Pemodelan AC dari suatu rangkaian diperoleh dengan :

1. Hilangkan semua sumber DC, ganti dengan short circuit

2. Ganti kapasitor dengan short circuit
3. Gambar rangkaian pengganti
Remember pada rangkaian RC seri dg sumber V, maka arus
yang mengalir pada kapasitor (Xc) adalah i=v/\R
2
+Xc
2
,
sehingga bila Xc<< R, maka arus akan mengalir (seperti
asumsi short circuit)
Pada dasarnya transitor bukan saja digunakan untuk proses input yang linier
saja (DC), namun perlu (punya kemampuan) analisis (proses) sinyal non-
linier (AC) kebanyakan bagian dari transmitter/reciever dari suatu pancaran
gelombang terdiri dari komponen transistor
Berarti harus ada piranti tambahan (kapasitor) yang akan meloloskan
sinyal AC (bypass/coupling capacitor)
Sedangkan untuk melihat sinyal keluaran dari transitor digunakan
beberapa cara dengan Common Emitter (CE), Common Collector
(CC) dan Common Base (CB)
ingat pelajaran tentang RLC, maka masalah impedansi adalah hal
penting untuk dianalisis juga, penguatan yang dapat dilakukan oleh
transistor dan berbagai permasalahan bila transistor di-cascade
V
S
V
CC
C
1
C
2
C
3
+
-
V
o
R
S
V
i
+
-
R
E
R
C
R
1
R
2
V
S
+
-
V
o
R
S
V
i
+
-
R
C
R
1
R
2
I/p coupling
capacitor s/c
Large values
Block DC and
pass AC signal
Bypass
capacitor s/c
Large values
DC supply 0
potential
Voltage-divider configuration
under AC analysis
Penggambaran ulang
konfigurasi diatas setelah
peniadaan sumber DC dan
menggunakan kapasitor
sebagai short/close
komponen
O/p coupling
capacitor s/c
Large values
Block DC and
pass AC signal
Ilustrasi-1
V
S
R
S
R2 R1
R
c
Transistor small-
signal ac
equivalent cct
V
o
Z
i
I
i
Z
o
I
o
V
i
+
+
- -
B
E
C
Redrawn for small-signal AC analysis
Modeling of
BJ T begin
HERE!
V
S
+
-
V
o
R
S
V
i
+
-
R
C
R
1
R
2
Ilustrasi-2 lanjutan
DC and AC Analysis -- Application of Superposition
DC analysis:
Find the DC equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by open
circuits and inductors (if any) by short circuits.
Find the DC Q-point from the equivalent circuit by using the
appropriate large-signal transistor model.

AC analysis:
Find the AC equivalent circuit by replacing all capacitors by short
circuits, inductors (if any) by open circuits, dc voltage sources by
ground connections and dc current sources by open circuits.
Replace the transistor by its small-signal model (to be
developed).
Use this equivalent circuit to analyze the AC characteristics of the
amplifier.
Combine the results of dc and ac analysis (superposition) to
yield the total voltages and currents in the circuit.
Lihat Malvino (3
rd
edition) halaman 177 gambar 7-4/Slide selanjutnya. Kalau
pada analisa DC (kuliah2 sebelum ini) pad penggambaran garis beban
terdapat nilai Q yang bervariasi pada kurva Ic vs Vcc berupa garis lurus saja
Namun pada gambar 7-4 d tsb digambarkan untuk yang beroperasi disekitar
Q dg bentuk sinyal sinus luaran pada VBE akan bervariasi berupa sinus
juga (ingat pada kuliah sebelumnya kita hanya memiliki harga pasti (konstan)
dari VBE
Hal tersebut akan terjadi bila sinyal yang masuk ke transistor adalah AC,
sehingga berdasar gambar ketiga diatas, maka diode tergantikan oleh
tahanan di emiter (re)

+
V
BE
+
V
BE
re

I
C
I
C
Pendekatan Diode untuk
Analisa DC
Pendekatan Diode untuk
Analisa AC
Tahanan bulk
dari emiter
where r
e
= ac emitter resistance
I
E
= the dc emitter current, found as V
E
/ R
E
for
example.
25mV
e
E
r
I
'
=
AC Emitter Resistance

BE
e
E
V
r
I
A
'
=
A
I
E
V
BE
AV
BE
AV
BE
Q
2
AI
E
AI
E
Q
1
Beberapa literatur memberikan nilai 26 mV

