BAB IV

PERSAMAAN INTEGRAL

A. INTEGRAL TAK TERTENTU

1. Pengertian Integral

Pada differensial, jika diketahui fungsi x, maka dapat dicari turunannya yaitu
f’(x). Jika kondisinya dibalik → jika diketahui f ‘ (x) dapatkah dicari fungsi semula?

→ INTEGRAL : f (x) = ∫ f ′ (x) dx

Dimana : f (x) disebut fungsi integral

f ′ (x) disebut fungsi asal (fungsi primitif)

Contoh:

a. f (x) = 3x4 b. f (x) = 12x3

f ′ (x) = 12x3 f ′ (x) = ∫ 12x 3 dx

1
= . 12.x4 = 3x4
4

Pada umumnya : f (x) =3 x4 +c, dimana c bilangan tetap, jadi jawaban contoh
tersebut → f(x) = 3x4 +c, c disebut sebagai konstanta integrasi. Karena masih
mengandung c, maka disebut Integral tak tertentu.

2. Rumus-rumus Integral

1. ∫ dx = ∫ 1 dx = x + c
1
2. ∫ x m dx = m+1. x m+1 + c
dx
3. ∫ x
= Ln |x|+ c
eax
4. ∫ eax dx = +c
a
ax
5. ∫ ax dx = Ln a + c
 6. ∫ sin x dx = - cos x + c
7. ∫ cos x dx = sin x+c
dx
8. ∫ cos2x = tg x + c
dx
9. ∫ 1+ x2 = arc tg x + c = - arc ctg x + c
dx
10. ∫ = Ln |x + √x 2 + 1|+ c
√x2 + 1
dx
11. ∫ = arc sin x + c = - arc cos x + c
√1− x2
dx
12. ∫ = Ln |x + √x 2 − 1| + c
√x2 − 1
dx 1
13. ∫ sin x = Ln |tg 2 x| + c
dx 1 π
14. ∫ cos x = Ln |tg (2 x + 4|

3. Sifat-sifat Integral

a. Integral dari perkalian antara suatu konstanta dengan suatu fungsi = hasil kali
konstanta itu dengan integral dari fungsi tersebut.

∫ c . f(x) dx = c ∫ f(x) dx

b. Integral dari jumlah dua fungsi atau lebih, sama dengan jumlah dari integral
masing – masing fungsi tersebut.

∫{f(x) + g(x) + h(x)}dx = ∫ f(x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx + ∫ h(x) dx

4. Contoh Soal

a. Cara Langsung

1. ∫(x 4 − x 3 − 2x 2 + 3x − 4)dx

1 1 1 1
= x5 - x4 – 2. x3 + 3. x2 – 4x +c
5 4 3 2

1 1 2 3
= 5 x5 - 4x4 – 3x3 + x2 – 4x +c
2
 3 dx
2. ∫(8x 3 + 7x 2 − x) dx = 8∫ x 3 dx + 7∫ x 2 dx – 3 ∫ x

1 1
= 8.4 x4 + 7.3 x3 – 3. Ln |x| + c

= 2x4 + 7⁄3 x3 – 3 ln |x| + c

x3 + x
3. ∫ dx
x−2

Karena pangkat pembilang lebih besar dari pangkat penyebut, maka lebih dulu
pembilang dibagi penyebut.

x3 + x 10
= x2 + 2x + 5 + x−2
x−2

x3 + x 10
∫ x−2
dx = ∫ x 2 dx + ∫ 2x dx + ∫ 5 dx + ∫ x−2 dx

1 1 10
= 3 x3 +2. 2. x2 + 5x +∫ x−2 d(x – 2)

1
= 3 x3 + x2 + 5x + 10 Ln |x – 2| + c

x⁄
4. ∫ √5x dx = ∫ 5 2. 2 d(x⁄2)

x⁄
= 2. ∫ 5 2 . d(x⁄2)

x
5 ⁄2
= 2 . Ln 5 + c

2√5x
= +c
Ln 5

5. ∫ sin x − cos x) dx = ∫ sin x dx – ∫ cos x dx

= - cos x – sin x + c

d (sin x)
6. ∫ cos x. sin2 x dx → = cos x
dx

= ∫ sin2 x d(sinx)

1
= 3 sin3 x + c
 sin x d (cos x)
7. ∫ tg x dx = ∫ cos x dx → = - sin x
dx

d (cos x)
=-∫ cos x

= - Ln |cos x| + c

d (cos x)
8. ∫ cos 2 x. sin x dx → = - sin x
dx

= - ∫ cos 2 x d (cos x)

