LIST OF CONTENS

FOREWORD …………………………………………………………………………… i

LIST OF CONTENS …………………………………………………………………… ii

A. NARRATIVE TEXT ………………………………………………………… 1

B. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT ……………………………………………………….. 2

C. REPORT TEXT …………………………………………………………….... 4

D. RECOUNT TEXT …………………………………………………………… 6

E. NEWS ITEM TEXT …………………………………………………………. 7

F. EXPLANATION TEXT …………………………………………………...… 8

G. DISCUSSION TEXT ……………………………………………………...…. 10

H. HERTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT …………………………………...…… 11

I. ANALYTICAL TEXT ………...……………………………………………… 13

J. SPOOF TEXT ………………………………………………………………… 15

K. ANECDOTE TEXT ………..…………………………………………………. 16

L. PROCEDURE TEXT …………………………………………………………. 18

M. REVIEW TEXT ………………...……………………………………………... 20

N. FUNCTIONAL TEXT ……………………………………………………….. 22

CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………... 25

BIBLIOGRAFY ………………………………………………………………………….. 26

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 Foreword

Praise be to the presence of God Almighty. With His grace and guidance, the author can
complete the assignment of a paper entitled "Genre of the text" in a timely manner.
The paper is prepared to fulfill the assignment of the compulsory English subject. In addition,
this paper aims to add insight about the types of text for readers and also for writers.
The author would like to thank Mrs. Septy as a compulsory English subject teacher.
Acknowledgments are also conveyed to all those who have helped to complete this paper.
The writer realizes that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestions and
constructive criticism are expected for the perfection of this paper.

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 GENRE OF TEXT
A. NARRATIVE TEXT

❖ Definition of Narrative Text

Narrative text is one of 13 types of English text and part of Narration text such as
recount text, anecdote text, spoof text, and news items. This text serves to tell the
story of the past and for entertainment.
Narrative text is a type of story text that is imaginative in nature and also describes a
series of events from time to time spelled out from the beginning, middle and end.
Narrative text is a text that is chronological in nature, namely text that tells an event
coherently.
Narrative text consists of several examples. The most common examples of narrative
text are fairy tales, folklore, and other fictional stories.

❖ Function of Narrative Text

Behind a long narrative text, there are many purposes. Apart from its main purpose to
entertain, narrative text also has various purposes and functions, such as educating,
enriching the imagination, and perpetuating stories of the past.
Not only that, narrative text also has a lot of moral messages stored for its readers.
Especially if the type of story is a factual story, then of course it can be a valuable
lesson for the reader.

❖ Characteristic Features of Narrative Text

• Focus on one character or actor and are usually individual, so they usually use
pronouns such as I, we, she, and he.
• Often use the past tense either simple past tense, past continuous, or other
forms of past tense.
• Sometimes using dialogue to invite the reader's imagination so that the story
seems clearer and more real.
• Using conjunctions to make the story look sequential.
❖ Structure of Narrative Text
Each type of English text (genre) has its own text structure. The structure of narrative
text consists of three parts or generic structures, namely as follows:
✓ Orientation: Orientation is also known as introduction. This section contains
the introduction of the characters in the story and the time and place of events.
✓ Complication: Complication or complication is a description of the
emergence of crises or problems experienced by the characters in the story.
The crisis must be solved by the characters.
✓ Resolution: Resolution or resolution is the part that contains how the
character of the story solves the problem. Usually there is more than one
resolution for a complication.

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❖ Example of Narrative Text
True Friends
Once upon a time, there were two close friends who were walking through the forest
together. They knew that anything dangerous can happen everytime in the forest. So
they promised each other that they would always be together in any case of danger.
Suddenly, they saw a large bear getting closer toward them. One of them climbed a
nearby tree at once. But unfortunately the other one did not know how to climb up the
tree. So being led by his common sense, he laid down on the ground breathless and
pretended to be a dead man.
The bear came near the one who was lying on the ground. It smelt his ears and slowly
left the place because the bears do not want to touch the dead creatures.
After that, the friend on the tree came down and asked his friends that was on the
ground, "Friend, what did the bear whisper into your ears?" The other friend replied,
"Just now the bear advised me not to believe a false friends."
Moral of the story: a true friend in need is a friend indeed.

B. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

❖ Definition of Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing. In a broad sense, description, as
explained by Kane (2000: 352), is defined like in the following sentences:
Description is about sensory experience—how something looks, sounds, tastes. Mostly
it is about visual experience, but description also deals with other kinds of perception

Thus, if we conclude it from Kane’s explanation above, the descriptive text is

meaningful text that describes the experience related to the senses, such as what shape,
sound, taste is. Most descriptive text is about visual experience, but in fact the
experience other than the sense of sight, we can also use it to make descriptive text.

But in particular, the descriptive text is, “…… is a text which says what a person or a
thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.”

So, it can be said that the descriptive text is a text that explains about whether a person
or an object is like, whether its form, its properties, its amount and others. The purpose
of the descriptive text is clear, that is to describe, represent or reveal a person or an
object, either abstract or concrete.

