoba, plastika,
Jestikulacia, xma STambeWdavi sidiadiT xasiaTdeboda.
cnobilia, rom ezope Zalze emociuri msaxiobi iyo. erT-
erTi personaJis TamaSisas, imdenad gaitaca mefis rolma, rom
samefo kverTxiT msaxuris rolis Semsrulebeli mokla.
komikosi rosciusi ki komediis JanrisTvis Sesatyvisi
simsubuqiT, sila­ RiTa da sisxartiT gamoirCeoda. cnobilia,
rom erT-erTi uaryofiTi gmiris, xarbi maWanklis TamaSisas
rosciusma Tavisi mtris saxis naturalisturi sizustiT
warmomCeni niRabi gaikeTa da amiT gonebamaxvilurad dascina
Tavis arakeTilmosurnes. rosciusi cnobili iyo ara mxolod
rogorc didi komikosi msaxiobi, aramed _ msaxiobTa
aRmzrdeli.
ezopec da rosciusic niRbebiT TamaSobdnen. savaraudod,
niRabi romaul scenaze Zv. w. I saukunis dasawyisidan damkvidrda.
manamde niRabs mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli
scenuri amocanis gadawyvetis mizniT mimarTavdnen. magaliTad,
komediaSi xSirad ganmeorebadi motivi, _ erTmaneTisgan
ganurCevel tyupiscalTa motivis gaTamaSebisas xSirad niRabs
mimarTavdnen. romaelebs TviTmyofadi kostiumebi ar SeuqmniaT,
ZiriTadad kostiumebis nairsaxeobebic berZnebisgan isesxes da
mxolod mciredi cvlileba Seitanes.
romaul scenaze tragediebis dadgmisas kostiums
personaJebis masStabu­robis xazgasmisa da medidurobis efeqtis
gaZlierebis funqcia hqonda. romaeli msaxiobebi berZnebze
ufro maRali xis koTurnebze dgebodnen da ufro maRal
parikebsac xmarobdnen. kululebiani pariki faravda msaxiobis
Subls da mxrebamde swvdeboda, kacis rolis Semsruleblebs
wveric ki dakululebuli hqondaT.

289
 komediis Semsruleblebs ki xaki ecvaT _ msubuqi
fexsacmeli, romel­ sac imxanad qalebi atarebdnen. komediebSi
moTamaSe mamakacebi berZuli plaSCis tipis (paliusad wodebul)
tansacmels atarebdnen. paliusi ar iyo tanze motkecili, is
farTo nakecebiT gamoirCeoda. msaxurTa plaSCebi ki ufro
didi Sarfis formis iyo, _ SarfiviT mokecili da cal
mxareze gadaki­debuli. ymawvilkacebisa da jariskacebis rolis
Semsruleblebi ki mokle plaSCebs mosasxamiviT atarebdnen;
plaSCi marjvena mxares magrdeboda ise, rom marjvena mklavi
Tavisufali rCeboda. qalebis rolis Semsruleblebi ki
berZnuli xitonis Sesatyvis romaul tunikas atarebdnen,
romelic terfebamde aRwevda.
mkvlevarTa azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom musikas romaelebi
didad ar afasebdnen, etruskuli kulturis gavleniT musika
mainc dam­kvidrda romaul TeatrSi. musikaluri Tanxleba
laTinuri piesebis dadgmisas ufro intensiurad gamoiyeneboda,
vidre berZnulis. warmodgenaSi CarTuli iyo fleitisti.
savaraudod, zog SemTxvevaSi TiToeul personaJs sakuTari
musikaluri laitmotivi Tan sdevda, zogjer ki garkveuli
musika­luri motivi winaswar amcnobda mayurebels scenaze
gamomsvleli gmiris xasi­ aTis tips. aseve, savaraudod musika
ama Tu im epizodis emociuri ganwyobis Sesatyvis atmosferos
aZlierebda.

290
 82. saTeatro sivrce

droTa ganmavlobaSi saxes icvlida saTeatro sivrce.

Tavdapirvelad warmodgena TamaSdeboda moedanze _ sagangebod
aRmarTul scenaze, daax­ loebiT, erTi metris simaRleze
aRmarTul scenaze. msaxiobebi 4-5-safexuriani kibiT adiodnen.
mayurebeli fexze mdgomi uyurebda warmodgenas. SemdgomSi
warCinebul romaelTaTvis, scenis win sagangebod gamoyofil
adgilas dro­ ebiT savarZlebs ganaTavsebdnen. 146 wlidan ki
daiwyes sadResaswaulo sanaxa­ obi­
saTvis gankuTvnili xis
nagebobis aRmarTva sceniTa da mayureblisTvis gankuTvnili
adgilebiT. sadResaswaulo TamaSebis dasrulebis Semdeg,
nage­
bo­
bis demontaJi xdeboda. Cv.w. 55 wels cnobili
mxedarTmTavris _ gneus pompeusis iniciativiT aSenda pirveli
xis Teatraluri nageboba. tragediaSi moqmedeba sasaxlis win
TamaSdeboda. komediaSi moqmedebis adgilad quCa moiazreboda,
_ Sesabamisad, dekoraciac quCasa da ramdenime saxlis fasads
warmoaCenda. ramdenime rigis momcvel mayurebelTa adgilebi
naxevar wres qmnida, orqestras naxevari aseve mayurebels
daeTmo. orqestradan warmod­ genis naxvis ufleba senatorebs
hqondaT. amfiTeatri kamarovani galereis sistemas qmnida,
romelic iarusidan iarusze moxvedrisa da imavdroulad
foies funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobasac iZleoda.
prosceniumad wodebuli scenuri sivrce siganeSi 6 metrs
aRwevda da orqestraze 1,5 metri simaRleze aRimarTeboda.
prosceniumis Tavze xis saxu­ ravi aRimarTeboda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi romaul TeatrSic damkvidrda farda, romelic
warmodgenis dawyebis win zeviT iweoda, dasrulebis Semdeg
ki qveviT CamoeSveboda. Teatrs saxuravi ar hqonda, amitomac
mcxunvare mzisgan dasacavad mewamuri feris tiloTi droebiT
gadaxurvas mimarTavdnen xolme.