The determination of ac beta.
I
B
I
C
Q
AI
B
AI
C
C c
ac
B b
I i
I i
|
A
= =
A
h
FE
= dc beta
h
fe
= ac beta
AC Model of A BJT
npn pnp
B
C
E
B
C
E
b
c
e
i
b
i
c
= |
ac
i
b
r'
e
Standarisasi notasi AC dan
DC
IE, IC, IB ie, ic, ib
VE, VC, VB ve,vc,vb
VBE, VCE, VCB vbe, vce, vcb
|dc, |, re h
FE
, hfe, hrb
DC AC
Fig 9.12a Example 9.2. Analisa Output Untuk
Sinyal AC dan DC (Cshort)
V
CC
Q
1
R
E
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
L
C
C1
C
C2
C
B
GND
Q
1
R
E
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
L
Fig 9.12c-d Example 9.2.
penyederhanaan rangkaian
Q
1
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
L
Q
1
R
1
||R
2
R
C
||R
L
(c)
(d)
Voltage Gain DC of CE
L c c c c
L c c out
R R r where r i
R R i v
= =
=
..
) (
out
in
c C C
v
e e e
v i r r
A
v i r r
= = ~
' '
Q
1
R
1
||R
2
R
C
||R
L
i
b
i
c
= |i
b
r'
e
v
in
v
out
Q
1
R
1
||R
2
R
C
||R
L
in e e
v i r
'
=
25mV
e
E
r
I
'
=
- fase out berbeda 180 input
V
CC
Q
1
R
E
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
L
C
C1
C
C2
C
B
GND
Q
1
R
E
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
L
Q
1
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
L
Q
1
R
1
||R
2
R
C
||R
L
Q
1
R
1
||R
2
R
C
||R
L
i
b
i
c
= |i
b
r'
e
v
in
v
out
Q
1
R
1
||R
2
R
C
||R
L
out
in
c C C
v
e e e
v i r r
A
v i r r
= = ~
' '
( )
out
where
c C L
c C C C L
v i R R
i r r R R
=
= =
in e e
v i r
'
=
1) AC circuit
2) AC Circuit
2.a)
2.b)
3) AC Circuit
3.a)
3.b)
Voltage Gain CE
Summary
Perhatikan Malvino p.173 gbr. 9.2.b
-vbe+(ic/|).rb+ie(re+re)~0 didapat ie

| / ' rB e r rE
vbb
ie
+ +
=
vc=ie.rC
ve=ie.rE
vb=ie(re+rE)
Penguat Tegangan AC
Cara 1 A=(vc/vb)
Cara 2 A=(rC/rE+re)
Singkatnya
Analias Dc untuk
mendapatkan IE

Analias AC untuk
liat gain dan bentuk
sinyal output

Penghubung AC &
DC melalui,
re=25mV/IE

+ 30 V
100
O
R
C
10kO
R
1
20 kO
R
2
10kO
R
L
10 k O
~
Vbb
O
10k
10k
20k 10k
10 k
~
100
re 5k
~
100
Contoh-1 (penguat dg common base)
+ 30 V
10,1 k
O
R
C
10kO
20 kO
10kO
Untuk analisa
DC, maka
semua kapasitor
open shg.
Menjadi gbr. (2)
Untuk dapat re diperlukan IB
(DC), maka dg voltage
devider Diperoleh IB, 10 V,
shg dg asumsi VBE0, maka
VE=10 V dan IE=10/10,1K
atau sekitar 1 mA, shg
didapat re=(25 mV/IE) atau
sama dengan 25
Seri antara 100
dan 10 K
1
2
3
Untuk analisa AC, maka
kapasitor gbr (1) semua
short dan VCC = 0
| / ' rB e r rE
vbb
ie
+ +
=
4
vc=ie.rC
ve=ie.rE
vb=ie(re+rE)
Cara 1 A=(vc/vb) Cara 2
A=(rC/rE+re)
Vi
Vo
R
C
C
1
C
2
V
CC
R
1
Voltage-divider bias configuration
R
E
R
2
R
1
R
E
R
2
Redrawn the input side of the network
Thevenin
V
CC
R
1
R
2
R
TH
Determining R
TH
R
1
R
2
V
CC V
R2
+
-
E
TH
+
-
Determining E
TH
R
TH
R
E
Inserting the Thevenin
equivalent cct.
E
TH I
E
I
B
V
BE
+
-
2 1 TH R R R =
2 1
CC 2
2 R TH
R R
V R
V E
+
= =
0 R I V R I E E E BE TH B TH =
( ) gives I 1 I
Subtitute
B E + =
( ) E TH
BE TH
B
R 1 R
V E
I
+ | +