❖ Function of Descriptive Text

• To describe person, thing or place in specific
• To describe a particular person, thing or place.

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❖ Characteristic Features of Descriptive Text
➢ The characteristics of descriptive text are as follows:
➢ Using attribute verb/to be (am, is, are)
➢ Using simple present tense.
➢ Only focus on one object only.
➢ Use specific nouns. For example My dog, My best friend, and Jember Regency.
➢ Using adjectives to clarify nouns. For example A Beautiful Lake, A Strong
Woman, and A Smart Student.
➢ Using action verbs or verbs that can show an activity. For example dance, walk,
read, ride, and eat.

❖ Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

When writing descriptive text, there are some generic structures (actually not
mandatory) for our writing to be true. The arrangement is:
- Identification: (contains about the introduction of a person, place, animal or
object will be described.)
- Description: contains a description of something such as animal, things, place or
person by describing its features, forms, colors, or anything related to what the
writer describes.

❖ Example of Descriptive Text

My Favorite Teacher
My favorite teacher is my history teacher, and he is by far the best teacher that I have
ever had. He has the ability to make a subject that many students find incredibly
boring come to life through his enthusiasm and passion for history, and his love of
being a teacher. Attending his lessons is something we look forward to, not dread, like
we do with most other lessons.
It’s ever so funny to watch him get excited about something, which happens in every
lesson. It’s easy to know that he’s getting excited because he begins bouncing up and
down slightly in a way that no other sixty-something year old would ever managed
without looking completely ridiculous. He has this dark (with more and more grey
streaks these days), springy hair that lines the edge of his growing bald patch, and the
hair bounces up and down with him like thousands of tiny little springs. Then, he
takes on his whole new persona, often going into role and becoming the character or
figure he is talking about, doing the voices, the actions, and parading up and down the
room gesticulating wildly, but all the while there’s a gentle ‘bounce, bounce, bounce’,
as though the springs are not just on his head but on the soles of his shoes too.
A teacher that doesn’t take himself too seriously always will be a big hit with
teenagers, although he’s not afraid to impose his authority if he has to. I’ve only ever
heard him properly shout once (although thankfully it wasn’t it me), but it isn’t an
experience that I would like to repeat. When he lost it, the room suddenly became

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 more silent than I’d ever known it to be before. We all sat slightly paralyzed, not even
anting to breathe too loudly, because hearing such a jovial and jolly little man lose his
temper was a huge shock. It certainly had the right kind of impact though, because
he’s never needed to shout since.
It is actually this teacher that I have to thank for my love of history. In his lessons,
history does not mean copying out of textbooks and writing pages and pages of notes.
History is alive; history is something tangible, that you can see, hear and feel, and we
can live it through dressing up and acting out scenes or taking trips to important
places of historical interest. And although he’s getting on in years and may not be
teaching for much longer, he will have an important place in history for many of his
students, because there has never been a teacher able to bring a subject to life in quite
the same way he does.

C. REPORT TEXT

❖ Definition of Report Text

Report text is a text that provides detailed information about something in general
based on research. In Indonesian, report text (can be interpreted as report text) is a
text that contains detailed information about something in general based on a study.
The form of report text includes, for example: scientific articles in encyclopedias.

❖ Function of Report Text

The main purpose of report text or report text is to inform specific functions or
detailed information on an object, or in English, the purpose of report text is to inform
about certain functions of a participant.

In addition, another explanation of the report text is a form of text that contains
detailed scientific explanations about an object. Come on, find out more about this
type of text and its structure!

In fact, the report text or report text only consists of two parts. The two sections are
general classification and descriptions.

❖ Characteristic Features of Report Text

➢ Report text has nine characteristics that you need to know, in order to distinguish
report text from descriptive text. The following are the characteristics of the report
text that the author has summarized.
➢ Report text contains scientific facts.
➢ The title of the report text looks general (it can be recognized by readers who do
not have competence in the science of the report text topic).
➢ Usually accompanied by pictures and statistical data to prove the results of the
author's observations.
➢ Report text sentences use the simple present tense sentence pattern.

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 ➢ Report text uses common nouns as in language feature general nouns.
➢ Using verbs that are interconnected, in accordance with the language features,
namely linking verbs or relative verbs.
➢ Report text consists of an object and added with other objects.
➢ Report text describes various kinds of groups and not individuals in particular.
➢ Report text uses conditional logical conjunctions, for example so, when and so on.

❖ Generic Structure of Report Text

1. General Classification
General classification or general classification is part of the report text structure which
contains general groupings of the objects being discussed. This section usually
contains basic information about the object.
The groupings discussed include information, for example if the report text discusses
animals, general groupings can include their scientific names, types of food, and the
things or aspects that are best known from these objects.
2. Description
Description or description is part of the report text structure which contains an
overview of the object being discussed in more detail. For example physical and
function, habitat, and longevity.
Example of a description section in a report text:
It can reach 30 m in height. They have one cylindrical rod. At the top of the stem are
pinnate leaves. It is about 3 to 4 m long and pinnate 60 to 90 cm long. The fruit is oval
in shape and about 30 cm in diameter. It has thick husk and hard shell. Inside the shell
is white flesh and sweet liquid.