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 83. imperiis epoqis romauli Teatri

saukunovani samoqalaqo omebis Semdeg, romSi oqros xanad

wodebuli oqtaviane-avgustusis mmarTvelobis xana dgeba.
gaius oqtaviane (Zv. w. IX _ ax. w. VIII) iulius keisris
mier Svilobilad aRiarebuli, iuliusis sikvdilis Semdeg,
antoniusTan erTad iyofs Zalauflebas. SemdgomSi, maT Soris
warmoqmnili uTanxmoebis Semdeg gaius oqtaviane aqtiur
brZolaSi antoniuss amarcxebs _ antoniusis mokavSire
dedofal kleopatras sikvdi­ lis Semdeg ki, egviptes romis
provinciad acxadebs. oqtaviane jer princevsad (pirvel
senatorad), mudmiv saxalxo tribunad, konsulad, Semdgom
ki umaRles qurumad aRiares. aseve senatma oqtavianes
avgustusis (RmerTTagan aRzevebulis) statusi mianiWa.
avgustusma moaxerxa samxedro diqtaturaze dafuZnebuli
monarqiisa da respublikis mmarTvelobis formebis urTierT­
Sevseba, _ upirvelesad senatisa da konsulebis Tanam­ debobis
SenarCunebiT. avgustusma moaxerxa xalxis didi nawilis
mxardaWera moepovebina, misi Zalauflebis erT-erT ZiriTad
dasayrdenad ki jari iqca.
avgustusi yovelmxriv xels uwyobda arsebuli Tu
miviwyebuli religiuri kultebis SenarCunebasa da aRdgenas,
iulius keisris msgavsad, romis mmarTvelTa gardacvalebis
Semdeg. maTi gaRmerTebis tradiciis damkvidrebas.
avgustusis mmarTvelobis oqros xana, romauli literaturis
da xelovnebis, zogadad mTeli kulturis ayvavebis xanad iqca,
romlis drosac moRvaweobdnen ciceroni, titus liviusi,
vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovidiusi. avgustusis dros romi
monumenturi arqiteqturuli nagebobebis qalaqad iqca, qvisgan
aSenda mravali taZari, Senoba Tu sasaxle. Seiqmna warsulis
gamoCenil moRvaweTa qandakebebi.
avgustusi yovelmxriv xels uwyobda literaturis
ganviTarebasac, ris gamoZaxilsac warmoadgenda misi megobris,
TanaSemwisa da Tanamoazres mecenas saqvelmoqmedo kulturuli
politika. mecenas saxels ukavSirdeba sayovelTaod cnobili
terminis _ mecenatis warmoSoba. mecenas mier daar­ sebul

292
literaturul wreSi Sediodnen da misi mfarvelobiT
sargeblobdnen iseTi didi poetebi, rogorebic iyvnen
vergiliusi da horaciusi.
romis aristokratiul wreebSi arnaxulad mzardi aRmoCnda
interesi literaturis yvela Janrisadmi, literaturis
kritikis problemebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT ki poeziisadmi. wamyvan
filosofiur mimdinareobad stoi­ cizmi iqca, romelsac Tavad
avgustusic iziarebda. stoicizmma gavlena moaxdina TiTqmis
yvela xelovansa Tu moazrovneze, maT Soris, vergiliuszec.
vergiliusisTvis axlobeli aRmoCnda, stoicizmisTvis dama­ xa­
siaTebeli bedis­weris fataluri Zalis aRiarebis miuxedavad,
sulieri srulyofisken adamianis swrafvis SesaZlebloba.
Tanamedroveobamde moaRwia misma samma Txzulebam
_ `bukolikebi~, `georgikebi~, `eneida~. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania miTologiis safuZ­ velze Seqmnili, 12 simReris
Semcveli daumTavrebeli poema `eneida~ rom­ lis wera poetma
uSualod avgustusis dakveTiT daiwyo. poemaSi warmo­ Cenilia
troas dacemis Semdgom, troeli eneas Tavgadasavali, _ iqneba
es mogzauroba, brZolebSi monawileoba Tu sasiyvarulo ambebi.
msofl­ mxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT, poemas stoicizmisTvis
damaxasiaTe­
beli bedisweris fataluri aRqma udevs safuZvlad.
vergiliusma udidesi gavlena moaxdina msoflio literaturis
ganviTarebaze, _ upirvelesad ki aRsaniS­ navia, rom TviT dantes
poeturi STagonebis wyarod iqca.
vergiliusTan erTad, aseve oqros xanaSi moRvawe didi
poeti iyo horaciusi, romelmac, amavdroulad, gavlena
moaxdina dramis Teoriis ganvi­ Tarebaze. vergiliusTan erTad,
horaciusi mecenasis mier daarsebuli literaturuli wris
warmomadgeneli iyo. horaciusis literaturuli mem­ kvidreoba
moicavs epodebs, satirebs, saiubileo himnebs, epistoleebs.
misi odebi laTinuri poeturi enis daxvewili stilis
nimuSad miiCnevian. gansa­
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda misi
epistoleTa II wignis mesame werili `poeturi xelovneba~. es
epistole 476 peqsametrul kareds moicavs da normatiul
traqtatad miiCneva. `poeturi xelovneba~ Teoriul manifes­
tadac moixsenieba. horaciusis traqtati ganaTlebisa da