1
= - 3 cos3 x + c

b. Cara Substitusi

1. ∫ x (x 2 − 3)5 dx

Umpamakan : x2 – 3 = p → dp = 2x dx

dp
x dx = 2

dp
∫ x(x 2 - 3)5 = ∫ p5 2

1 1
= 2 . 6 p6 + c

1
= 12 (x2 – 3)6 + c

2. ∫ x 3 √x 4 − 2 dx

Umpamakan : x 4 − 2 = p

dp
4x3 = dx

dp
x3 dx = 4

1 3
dp 1 1
∫ x 3 √x 4 − 2 dx = ∫ p2 4
= 4 . 3⁄ . p2 + c
2

3
1 2
= 4 . 3 . (x 4 − 2 )2 + c
 1
= 6 √(x 4 − 2 )3 + c

3. ∫ sin 2x . cos3 2x dx

Umpamakan : cos 2x = p

dp
-2 sin 2x = dx

dp
sin 2x = - 2

dp
∫ sin 2x .cos32x dx = ∫ p3 . - 2

1 1
= - 2 . 4 . p4 + c

1
= - cos4 2x + c
8

dx
4. ∫ → umpamakan : 3x – 4 = p
√3x−4

3 dx = dp

1 1
= ∫3. 1 dp
p2

1 1
1 1
= 3 ∫ p− 2 dp = 3 . 2 . p2 + c

2
= 3 √3x − 4 + c

B. INTEGRAL PARSIAL

1. Pengertian

dy
Jika diketahui y = u.v , dimana u dan v adalah fungsi x, maka : = u.v’ + v.u’
dx

du
Karena : y = u.v → u’ = dx

dv
v’ = dx
 d(uv) dv du
= u. dx + v. dx
dx

d(uv) = u dv + v du

Jika kedua ruas di integralkan, maka :

∫ d(uv) = ∫ u dv + ∫ v du

u v = ∫ u dv + ∫ v du

∫ u dv = u v - ∫ v du Rumus integral parsial.

2. Contoh Soal

1
1. ∫ x ln x dx = 2 ∫ ln x d(x2) → d(x2) = 2x dx

1
= 2 { x2 . ln x - ∫ x 2 d(ln x) }

1 1 1
= 2 x2. Ln x - 2 ∫ x 2 . x dx

1 1
= 2 x2. Ln x . 4 x2 + c

d(x−1)
2. ∫ x −2 ln x dx → = - x -2
dx

d(x −1 )= - x – 2 dx

= - ∫ ln x d(x −1 )

1 1
= - x . ln x + ∫ x d(ln x)

1 1 1
= - x . ln x + ∫ x . x dx

ln x
=- + ∫ x −2 dx
x

ln x 1
=- x
-x+c
3. Hitunglah integral : ∫ x 2 . ex dx

→ a/ d(ex) = ex dx

b/ d(x2)= 2x dx

∫ x 2 . ex dx = ∫ x 2 d(ex ) →(a)

= x 2 . ex - ∫ ex d(x 2 ) (b)

= x 2 . ex - ∫ ex 2x dx

= x 2 . ex - 2∫ ex . x dx

= x 2 . ex – 2 ∫ x d(ex)

= x 2 . ex – 2 { x.ex - ∫ ex dx }

= x 2 . ex – 2x ex + 2 ex + c

ln x dx
4. ∫ x3

dx 1
→ d(x-2) = -2 x-3 dx → x3 = - 2 d(x-2) → (a)

1
∙> d(ln x) = x dx → (b)

1
= ∫ − ln x d(x-2) →(a)
2

1
= − { x-2 . ln x - ∫ x −2 d (ln x)} (b)
2

1 ln x 1
= −2 { . ln x - ∫ x −2 dx}
x2 x

ln x 1 1 ln x 1 ln x 1
= − 2x2 - 2. 2 .x −2 + c = - 2x2 - 4 x-2 + c = - 2x2 - 4x2 + c

5. ∫ ex cos x dx → a) d(ex ) = ex dx

b) d(cos x) = - sin x dx

= ∫ cos x d(ex )
 = cos x. ex - ∫ ex d (cos x)

= ex . cos x + ∫ ex sin x dx = ex .cos x + ∫ sin x d(ex )

= ex .cos x + ex sin x - ∫ ex d(sin x)

∫ cos x d(ex ) = ex .cos x + ex sin x - ∫ ex cos x dx

→ 2∫ ex . cos x dx = ex (cos x + sin x) + c

(cos x + sin x)
∫ ex . cos x dx = ex 2
+c

6. ∫ x 2 cos x dx → d (sin x) = cos x dx

= ∫ x 2 d(sin x)