❖ Example of Report Text

KOMODO DRAGON
Komodo dragon is the largest lizard on earth. It lives within the scrub and land of
some Indonesian islands. Komodo dragon is the world’s heaviest lizard, advising one
hundred fifty pounds or a lot of. The most important Komodo ever measured was
quite ten feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166 kg) however, the
common size of Komodo within the wild is about eight feet (2.5 meters) long and two
hundred pounds or 91 kg.

Komodo has gray scale skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs, and a muscular tail.
They use their keen sense of smell to find decaying an animal remains from many
miles away. They additionally hunt different lizards yet as massive mammals
and generally barbarian. The Komodo dragon’s teeth are nearly utterly coated by its
gums. Once it feeds, the gums bleed, making a perfect culture for virulent
microorganism. The microorganism that boards the Komodo dragon’s spit causes
blood disease, or septicemia, in its victims. A dragon can bite its prey, then follow it

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 till the animal is simply too weak to hold on. This lizard species is vulnerable by
looking, loss of prey species, and surrounding loss.

D. RECOUNT TEXT

❖ Definition of Recount Text

Recount text is a type of text in English which contains the story of an action or the
activities of the writer or the characters in the story. the activity or action in question
is the author's experience expressed through recount text, usually the purpose of
recount text is to entertain the reader, as well as provide information.

❖ Function of Recount Text

The function of recounting is to list and describe past experiences by retelling events
in the order in which they occurred. Recounts are written to retell events with the
intention of informing or entertaining their audience (or both).

In simple terms, the purpose of recount text is to retell past experiences.

❖ Characteristic Features of Recount Text

- Recount text uses past tense or past sentences. Examples such as the use of verb 3
went, woke up, departed, burned, ate and so on.
- Recount text uses part of speech adverbs and adverbs to explain time, place and
method. Examples include last October, Bandung, On the third day, at the park
and so on.
- Recount text uses part of speech conjunctions and time connectives to sort the
events and events in the story so that a unified text is formed. Examples are and,
after, the, that, before and so on.

❖ Generic Structure of Recount Text

Recount text has three main structures or generic structures as follows.

➢ Orientation, the first structure that contains information about the character, the
scene, when the event took place and so on. The information provided by the
author is expected to provide the knowledge or information needed by the reader
in order to understand the storyline.
➢ Events, the second structure is the content of the text or in the form of stories
about events or experiences that the author wants to convey to the reader.
➢ Reorientation, the third structure contains conclusions as well as summaries or
repetition of information contained in the orientation structure.

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❖ Example of Recount Text

My Vocation With My Beloved People

One day, my sister named Putri said to me that she really wanted to go to the
beach. So I promised her that the next week we would go to Mutun beach in
Lampung.

The next week, we prepared everything needed in the morning. We brought some
foods and beverages, such as chocolate wafers, potato chips, water and orange juice.
Before going to the beach, I ask our brother, Bayu, to join us. He agreed to join and
we went there together with our parents. We went there by car. It took 3 hours to
arrive there. Then, we bought tickets in the entrance gate. Before swimming, we
changed our clothes first. We swam there for more than one hour. We felt so tired
that we decided to eat the foods that we had brought. Next, three of us created a
very big sand castle, while my parents were enjoying the beautiful scenery there.
After that, we decided to go home because it was getting dark.

On the way home, we still felt hungry. So we stopped at a restaurant to have dinner.
I ordered sruit, Lampungnese traditional food, while my brother, my sister, and my
parents ordered fried rice. After finished eating, we paid our bills. Then, we went
home. We arrived at home at 9 o’clock. We were tired but we were absolutely
happy.

E. NEWS ITEM TEXT

❖ Definition of News Item Text

News Item Text is a type of text in English that provides information about an important
event that is worthy of being news. The purpose of this text is to provide readers with
information about important events.

❖ Function of News Item Text

The function of news items text is to inform readers about newsworthy or important
daily events/events. And the events that are reported are usually the latest events or
events.

❖ Characteristic Features of News Item Text

The following are the characteristics of news item text that you need to know:

- News or brief information is described in the form of headlines.

- Focus on an incident.
- Delivered coherently.
- Using action verbs.
- Using material processes.
- Most of them use saying verbs.

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❖ Generic Structure of News Item Text

1. Main Event or Newsworthy Event

This section is the main part which contains a summary of an event or important
events that are happening. In other words, this section is written in the form of a
summary or summary.

2. Background Event or Elaboration

In this section are details of the background of an event or event that is currently
happening, such as who was involved, where the incident occurred, and when the
event occurred.