293
wignierebis damkvidrebis paTosiTaa gamsWvaluli. horaciusis
azriT, poeti ki ar unda werdes xal­ xisTvis gasageb enaze,
aramed mkiTxveli da mayurebeli unda iyos ganviTa­ rebisa da
xelovnebis nimuSebis aRqmisken mswrafi. imavdro­
ulad,horaciusis
azriT, poeti ara mxolod niWieri, aramed filosofiurad
ganswavluli unda iyos. Rrma msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvlebs
moklebuli poezia misTvis usazriso sityvaTa TamaSs
warmoadgens. aseve, horaciusi skepti­ kuradaa ganwyobili misi
drois mayureblis gemovnebisa da interesebisadmi, romelic
imxanad dramatul warmodgenaze gacilebiT metad mZafr
sanaxaobebs, gansakuTrebiT ki gladiatorTa orTabrZolebs
etaneboda. horaciusi maRalmxatvruli tragediisa da komediis
damkvidreba-ganviTarebis momxrea.
horaciusi miiCnevs, rom WeSmariti poezia ara mxolod
niWis, aramed xangrZlivi Sromis nayofs warmoadgens, _
misi azriT, poeti wlebis manZilze unda xvewdes Tavisi
Semoqmedebis nayofs da mxolod sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
srulad gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi gaacnos is mayurebelsa da
mkiTxvels.
horaciusi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs tragediis
Janrs. Tavisi esTetikuri principebis gamoxatvisas, aSkarad
Cans, rom poeti sanimuSod swored berZnul tragedias
miiCnevs, _ upiratesobas sada siuJeturi xazis mTlianobas
aniWebs, aRiarebs qoros rogorc avtoriseuli poziciis
sauke­Tesod gamomxatvelis mniSvnelobas da nawarmoebis
msoflmxedvelobrivi siRrmis aucileblobas. amavdroulad,
horaciusi movlenebis naturalis­ turi sizustiT warmoCenis
winaaRmdegia. misi TqmiT, gansauTrebuli sisastikis momcveli
ambebi, _ rogorc magaliTad, medeas mier Tavisi Svilebis
daxocva an atreusis mier sakuTari ZmisSvilebis Signeulobis
moxarSva, mayureblis Tvalwin ar unda gaTamaSdes. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba ambis moyolam unda Caanacvlos. am funqcias
ki tradiciisamebr macnis roli unda asrulebdes. horaciusis
Sexedulebebma, _ upirvelesad ki erTiani siuJeturi xazis
dacvis aucileblobam da mayureblis esTetikuri grZnobebis
dandobiT, zedmeti brazisa Tu zizRisgan mayureblis dacvisa

294
da amave dros kaTarzisis gamowvevis aucileblobis aRiarebam,
didi gavlena moaxdines klasicisturi dramis ganviTarebaze,
upirvelesad ki bualos naSromze poeturi xelovnebis
Sesaxeb.
oqros xanis mesame udides poetad aRiarebulia publius
nazon ovidiusi (Zv. w. 43 – ax. w. 17). varaudoben, rom ovidiusi
ganze idga rogorc avgustusis mier mxardaWerili kulturuli
politikisgan, aseve mecenas mier daarsebuli literaturuli
wridanac. msoflio litera­ turis Sedevradaa aRiarebuli
poema `metamorfozebi~, romelic moicavs 250-mde miTologiur
Tu folklorul Tqmulebas. poema gamarTulia diqtiluri
hegzametriT. ovidiusi sxvadasxva principiT aerTianebs miTebs
_ xan personaJTa msgavsebis, xan moqmedebis adgilis, xan ki
ciklebis safuZvelze. ovidiusis `metamorfozebi~ warmarTobis
Tavisebur saxare­badac ki aRiares, _ amouwuravi siRrmisa da
simboloebis momcvel udides poetur qmnilebad Seracxes.
literaturasTan erTad, avgustusis epoqis istoriografiis
warmate­ bul ganviTarebas ukavSireben upirvelesad titus
liviusis (Zv. w. 59 – ax. w. 17) moRvaweobasa da mis mier
Seqmnili romis istoriis amsaxvel naSroms.