= x 2 sin x – ∫ sin x(x 2 ) → d(x 2 ) = 2x dx

= x 2 sin x – 2 ∫ x sin x dx → d(cos x) = - sin x dx

= x 2 sin x + 2 ∫ x d (cos x)

= x 2 sin x + 2 { x.cos x – ∫ cos x dx }

= x 2 sin x + 2x.cos x – 2 sin x+ c

7. ∫ 2x 2 sin x dx → d(cos x) = - sin x dx

= - ∫ 2x 2 d(cos x)

= -2x 2 .cos x + ∫ cos x. 4x dx

= -2x 2 .cos x + 4∫ x d(sin x)

= -2x 2 .cos x + 4 { x.sin x – ∫ sin x dx}

= -2x 2 .cos x + 4 xsin x + 4 cos x + c

2 ln x dx
8. ∫ x2
→ - x-2 dx = d(x-1)

= - ∫ 2 ln x d(x-1)
 1 1
= - 2 ln x.x + 2 ∫ x d ln x

ln x 1 1
=-2 + 2 ∫ x . x dx
x

ln x
=-2 + 2 ∫ x −2 dx
x

ln x
=-2 - 2 x-1 + c
x

ln x 1
=-2 -2x+c
x

C. INTEGRAL TERTENTU

1. Pengertian

Diberikan fungsi f(x) yang berada pada interval (a,b). Interval (a,b) dibagi
menjadi n sub interval

Oleh titik – titik.

X0 < X1< X2< X3…… Xn-1< Xn.

Untuk mudahnya a = X0 & b = Xn , sehingga :

a = X0 < X1< X2……< Xn = b

- Didefinisikan : ∆xi = xi - xi – 1 → dimana : I = 1,2,3,….

- Pada setiap sub interval [xi – 1, xi] diambil titik sembarang: xi dimana i =
1,2,3,…..
- Maka : ∑ni=0 f(xi) (xi - xi-1) = ∑ni=0 f(xi) ∆ xi
- Diambil harga limit untuk ∆ xi → 0
b
- Sehingga : lim ∑ni=0 f (x) ∆ xi = ∫a f(x) dx = f(b) – f(a)
∆ xi

Jadi rumus umum integral tertentu adalah :

b
∫a f(x) dx = f(b) – f(a)
 Dimana: a = batas bawah

b = batas atas

2. Sifat Integral Tertentu

a
a. ∫a f(x) dx = 0

b a
b. ∫a f(x) dx = - ∫b f(x) dx

b b
c. ∫a C f(x) dx = C ∫a f(x) dx

b b b
d. ∫a [ f(x) + g(x)]dx = ∫a f(x) dx + ∫a g(x) dx

b c b
e. ∫a f(x) dx = ∫a f(x) dx + ∫c f(x) dx → dimana (a < c < b)

3. Contoh Soal dan Penyelesaian

5 1
1. ∫1 x 3 dx = [ 4 x4 ]15

1
= 4 (625 – 1) = 156

4
2. ∫1 (3x 2 − 2x + 5) dx = [ x 3 − x 2 + 5x ]14

= ( 64 – 16 + 20) – (1 – 1 + 5)

= 63

4 x2 dx 1 4 3x2 dx 1
3. ∫2 = 3 ∫2 dx = 3 [Ln (6 + x 3 ) ]42
6+ x3 6+ x3

1
= 3 [ ln (6 + 64) – ln ( 6 + 8)]

1 70 1
= Ln = Ln 5
3 14 3
 π π
4. I = ∫0 x sin x dx = - ∫0 x d(cos x) → parsial

π
I = - ( x.cosx - ∫0 cos x dx)

I = - [ x.cosx – sinx ]π0

I = -[(π.(-1) – 0 ) – (0.1 – 0 )

I=π

1 dx 1 1 1
5. ∫0 = ∫0 x −2 dx = [ 2x 2 ]10
√x

1 1
= (2. 12 ) - (0. 12 )

= 2.

π
6. ∫0 sin x dx = [ -cos x ]π0

= ( - cos π) – ( -cos 0)

= 1 + 1 = 2.

1 1
7. ∫− 1 (x 2 + 1)dx = [ 3 x 3 + x ]1−1
2 2

1 1 1
= (3.12 + 1) – (3 (- 2)

4 1 1 1 32+1+12 45
= 3 - (3 . - 8 ) 2 = = 24
24

SOAL LATIHAN