3. Source

This is the final part of the news item text which is the source of the news. Sources
can be in the form of statements from sources, expert opinions, comments from
witnesses, to statements from parties related to the incident.

❖ Example of News Item Text

Earthquake aftershock hits Nepal and India, magnitude 6.7

A strong earthquake aftershock struck India and Nepal on Sunday, shaking buildings
in New Delhi and triggering an avalanche in the Himalayas.
The United States Geological Survey said the tremor was 6.7 magnitude, less than the
7.9 quake that struck the region on Saturday killing at least 1,900 people.
“Another one, we have an aftershock right now,” Indian mountaineer Arjun Vajpai
told Reuters by telephone from base camp on Mount Makalu, 20 km (12 miles) from
Everest.
Screams and the sound of an avalanche could be heard over the phone line Vajpai was
speaking on. At Everest base camp, Romanian climber Alex Gavan tweeted that the
aftershock had set off three avalanches.

F. EXPLANATION TEXT

❖ Definition of Explanation Text

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,

scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the
forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text
books.

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❖ Function of Explanation Text

➢ Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,

scientific, and cultural phenomena.

➢ To explain how or why something happens.

❖ Characteristic Features of Explanatin Text

- Derived from the author's questions related to 'why' and 'how' to an existing
phenomenon
- Appointed from the phenomenon, the focus of the material is not on the object or
the person, but on the events or events that occur to the person or object.
- Using Simple Present Tense
- Use action verbs
- Use passive voice
- Use noun phrases
- Use adverbial phrases
- Use technical terms
- Uses common and abstract nouns
- Using conjunctions of time and causation.

❖ Generic Structure of Explanation Text

➢ A general statement

Namely the introduction of an event that we will tell. Or a general explanation of

the event. The general statement contains a general explanation of the
phenomenon to be discussed, which can be in the form of an introduction to the
phenomenon or an explanation.

➢ A sequenced of explanations

That is an explanation of why and how it happened. In this section the author can
write more than one paragraph. A sequenced of explanation contains an
explanation of the process why this phenomenon can occur or be created. A
sequenced of explanations is in the form of answers to the author's 'why' and 'how'
questions when creating an Explanation text. In sequenced explanation, it can
consist of more than one paragraph.

➢ Closing

Namely the closing or conclusion of the story. Actually closing is not stated in the
generic structure of the Explanation text, but most people think that the last
paragraph of an Explanation text is closing, even though it is part of the sequence
of explanations which contains the final steps explained in the sequenced of
explanations.

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❖ Example of Explanation Text

A Rainbow

A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and

dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the
sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always
appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun.

Rainbows can be full circles; however, the average observer sees only an arc formed
by illuminated droplets above the ground, and centred on a line from the sun to the
observer’s eye.

In a primary rainbow, the arc shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side.
This rainbow is caused by light being refracted when entering a droplet of water, then
reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it.

In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen outside the primary arc, and has the order of
its colors reversed, with red on the inner side of the arc.

G. DISCUSSION TEXT

❖ Definition of Discussion Text

Discussion is a process of finding common ground between two different thoughts,

views or opinions. And discussion text can be defined :

Discussion text is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical,
historic, and social text. In other word, Discussion is a kind of genre used to present
(at least) two points of view about an issue.

❖ Function of Discussion Text

- To present two points of view about issue or problem.

- To present arguments from differing points of view about issue or problem.

❖ Characteristic Features of Discussion Text

▪ Using the simple present tense

▪ Using modals, such as must, should, would, may, etc.
▪ Using additive, contrastive, and casual connections (using words that
compare: opposite conjunctions), such as similiary, however, furthemore, on
the other hand, moreover, in addition, but, nevertheless, but , in other side and
the consequences (cause and effect) for example: so, then. etc.
▪ Focus on generic human and non-human participants.
▪ Using discussion language: According, opinion.

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❖ Generic Structure of Discussion Text

➢ Issue : stating the issue which is to discussed

➢ Argument pro : presenting the point in supporting the presented issue
➢ Argument cons : presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point.
➢ Conclusion / recommendation : stating the writer’ recommendation of the
discourse

❖ Example of Discussion Text

Nuclear Energy : Advantage or Disadvantage

Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the crisis of energy.

The debate whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice or not, has not
come to an end. Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits.
Some others, however, disagree because of its risks to the environment.

Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually argue that nuclear
energy is the only feasible choice to answer the ever – increasing energy needs. In their
opinion, the other sources of energy: oil, coal, and liquid natural gas are not renewable
and safe, while nuclear energy can be sustainable when produced in a safe way.

However, people who disagree with the use of nuclear energy point out that the waste
of nuclear products can completely destroy the environment and human lives. A
meltdown in reactor, for example, usually results in the contamination of the
surroundings soil and water. Take for example, the blow up of the nuclear reactor at the
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station in Russia twenty years ago. The serious
contamination imperiled people and the environment severely.