295
 84. seneka
(daaxl. Zv. w. 4 – ax. w. 65)

gawonasworebuli, mSvidobis damamkvidrebeli avgustusis

mmarTve­lobis Semdeg, sul ufro axirebul, sastik da zog
SemTxvevaSi sigiJis tolfasi siSmagiT gamorCeul imperatorTa
mmarTvelobis xana dgeba, romelTa Soris yvelaze SemzaravTa,
_ kaligulasa da neronis Tanamedrove da TviTmxilveli
seneka iyo.
imperiis xanis yvelaze gavlenian filosofiur mimdinareobas
stoicizmi warmoadgenda, romlis romael warmomadgenelTagan
umniSvnelo­ vanesad seneka, epiqtete da markus avreliusi
miiCnevian.
stoicizmis warmomadgeneli lucius aneus seneka (daaxl.
Zv. w. 4 – ax. w. 65) filosofosi, politikuri moRvawe da
amavdroulad dramaturgi iyo, Tumca umniSvnelovanesad mainc
misi filosofiuri moRvaweobaa miCneuli. neronis imperatorad
qcevis Semdeg, seneka, rogorc misi aRmzrdeli da daaxloebuli
piri, saxelmwifos marTvaSi aqtiurad aRmoCnda CarTuli.
neronis mmarTvelobis pirveli xuTi weli warmatebuli iyo,
rasac bevrwilad senekas gavlenas miaweren, magram SemdgomSi,
neronis mzardi TavaSvebulobisa da maniakaluri axirebebis
gamovlenis wlebSi, seneka kargavs imperatorze gavlenas,
CamoSordeba sazogadoebriv saqmeebs da Tavis mamulSi ganmar­
toebuli filosofias ubrundeba. Tumca, TiTqmis SeSlil
mizanTropad qceuli neronis risxvas sabolood verc misi
aRmzrdeli gadaurCa. impera­ toris brZanebiT, 65 wels seneka
iZulebuli xdeba TviTmkvlelobiT daas­ rulos sicocxle.
senekas literaturuli memkvidreoba filosofiuri xasiaTis
Txzu­ lebebsa da tragediebs moicavs. misi filosofiuri
traqtatebis umniSvne­ lovanes nawilebadaa miCneuli; `bedisweris
Sesaxeb~, `brZenis simtkicis Sesaxeb~, `risxvis Sesaxeb~,
`uSfoTveli cxovrebis Sesaxeb~, `mocaleobis Sesaxeb~, `sulis
simSvidis Sesaxeb~, `sicocxlis swraflmavlobis Sesaxeb~.
seneka bedisweris gardauvalobis aRiarebis miuxedavad,
uzenaes Zalad SemoqmedebiT gons miiCnevs. misi azriT,

296
marTalia, adamians ar ZaluZs cxovrebis Tanamdevi tragizmis
gadalaxva, magram mis ZalaSia sulieri srulyofilebisken
swrafvis erTguli darCes. namdvili monoba ara bedis­ weris
Zalis aRiarebaSi, aramed sakuTari vnebebisa da afeqtebis
morCile­ baSia. sulieri ganviTarebis upirveles saSualebad
filosofiasTan ziarebas miiCnevs. vinaidan tanjvisa da
danakargis gancda cxovrebaSi gardauvalia, adamianma Tavisi
Sinagani Zalebi ara gardauvalis daZle­ visken, aramed Sinagani
Tavisuflebis, harmoniisa da gawonaswore­ bis miRwevisken unda
warmarTos.
senekas SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba aseve moicavs tragediebs,
romel­ Ta Seqmnis arc TariRebi, arc Tanamimdevroba da arc
dadgmis istoria ar aris cnobili. senekas tragediebi yvelaze
Semzaravi ambebis momcvel miTo­ logiur siuJetebs efuZneba,
rac romael dramaturgs yovlismomcveli vnebebis damRupveli
Zalisa da tragikuli sigiJis Temis warmoCenis SesaZleblobas
aniWebs. senekas tragediis gmirebi Zlieri vnebebisa da
afeqtebisadmi midrekilebiT gamorCeuli miTologiuri gmirebi
arian _ maT Sorisaa fedra, medea, klitemnestra, Tiestesi,
oidiposi.
senekas tragediebSi SenarCunebulia rogorc Zveli
berZnuli trage­ diis siuJetebi, aseve qoros partiebi, Tumca
moZalebulia deklamaciuri paTetika da ritorika. amavdroulad,
mis tragediebSi yvelaze Semzaravi tragikuli ambebi ara
scenis miRma, aramed scenaze xdeba; iqneba es iokastesa Tu
fedras TviTmkvleloba an medeasa Tu herkulesis mier
sakuTari Svilebis daxocva. tragedia `herkulesi~ evri pides
`herakles~ mixedviTaa Seqmnili da iunonas mier herkulesis
Wkuidan SeSlis Sedegad col-Svilis daxocvis Semzarav
ambavs warmoaCens. evri pides dramebis _ `troeli qalebisa~ da
`hekabes~ siuJetebis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna senekaseuli
`troelebi~, sadac antianaqsisa da poliqsenas msxverplad
Sewirvis istoria gaTamaSdeba. aseve evri pides dramebi iqca
senekas `medeasa~ da `fedras~ Seqmnis STagonebis wyarod.
seneka sxva cnobili miTebis Tavisebur drama­ turgiul inter­

297
pretaciebsac qmnis _ iqneba es `oidiposi~, `agamemnoni~,
`Tiestesi~ Tu `finikieli qalebi~.
senekas dramaturgiaSi SenarCunebulia berZnuli tragediis
formebi _ poeziis ena, dialogebisa da monologebis
monacvleoba qoros lirikul partiebTan. magram antikuri
dramis mravalmxrivi gmirebisgan gansxvavebiT, senekaseuli
gmirebi yovlismomcveli da yovlisSTanmTqmeli vnebis, _
umeteswilad SurisZiebis surviliT arian Sepyrobilni. Tuki
Zvel berZnul dramaSi gmirebi movlenebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdian, senekasTan gmirTa
saxeebi statikuria. medea Tu atreusi Tavidanve dauokebeli
SurisZiebis surviliT arian Sepyrobilni da araviTari
yoymani da eWvi ar axasiaTebT. savaraudod imis gamo, rom
tragediebi sayovelTaod cnobil miTologiur ambebs Seexeba,
piesebSi ar aris eqspozicia. personaJTa metyvelebis manera
deklamaciuri paTeti­ kurobiT gamoirCeva. senekas trage­
diebSi yovelTvis ufro Zlieri mtacebeli imar­ jvebs, amdenad
TanagrZnobas msxverplic ar iwvevs. siZulvili da Suris­
Ziebis dauokebeli wyurvili warmoCenilia, rogorc sulieri
daavadebis tolfasi sneuleba _ ara mxolod gare samyarosken
warmarTuli agresiis, aramed TviT­ ngrevisken, TviTganad­
gurebisken warmarTuli swrafvis saxiT vlindeba. senekaseuli
gmirebi avadmyofuri vnebiT tkbebian SurisZiebiT, _ medea
netarebiT klavs iasonis Tvalwin meore Svilsac. atreusi
tkbeba Zmis tanjviT, romelsac misive, daxocili Svilebis
xorciT gaumaspinZldeba. senekas tragediebSi adamianis xasiaTis
winaaRmdegobrioba sworxazovnebiT icvleba, tragizmis
SegrZnebas ki zRvargadasul sisastikeTa demonstrireba badebs.
romaeli dramaturgis piesebis ZiriTad paToss yovlismomcveli
sisastikis stiqiis winaSe SeZrwunebis gancda warmoadgens.
adamianisadmi, misi Tvisebebisgan damouki­
deblad. daundobelia
bediswerac, bunebac, sazogadoebac da uaxloesi garemocvac.
personaJTa mier warmoTqmul monologTa ZiriTad motivs
SemaZrwunebel movlenaTa an vnebaTa warmoCena warmoadgens;
iqneba es Savi Wiris sneulebis dawvri­lebiTi aRwera `oidipos
mefeSi~ Tu `medeaSi~ qmris RalatiT gaboro­ tebuli qalis

298
dauokebeli siZulvili mTeli samyarosadmi. senekaseuli
dramis samyaroSi, sigiJis tolfasi siZulvilis vnebiT
Sepyrobil gmirTa SemaZrwunebel sisastikes, xSirad, bunebis
stiqiis pirquSi mZvinvarebac TiTqos exmianeba. humanisturi
paTosis erTaderT gamomxatvelad ki qoro iqceva, romlis
sityvebic aRsavsea SeZrwunebiT rogorc bedisweris, aseve
yovlismomcvel vnebaTa damangreveli Zalebis winaSe. qoro
mudam negatiurad afasebs siZulviliT Sepyrobil adamianTa
sulier sibrmaves da ugunurebas.
senekas literaturuli stili moqmedebis Sesatyvisi
afeqtebis STa­ beWdilebis gaZlierebis amocanas emsaxureba _
iqneba es mZafrad emociuri SeZaxilebi Tu SekiTxvebi, mzardi
daTrgunvilobis atmosferos gamomxatveli ganmeorebebi,
hiperbolizacia Tu deklamaciuri paTetika.
rogorc msoflio Teatris praqtika adasturebs, senekas
piesebi nakleb scenuria da ufro sakiTxav tragediebadaa
miCneuli. senekam msoflio kulturis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili upirvelesad rogorc stoicizmis warmomadgenelma
filosofosma daimkvidra.

299
 85. garToba-sanaxaobebi

romSi imperiis periodSi, avgustusis mier warmoebuli

kulturuli poli­ tikis xanaSic ki, mayureblis interess
dramatul warmodgenebze metad sxva saxis gasarTobi
sanaxaobebi iwvevdnen, gansakuTrebiT ki sisastikiT gamorCeuli
gladiatorTa orTabrZolebi.
respublikis periodis msgavsad, imperiis periodSic
Teatraluri warmodgenebi, umeteswilad, mainc dResaswaulebsa
da religiur sadRe­saswaulo ritualebTan kavSirSi
moiazrebodnen; _ iqneboda es olimpos mTis mkvidrTa
romaul niadagze `damynobili~ RmerTebisa Tu ufro adre
xanis animisturi religiuri kultis gamomxatveli Zalebis
madidebeli zeimebi.
imperiis Seqmnis sawyiss etapze, jer kidev warmatebiT
idgmeboda paliata da togata, magram yvelaze didi warmatebiT
mimebis Janri sargeb­
lobda. mimosis warmoSobis wyarod samoedno
farsia miCneuli. TandaTanobiT mis literaturul safuZvlad
sakmaod mozrdili, xSirad mZafrsiuJetiani piesebi iqcnen.
amavdroulad, idgmeboda mcire zomis scenebisgan Semdgari
warmodgenebic, _ mcirericxovani, or-samkaciani an sulac
erTi monawilisgan Semdgari mimosebic.. mimosis siuJeti,
tradiciisamebr, satiruli xasiaTis komikurobiT gamoirCeva, _
iqneba es mosamarTleTa TaRliTobebi, yaCaRTa Tavgadasavlebi,
col-qmruli Ralati, miTebisa Tu qristianuli motivebis
parodireba.
teqstis arsebobis miuxedavad, mimosSi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobda improvizacia, amitomac, msaxiobs improvizaciis
niWi unda hqonoda. mimosis Semsruleblebs niRbebi ar ekeTad.
amitomac, maTi SerCevisas mniSvnelovan rols garegnoba
TamaSobda. umetess SemTxvevaSi mimi an momxiblavi gareg­ nobis
an sasacilod Seuxedavi unda yofiliyo, imis da mixedviT Tu
ra ampluas Seesatyviseboda. mimosis Semsruleblebs ecvaT
tunika da ekeTaT Tavsaburavebi.
mimosis garda, aseve popularul Janrad imperiis periodSi
iqca panto­ mimosi, romelic erTi msaxiobis mier Sesrulebul