It is obvious that nuclear energy should be avoided because it really endangers the
environment but what about a less polluted energy instead of nuclear energy. Is there
any alternative energy to overcome the crisis of energy? In my opinion, nuclear energy
is the best choice to overcome the crisis of energy. However, government should make
sure that nuclear reactor’s construction and maintains are safe.

H. HORTATORY EXPOSITION

❖ Definition of Hortatory Exposition

As Analytical Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text is a kind of English text that
belongs to the argumentative text. Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text which
represents the author’s attempt to influence the reader to do something or act in a
particular way. In Hortatory Exposition Text, the authors give some opinions about
certain things to reinforce the main idea of the text.

Unlike Analytical Exposition Text, Hortatory Exposition Text presents

Recommendation in the end of paragraph of Hortatory Exposition Text. In this
Recommendation, the author tries to invite and persuade the reader to do something.

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❖ Function of Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory exposition is used to persuade the reader or listener that something should or
should not be the case or be done.

❖ Characteristic Features of Hortatory Exposition

There are several characteristics of this text, namely:

• it is a persuasive text accompanied by supporting reasons.

• Using Simple Present Tense
• Use conjunctions such as first, second, third, next, furthermore, addition and so
on.
• Contains recommendations that usually start with: in my opinion, it is better…,
for these reasons, should…, I think… should…, and so on.

❖ Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory Exposition has its own generic structure. In this text there are three important
parts that must be owned, namely:

o Thesis = Contains the opinion of the author or speaker regarding the topic in
question.
o Arguments = Arguments contain opinions that support the main idea. The more
opinions written, the more interesting a Hortatory Exposition Text is because
readers or listeners tend to believe in an event if there are many opinions that
support it.
o Recommendations = Unlike the Analytical Exposition text which has a
Conclusion, this text has a recommendation section for the reader as the closing
of the text. Recommendations contain suggestions addressed to readers
regarding related topics discussed in the text.

❖ Example of Hortatory Exposition

Why students need to manage stress

Stress among student can be caused by interpersonal which includes the factor like
relationships with family and friend or because of the academic itself. Workload of
college, difficult tests, and other academic obstacles may also lead to stress. Thus,
stress among students can be dangerous for several reasons. Firstly, major negative

effect of stress is on emotional health.

Emotional health problem is more dangerous than physical health problem because it
can lead to most disastrous effects of all that is committing suicide. Emotional or
mental health is an expression of our emotions and signifies a failure adaptation to the
range of demands in life. The stressful life events can lead to all the failure just by
conquering our mind. Thus, it is very important to maintain our mental and emotional
health because once our emotional health was disturbed, it can lead to various of
diseases such as depression, anxiety, emotional eating, anger and so on.

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 The second disastrous effect of stress to an individual especially students is on
academic performance. Actually this effect affected students beyond their thinking.
Once they are in stress they have difficulty to concentrate on their study and finally
their result will ruin because they cannot do well in their exams. That is how their
academic performance shows such negative improvement from day to day because
they cannot manage their stress well. Therefore, stress can be dangerous to student’s
life. For those reasons, it is better that we should find the causes of stress which we
are going through, know the bad effect that we may face and take actions to manage
it.

I. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

❖ Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition text? So, in simple terms, exposition text is a text that presents one point
of view on an issue. Exposition text can generally be found in scientific articles,
journals, magazines, and the editorial section of a newspaper/mass media.

While the analytical exposition text is a text that contains the author's opinion about
things that happen around him. Whether it's an object, place, or event, without
inviting the reader to do something. For more details, you can listen to the meaning of
analytical exposition.

❖ Function of Analytical Exposition

The function of analytical exposition text is to convince the reader that the topic
presented is an important topic to discuss. You need to remember, if an analytical
exposition text doesn't "try" to change the reader's point of view, yes. So, this text
purely contains only the opinion of the author.
❖ Characteristic Features of Analytical Exposition

▪To analyze the topic and to convince or influence the reader that this opinion
is correct and supported by arguments.
▪ To convince the reader that the topics presented was an important topic to be
discussed or gained attention by way of providing arguments or opinions that
support the main idea or topic.
❖ Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

Analytical exposition text consists of 3 parts, namely thesis, argument, and repetition.
Check out the explanation of each of these sections:

1. Thesis

In this section, the thesis is the part that tells the reader about the main topic and the
author's point of view. You can always find the thesis in the first paragraph of the
text. In this section, readers can also see why the author gives an opinion on the
subject matter.

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 2. Arguments

In the next paragraph, you can find the arguments section. Arguments are opinions to
support the main topic that has been presented before. Usually in an analytical
exposition there are more than two arguments. The more arguments presented, the
more the reader will believe that the topic discussed is an important topic or requires
attention.

3. Reiteration

After the thesis and arguments sections have been presented, of course it will be
closed with a conclusion or reiteration. This section is always located at the end of the
text and becomes the closing paragraph of the writing. Reiteration is a reaffirmation
of the author's position and opinion on the main topic. Reiteration is also often
referred to as a conclusion, which means a conclusion.