300
solo cekvas warmoadgenda. mocekvave mamakaci msaxiobi,
erTdroulad, ramdenime rols ganasa­ xierebda _ rogorc
mamakacis, aseve qalis. mimosisgan gansxvavebiT, pantonimis
Semsru­lebeli niRabs atarebda. tragediisa da komediisgan
gansxvavebiT, pantomimis mocekvaves niRabi mTlianad ufaravda
saxes. pantomimaSi monawileobda qoroc, romlis simRerac,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, mayurebels ama Tu im miTologiur siuJets
mouTxrobda. pantomimosi musikis TanxlebiT sruldeboda da
imxanad, momakvdavi tragediis Semcvel Janrad miiCneoda.
aseve warmatebiT sargeblobda pirixa _ miTologiur-
sasiyvarulo siu­ Jetis gamomxatveli ansambluri cekva.
pirixas Semsrulebelni iyvnen rogorc qalebi, aseve kacebi.
mravalricxovani ansamblebi ramdenime aseul mocekvaves
moicavda. pirixas dadgmisas, mniSvnelovani yuradReba
eTmoboda gamom­ saxvelobiT mxares _ efeqtur dekoracias,
kostiumebs da sakmaod gamom­­ wvev daufarav erotikas.
pantomimis Semsruleblebi grZel tunikasa da mosasxamSi
iyvnen gamowyobilni, rac moZraobis Tavisuflebas uzrunvel­
yofda. tragikuli siuJetis warmomCen pantomimaSi, kostiumi,
savaraudod, trage­ diisTvis Cveul kostiums imeorebda.
odnav ufro momcro zomis komediuri siuJetis gaTamaSebisas
gamoyenebuli kostiumis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili.
sajaro warmodgenebis garda, romSi kerZo dasebic arsebobda.
sava­
raudod, kerZo dasebis SemadgenlobaSi imperatoris an
mdidar romaelTa monebi Sediodnen. saSinao Teatris funqcias
misi mesakuTris ojaxis wevre­ bisa da axloblebis garToba
warmoadgenda.
cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom romauli imperiis xanaSi
gaCnda gamo­naTqvami _ xalxs sWirdeba puri da sanaxaoba.
saTeatro xelov­ nebaze gacilebiT ufro did interess, xalxSi
sacirko sanaxaoba da gladiatorTa brZolebi iwvevdnen.
sacirko warmodgenebSi sportuli sanaxaobebi moiazreboda,
_ iqneba es saomar etlTa Sejibri, Sejibri muSti-krivsa Tu
sirbilSi, magram Seuda­ rebeli warmatebiT mainc gladiatorTa
brZolebi sargeblobda, romlebsac amfiTeatrebSi atarebdnen.
monebs gladiatorTa brZolebisTvis sagangebod wvrTnidnen

301
_ rogorc saimperatoro, aseve kerZo saswavleblebSi
mkacri zedamxedve­ lobis qveS amyofebdnen. zog SemTxvevaSi,
gladiatorTa brZolebi Teat­ rali­zebuli iyo da garkveul
miTologiur siuJetsac efuZneboda, _ magaliTad, troas omis
epizodebis warmoCenas. gladiatorTa sisxliani brZolebis
garda, amfiTeat­ rebSi, xSirad, imar­ Teboda sikvdilmisjilTa
dasja: maT pirdapir mxecebs ugdebdnen dasaglejad.
yvela saxis sanaxaobebi imarTeboda romis imperiis
daqvemdebarebaSi myof teritoriebzec, _ am mizniTve agebdnen
amfiTeatrebsa da sxvadasxva saxis warmodgenebisTvis
gankuTvnil Senobebs. yvelaze saxelganTqmul amfi­ Teatrad
Cv. w. 80 wels agebuli romauli kolizeumia (flaviebis
amfiTeatria), romelic, daaxloebiT, 50.000 mayurebels
itevda.
Cv. w. IV saukunis Semdeg sanaxaobebis dadgmis pompezuroba
nel-nela klebulobs, _ qristianobis damkvidrebis mere ki,
sanaxaobrivi kul­ tura mZafri krizisis xanaSi aRmoCndeba. ara
mxolod sisxliani sanaxa­ obebi, aramed Teatric qristianobis
mesveurTa mxridan mZafri antagonizmis samizned iqceva. axali
religiis damamkvidreblebi Teatralur warmodgenas maTTvis
miuRebeli warmarTuli RmerTebis kults ukavSirebdnen, _
yovelive ara­ qristianuli ki maTTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda.
aseve radika­ lurad miuRebeli aRmoCnda qristianobis
warmomadgenelTaTvis mimosi, rome­ lic xSirad sati­ rulad
warmoaCenda qristianul ritualebsa da dogmebs. cnobilma
Teo­logma tertulianem Teatri RvTismgmobel feno­ menad
Seracxa. romis imperiis mzardma dasustebam, Semdgom ki dacemam
gaaZliera Teatrze qristianobis zewolis Zala. romis imperia
or nawilad iyofa, dasavleTis dedaqalaqad romi rCeba,
aRmosavleTis dedaqalaqi ki konstantinopoli xdeba. Cv.w. VI
saukuneSi romis imperia, sabolood, Seuqcevad dezin­ tegra­ciasa
da daqucmacebulobas ganicdis. 476 wels barbarosTa erT-
erT tomTa mier romis ukanaskneli imperatoris _ romulus
avgustulusis taxtidan Camogdebis TariRi – 476 weli _
romis imperiis dasasrulis pirobiT TariRad iTvleba.

302
 kiTxvebi da davalebebi 61 _ 85 Tavebisadmi:

1. ra periodi aRiniSneboda terminiT `elinizmi~ da ras gulisxmobda

is?
2. ra istoriulma garemoebebma ganapiroba elinisturi kulturis
Seqmna?
3. ra niSan-Tvisebebi hqonda elinizms da raSi mdgomareobda misi
zogadhumanuri arsi?
4. daasaxeleT elinisturi kulturis centrebi.
5. romeli dargebi iyo wamyvani elinistur mecnierebaSi?
6. ra principebi da debulebebi hqonda epikureul da stoas
skolebs?
7. sad Seiqmna elinizmis yvelaze mdidari da saxelganTqmuli
biblioTekebi?
8. raze iwereboda dokumentTa umravlesoba egvipteSi?
9. ra adgili ekava axal atikur komedias elinisturi kulturis
konteqstSi?
10. rodis Seiqmna axali atikuri komedia da vin iyo misi TvalsaCino
warmomadgeneli?
11. rogor axasiaTeben axal komedias?
12. rogori iyo menandrosis dramaturgiis samyaro, vin iyvnen misi
personaJebi?
13. aRwereT elinisturi warmodgena.
14. kidev ra mcire Janrebi iyo popularuli elinizmis epoqaSi?
15. daaxasiaTeT Zveli italiis Teatraluri kultura da misi
gavlena romze.
16. aRwereT romauli ritualebi da dResaswaulebi – fesceninebi,
saturniebi da sxv.
17. rogor daarsda romi: legendebi da istoriuli realoba.
respublikis xana.
18. vin iyvnen respublikis periodis romaeli dramaturgebi da
ra Rvawli dasdes maT romauli literaturisa da Teatris
ganviTarebas. livius andronikusis moRvaweoba. genius neviusi.
19. dawereT plavtusis biografia, gaiazreT misi saxeli da
warmomavloba. daasaxeleT misi piesebis saerTo raodenoba da
varonis mier gansazRvruli ricxvi.
20. vin arian plavtusis personaJebi da romel piesebSi Canan isini
yvelaze reliefurad. ganixileT `fsevdolusi~.
21. CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT plavtusis bufonuri komediis
personaJebi.

303
22. ra dilemis winaSe dgeba plavtusis `ori menexmes~ personaJi
menexme, rodesac ucnob epidavrosze amden ucnaur adamians
Sexvdeba.
23. plavtusis kidev romel komediebs icnobT. daaxasiaTeT isini
stilisturad da tipologiurad.
24. vin iyo terenciusi da ra urTierToba hqonda scipionis
literaturul wresTan?
25. rogori iyo terenciusis literaturuli kariera da misi
yvelaze warmatebuli piesebi?
26. rogor daiRupa terenciusi.
27. imperiis periodis Teatri.
28. senekasa da neronis urTierToba. senekas Semoqmedeba epoqis
WrilSi.
29. imperiuli romis yoveldRiuroba. garToba-sanaxaobebi.
gladiatorebis roli `sanaxaobriv industriaSi~ romSi.