❖ Example of Analytical Exposition

Garbage Service Need Improvement

There have been many complaints recently about the ABC garbage collection service.
The official department has agreed that the service needs improvement. But nothing
has been done!

In some streets the garbage is collected only once a month because the workmen are
not supervised. In other streets, collection in more frequent but half of the garbage is
left in the road. The workmen are too lazy to pick it up and put it in the trucks.

In some parts of the colony, house-holders are dumping their garbage on the waste land.
This is dangerous and an unhealthy to do. These `dumps’ may catch fire and they will
certainly attract rats and flies.

It is the duty of the official department to collect all the garbage efficiently and
regularly.

J. SPOOF TEXT

❖ Definition of Spoof Text

Spoof text is story text with an unpredictable and predictable funny ending or ending.
Aims to entertain the reader or listener of the story.

❖ Function of Spoof Text

The function of Spoof text is to tell a fictional story in a humorous style by telling a
fictional story in a humorous (funny) style.

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❖ Characteristic Features of Spoof Text

- Using Past Tense

- Using action verbs
- To tell the details of the story, usually there is a dialogue so there must be a sign:
"...dialog text..."
- Using adverbs
- tells what happened to someone: I, we, she, he, they etc.
- Chronologically arranged

❖ Generic Structure of Spoof Text

• Orientation (introduction)

As with other types of Narration text, it always begins with orientation.

Orientation is the part where the author introduces the story.

• Events

Events, the part where the author tells the events in the story but the events told
are still normal events.

• Twist (closing)

Twist is a part of the text which tells the opposite of normal events in the Events
section. Twist is the final part of Spoof Text which tells a funny and unexpected
ending.

❖ Example of Spoof Text

Loving Money To Much

There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to
save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money.
He loved money more than just about anything.
Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; “Now listen, when I die, I want you to
take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the
afterlife.” So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she
would put all the money in the casket with him.

Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was
sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the
ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said “Wait
just a minute!”

She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket.
After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long after
that, her friend said, “I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the
casket.”

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 The wife turned to her friend and replied; “Yes, because I have promised.” Then she
continued; “I can’t lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket
with him.” Feeling shocked, her friend said; “You mean that you have put every cent
of his money in the casket with him?” Then the wife answered; “Surely I did. I got it
all together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check.”

K. ANECDOTE TEXT

❖ Definition of Anecdote Text

The word anecdote comes from anecdota which means not published or not published.
The term is used in personal or secret stories, but it experiences a shift in meaning so
that the word anecdote turns into a funny story.

While the anecdote text itself is an English text that tells about events that are
considered odd or unusual events both in imagination and fact.

❖ Function of Anecdote Text

The function of anecdote text is to retell an event or event in the past so that readers or
listeners are entertained by retelling an unusual story that makes them laugh.

❖ Characteristic Features of Anecdote Text

➢ Using past tense.
➢ Using conjunctions of time.
➢ Using a rhetoric question, which is a question that sometimes does not require
an answer.
➢ Using intensity words or words that show intensity to increase or exaggerate
the contents of the story.
➢ Using action words.
➢ Using exclamations.
➢ Using imperative sentences.

❖ Generic Structure of Anecdote Text

The structure of the anecdote text is :

- Abstract

This section is an introduction to things that are considered odd or unique which are
delivered briefly and invite the attention of many readers or listeners. Even though it
is not considered absolute, the writer will start by asking a question such as "Do you
know?" (Do you know?).

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 o Orientation

In this section, the writer will make the readers curious, so the writer will try to
introduce settings such as time, actors, and places in the story. This section also has
the same function as narration text.

o Crisis

In this section the author begins to emphasize the uniqueness and peculiarity that is
happening. So that in this section the graph of the curiosity of readers or listeners has
increased.

o Reactions or Incidents

The author will end the curiosity of the readers in this section. This section is also a
part that answers curiosity about odd or unique things in the story. Actors are made to
be able to solve problems that are happening and of course in a funny way.

o Coda

Actually this part is not important and is a conclusion that can be drawn into a
humorous story. Usually this section can also invite laughter for readers or listeners.
Although the coda section is not always present in every anecdote text.

❖ Example of Anecdote Text

God Make Me a TV

Students at an elementary school were asked to write an essay about what they would
like God to do for them. At the end of the day, while grading the essays, a teacher
read one that made her very emotional.
Her husband, who had just walked in, saw her crying and asked her “What
happened?” She answered “Read this. It is one of my school’s students’ essays.”:
“Oh God, tonight I ask you something very special. Make me into a television set. I
want to take its place and live like the TV in my house.
Have my own special place, and have my family around me. To be taken seriously
when I talk. I want to be the center of attention and be heard without interruptions or
questions.
I want to receive the same special care as the TV set receives even when it is not
working. Have the company of my dad when he arrives home from work, even when
he is tired. And I want my mom to want me when she is sad and upset, instead of
ignoring me. And I want my brothers to fight to be with me.
I want to feel that family just leaves everything aside, every now and then, just to
spend some time with me. And last but not least, ensure that I can make them all
happy and entertain them. Lord I don’t ask you for much. I just want to live like a
TV.”
At that moment the husband said “My God, poor kid. What horrible parents!”
The wife looked up at him and said “That essay is our son’s!”