304
 daskvna

dasavleT romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg evropaSi jer

kidev gvian antikurobaSi dawyebuli procesebi gagrZelda,
romlebmac Secvala Zveli samyaros msoflmxedvelobrivi,
geografiuli, kulturuli Tu politikuri sazRvrebi. Zveli
samyaros wiaRSi axali samyaro isaxeboda, winaaRmdegobebiT
aRsavse, gansxvavebuli enobrivi da kulturuli subieqtebiT,
gansxvavebuli tradiciebiT. Zvelsa da axal samyaroebs Soris
`droTa kavSiri dairRva~. ramdenime saukune dasavleT evropaSi
karCaketilobam daisadgura, xolo aRmosavleT romis imperia
berZnulenovan qristianul saxelmwifod gardaiqmna, romelmac
kidev aTi saukune iarseba da 1453 wels daeca.
aseT viTarebaSi antikuri memkvidreoba nel-nela daviwyebas
mieca, adamianebi da erebi gaucxovdnen im uzarmazari codnisa
da kulturisgan, romelic saukuneTa manZilze qmnida
Rirebulebebsa da istorias. dadga etapi, rodesac antikuri
kultura kvlav uaRresad aqtualuri da qmediTi gaxda
dasavluri kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis. antikuri kulturis
aRorZinebis Sesaxeb, CanafiqriT, msoflio Teatris istoriis
wignis mesame tomSi iqneba saubari, xolo meore tomSi ukeT
gamoCndeba saxelmZRvanelos e. w. `globalisturi koncefcia~.
aq saubari iqneba induri Teatris miTo-ritualur sawyisebze,
indras misteriebsa Tu sanskrituli dramis warmoSobaze,
romelic jer kidev vedur teqstebsa da magiur formulebSi
iRebs saTaves. es saSualebas mogvcems, kidev ufro
gavafarTovoT Cveni codna msoflio Teatris sawyisebsa da
specifikaze. aqve gavecnobiT sanskrituli dramis tradicias
da mis kavSirs induri eposis saxelganTqmul nimuSebTan.
brZeniBbrahmanis _ bharatas `natia Sastras~ Seqmnis istoria
kidev erTxel dagvanaxebs, Tu rogor Seiqmna e. w. mexuTe
veda, moZRvreba Teatris Sesaxeb, romelic oTxi ZiriTadi
vedis sinTezs emyareba da yvela kastisTvisaa gankuTvnili.
indur tradiciaSi Teatri gaazrebulia, rogorc adamianTa
gamaerTianebeli da damcveli fenomeni.

305
 II tomSi, erTsa da imave dros, gavecnobiT ori kulturis
Teatrs – sanskrituls, Tavisi enobrivi mravalferovnebiT,
msoflmxedvelobiTa da personaJebiT da aRmosavleT romis
imperiisas, romelic meoTxe saukunis miwuruls, 395 wels
Seiqmna. amave dros, gavecnobiT dasavleT evropis Suasaukuneobriv
Teatrs, misi mravalferovani formebiT, genetikuri kavSirebiTa
Tu axali procesebiT. Teatris romanuli da goTikuri sawyisebi,
antikurTan da aRmosavlurTan erTad, kidev ukeT dagvanaxebs
Teatraluri xelovnebis dinamikursa da mravalferovan
arss. kidev erTi Teatraluri kultura, romelic II tomis
interesTa sferoSi moeqceva, Cinuri Teatria, kerZod ki Sua
saukuneebis saSemsruleblo xelovneba da dramatuli Teatri
Tavisi TematikiT, budisturi tradiciiTa da poetikiT.
faqtobivad, II tomis mizania _ axal kavSirebSi
warmoaCinos Sua saukuneebis msoflio Teatris ganviTareba,
misi geografiuli, religiuri Tu miTo-ritualuri fesvebiT.
aq gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba antikuri memkvidreobis
specifika, elinisturi Teatris gavlena aRmosavlur Teatrze
da mravali sxva garemoeba, romlebic moqmedebs Teatraluri
kulturis formirebaze.
CanafiqriT, II tomis Sinaarsi maRali (ganviTarebuli) Sua
saukuneebiT dasruldeba.

Tamar bokuCava

306
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311
dionises Teatri aTenSi

epidavrosis Teatri
berZnuli Teatris sqema

romauli Teatris sqema

romauli Teatri basraSi (siria)

romauli Teatri meridaSi (espaneTi)

mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi RmerTebi

dumuzi da inana

osirisi

osirisi, isida da horusi

 dionises dabadeba zevsis TeZodan

dionise

dionise da satiri

dionise
 berZeni da romaeli dramaturgebi

esqile sofokle

evri pide aristofane menandrosi

seneka plavtusi
antikuri Teatraluri niRabi
antikuri Teatris msaxiobi
antikuri Teatris msaxiobi
 Teatris Tema antikur xelovnebaSi

scena komediidan

menandrosi niRbebiT

komediis warmodgena

scena komediidan
 berZeni msaxiobis
savaraudo kostiumi
berZnul-sparsuli omebis
berZeni meomari

pompeis mozaika

komediis personaJebi
 antikuri dramis miTologiuri personaJebi

oidi posi da sfinqsi

piTia delfosis taZarSi

satiri da menada

eleqtra, oreste da pilate

odisevsi
 antikuri dramis miTologiuri personaJebi

aiaqsis TviTmkvleloba apoloni orestes ganwmendis

rituals asrulebs

oreste klavs klitemnestras

oreste klavs egisTes

orestes sdevnian eriniebi

oreste da pilade
 hermesi
promeTe

medea etliT
medea klavs Svils

filoqtetesi medeas jadosnoba

 odisevsi xomaldze

polifemosis dabrmaveba

antigone kreontis winaSe

 hekube
heqtori da andromaqe

mSvenieri elenes dabadeba

mSvenieri elene

herakle
i polite da fedra
 ifigenia da oreste

ifigenias msxverplSewirva

ifigenia tavroselebSi
 troeli qali

elene da menelaosi

alkestisi emSvidobeba admetoss

 etruskuli sanaxaobrivi da samusiko xelovneba

mocekvave mamakaci mocekvave qali

mocekvaveebi

mZleosnebi
etruski musikosebi