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I. PROCEDURE TEXT

❖ Definition of Procedure Text

What is procedure text? Procedure text is a text that explains, informs, or helps the
reader on how to make or use something. In Indonesian, the definition of procedure text
is text that provides instructions, informs, or helps the reader about how to make or do
something.

Usually, this type of text begins with the phrase “How to…”, for example “How to
make a cup of tea” or “How to operate an oven”. Procedure texts are found in many
cookbooks and manuals.

❖ Function of Procedure Text

The purpose of procedure text is to show how something is made/used/done through a

sequence of steps. If interpreted in Indonesian, the purpose of procedure text is to
explain how something is made, done or used through successive steps.

In other words, procedure text is used to describe one by one how something can be
made or achieved. Through procedure text, it will be easier for you to understand and
read instructions on how to do something in the right order.

❖ Characteristic of Procedure Text

o Usually Use the Simple Present Tense with the formula (S+V1)
o In the form of imperative / command form,
o Using action verbs, for example: make, take, boil, cook,
o Using temporal conjunctions, for example: First, then, next, after that, last
o Using conjunctions (connecting words) to sequence activities, for example then,
while, etc.
o Using adverbs (adverb) to state detailed time, place, accurate manner, for
example for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
o Using adverbs (adverbs) to express stages or sequences, for example the first,
the second, the third, the last, etc.

❖ General Structure of Procedure Text

Procedure text has a general arrangement scheme or generic structure. Here is the
generic structure of procedure text:

✓ Goal: provide information about the intent and purpose of the procedure and
predict a conclusion.
✓ Materials: contains a list of materials or ingredients needed to carry out a
procedure or steps.
✓ Steps: a list of sequences of instructions/activities to achieve a goal in the correct
order of steps.
✓ Result: The result of a series of steps that have been carried out.

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❖ Example of Procedure Text

The following is an example of procedure text :

How to Make Ice Cream

Materials:
2 cups milk or cream
2 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon Vanilla extract
Several cups of Ice
1 cup salt
You need these supplies to make ice cream
Tub or large coffee can to hold salt and ice
Glass bowl or small coffee can
Electric mixer or whisk
Ice cream scoop
Storage container for freezer.

Steps:
First, setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir ice and salt in the larger container.
Then, combine the ingredients. Mix together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in the glass
bowl. Then, set this bowl in the tub filled with ice and rock salt, making sure that the
salt water does not spill into the bowl.
Next, mix the ice cream. Mix the ingredients in the small container vigorously. The
salty ice mixture will cool the mixture down until it turns into ice cream. It should
take about 10 to 15 minutes to stir the ice cream using either method. Stir until it is
free from ice crystals and is the right consistency.

Last, storage and serving. ice cream is ready.

J. REVIEW TEXT

❖ Definition of Review Text

One type of text that is often used as material in English is Review Text. This type of
text is also often used in magazines or newspapers as a separate section.
Understanding it is not difficult either, because of that material on Review Text is
material that is often used because it is fun to learn.

Review Text is a type of text in English which aims to review or evaluate a work, be
it films, books and so on.

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❖ Function of Review Text

The function or purpose of a text review is to provide criticism and judgment about a
product, service or work. This is so that readers can get 1 or 2 different points of view.

❖ Characteristic of Review Text

• Contains opinions that are subjective in nature depending on the author's

(personal) point of view.
• Can give preference to readers. For example, Ratna reviews a romantic genre
book with the title A. However, it turns out that she gives a bad review
because basically Ratna prefers books with an adventure genre. This will of
course come back to the reader's choice, so Ratna's review may not be fully
accepted by other people.

❖ Generic Structure of Review Text

1.Introduction

If you want to shop online, especially if it's the first time you see an item, of course
you need to know the details of the item first, right? Likewise with the text review,
there is an Introduction section.

This section contains an introduction to the product, work, or service being discussed.
The information provided is usually general in nature, such as the name, type, or
brand of the product being discussed.

2. Evaluation

The next section is Evaluation. In this section, you can explain the details of the
product being discussed. For example, product packaging details, or a unique part of
the product.

In essence, the evaluation section shows the striking or unique things that can be seen
from a product.

3. Interpretation

This section usually explains your views on the work or object being reviewed. You
can interpret by comparing other similar works to strengthen your view. In addition,
add also the advantages and disadvantages when compared with other similar
products.

minus section of the item being discussed. Now that part is the interpretation felt by
the reviewer in reviewing the item.

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 4. Summary

After providing that you have finished writing the introduction, evaluation, and have
also written an interpretation, you can end the writing by providing a conclusion.

This conclusion is a conclusion whether the product being reviewed is of good value
or not.

❖ Example of Review Text

Parasite 2019

Parasite (2019) is a South Korean movie which tells about the difference of social
class in society. The story is about two different families whose social status are very
different.

This film is considered as a great film that it wins Palme d’Or at Cannes film festival.
Director Bong Joon-Ho takes us to live the life of a poor Ki-Taek’s family, then asks
us to see how luxury Mr. Park’s family is. At first, Parasite presents social inequality
with comedy. However, the climax will got us into a thrill.

K. FUNCTION TEXT

❖ Definition of Functional Text

Functional text or functional text is a type of text in English which contains

information, warnings, invitations, and so on.

❖ Functional of Functional Text

➢ Warning, notice, or caution

➢ Announcements
➢ Invitations
➢ Greeting cards
➢ Short message or memo (short message)
➢ Advertisements (ads)
➢ Posters, flyers, pamphlets, brochures (posters, pamphlets, brochures)
➢ Product reviews (product reviews)
➢ Food labels, medicine labels (food labels, drug labels)
➢ Manual guide
➢ Recipes

❖ Characteristic of Functional Text

o short and easy to understand

o Interestingly written
o Sometimes accompanied by pictures

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❖ Generic Structure of Functional Text

1. Notice
To give instruction/to instruct people
- Opening : contains an introductory picture
- Content : contains details or description
- Closing : contains a hope for others

2. Short Message
To convey something to others that the person is doing or not doing something
- Receive : people who receive
- Content : contains of greeting card
- Sender : people who send

3. Greeting Card
To congratulate for someone
- Receive : people who receive
- Content : contains of greeting card
- Sender : people who send

4. Advertisment
To promote a product in the form of goods or services
- The name of the product
- The selling points of the product
- How to get the product
- Interesting design

5. Announcement
To information us what has happened or what will happen
- The title or type of event
- Date or time, place
- Contact person

6. Invitation
To invite someone to attend an occasion.
- The addressee : the person invited
- The message : the content of the message.
- The sender : people who invite

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7. Letter
- To convey information from one party to another
- To inform about something
- Address and date
- Receiver : the recipient’s fullname and addres
- Contents : information about news, condition
- Sender: the person who sends the letter
- Signature : the signed name of the writer

8. E-Mail
To inform about something
- Letterhead that contains the sender, receipient, date, and subject
- Content : containing the message, separated from the header by a line break

9. Schedule
To arrange our daily activities
- Place and time
- Type of activity

10. label
To give detail information
- Product excellence
- Instructions for use
- The composition of the product
- Nutrion fact

❖ Example of Functional Text

To: Siska

Congratulations on your graduation, dear! We hope you will get more success
in the future. And we will meet soon this summer to celebrate your graduation. We
love you

Mom and Dad

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 CONCLUSION

Genre text is a type of text that serves as a reference so that a text can be made
more effective. The effectiveness in question is related to the accuracy of social goals,
the selection and arrangement of text elements and the use of grammatical elements.
Text genres in English consist of 14 texts, namely:

1. Narrative text is a text that tells a series or events sequentially and are connected to
one another.

2. Descriptive text is a text that describes something, whether it’s people, things, events,
or places.

3. Reporttext is a text that contains detailed information about something in general

based on a study.

4. recount text is a type of text that tells a story of activities or events that have occurred
in te past.

5. Spoof text is a type of English text which contains funny stories.

6. Text anecdotes are funny stories from famous figures, officials, politicians and
others.

7. Explanatory text is writing that is non-fiction to explain something.

8. Discussion text is a text that contains a discussion related to an issue.

9. news item text is a text that contains important news information or important events
events that occur in society today.

10. review text is a type of text in English that contains reviews, evaluations, reviews,
or ratings, of a product.

11. Functional text include advertisements, movie posters, invitations, announcement, reviews,
commemorative products, and others.

12. Analytical exposition text is a type of text that is a used to explain a writer’s views on an
issue.

13. Hortatory exposition text is an exposition text that contains the author’s opinion on an issue
accompanied by supporting arguments.

14. procedural text is a text that presents activity steps or various stages to do or produce
something.

From here we can learn the types of texts and their meanings, the purpose of
the text, the linguistic features of a text, the structure of a text, as well as examples
from the 14 texts.

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 BIBLIOGRAFY

http://britishcourse.com/narrative-text-definition-generic-structures-purposes-
language-features.php

https://www.zenius.net/blog/descriptive-text

https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/apa-saja-structure-of-information-report-text

https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/recount-text/

https://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/explanation-text/

http://www.english-academy.id/blog/discussion-text-adalah

https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/hortatory-exposition/

https://www.celebrities.id/read/contoh-teks-analytical-exposition-9zo9n4

https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2022/04/04/113000869/spoof-text--pengertian-
struktur-dan-karakteristiknya

https://www.sederet.com/tutorial/text-genre-struktur-anecdote-text-contoh-anecdote-
text/

https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5792538/procedure-textstruktur-ciri-dan-
contohnya-dalam-bahasa-inggris

http://www.english-academy.id/blog/review-text

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