=
1
2 3
4 5
+20 V
h
FE
= 200
R
E
2.2kO
R
C
12kO
R
1
150kO
R
2
20kO
R
L
50kO
Contoh-1 (Common Emitter)
Transform the base circuit to its Thevenin
equivalent.
2
1 2
1 2
20k
20V
170k
2.353V
20k 150k
17.65k
th CC
th
R
V V
R R
R R R
= =
+
=
= =
=
2.353V 0.7V
( 1) 17.65k 201 2.2k
3.595A
th BE
B
th FE E
V V
I
R h R

= =
+ + +
=
( )
200 3.595A 718.9A
1 201 3.595A 722.5A
C FE B
E FE B
I h I
I h I
= = =
= + = =
( )
20V 718.9A 12k 722.5A 2.2k
9.784V active
CE CC C C E E
V V I R I R =
=
=
25mV 25mV
34.6
722.5A
12k 50k 9.677k
e
E
C C L
r
I
r R R
' = = =
= = =
9.677k
279.7
34.6
C
v
e
r
A
r
~ = =
'
1
)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Fig 9.13 Example 9.4. (1)
+20 V
h
FE
= 200
R
E
2.2kO
R
C
12kO
R
1
150kO
R
2
20kO
R
L
50kO
Transform the base circuit to its
Thevenin equivalent.
2
1 2
1 2
20k
20V
170k
2.353V
20k 150k
17.65k
th CC
th
R
V V
R R
R R R
= =
+
=
= =
=
2.353V 0.7V
( 1) 17.65k 201 2.2k
3.595A
th BE
B
th FE E
V V
I
R h R

= =
+ + +
=
Fig 9.13 Example 9.4. (2)
+20 V
h
FE
= 200
R
E
2.2kO
R
C
12kO
R
1
150kO
R
2
20kO
R
L
50kO
( )
200 3.595A 718.9A
1 201 3.595A 722.5A
C FE B
E FE B
I h I
I h I
= = =
= + = =
( )
20V 718.9A 12k 722.5A 2.2k
9.784V active
CE CC C C E E
V V I R I R =
=
=
25mV 25mV
34.6
722.5A
12k 50k 9.677k
e
E
C C L
r
I
r R R
' = = =
= = =
9.677k
279.7
34.6
C
v
e
r
A
r
~ = =
'
Fig 9.14 Example 9.5. (1)
Transform the base circuit to its
Thevenin equivalent.
2
1 2
1 2
4.7k
10V
22.7k
2.070V
4.7k 18k
3.727k
th CC
th
R
V V
R R
R R R
= =
+
=
= =
=
2.070V 0.7V
( 1) 3.727k 31 1.2k
33.49A
th BE
B
th FE E
V V
I
R h R

= =
+ + +
=
+10 V
h
FE
= 30
h
fe
= 200
R
E
1.2kO
R
C
1.5kO
R
1
18kO
R
2
4.7kO
R
L
5kO
Fig 9.14 Example 9.5. (2)
( )
30 33.49A 1.005mA
1 31 33.49A 1.038mA
C FE B
E FE B
I h I
I h I
= = =
= + = =
( )
10V 1.005mA 1.5k 1.038mA 1.2k
7.247V active
CE CC C C E E
V V I R I R =
=
=
25mV 25mV
24.08
1.038mA
1.5k 5k 1.154k
e
E
C C L
r
I
r R R
' = = =
= = =
1.154k
47.91
24.08
C
v
e
r
A
r
~ = =
'
+10 V
h
FE
= 30
h
fe
= 200
R
E
1.2kO
R
C
1.5kO
R
1
18kO
R
2
4.7kO
R
L
5kO
CE Current Gain
A
i
is always less than h
fe
due to two factors:
1. The input ac current is divided between the
transistor and the biasing network.
2. The output collector current is divided between
the collector resistor and the load.
out
in
i
i
A
i
=
Power Gain
p i v
A A A =
Example 9.7 The amplifier shown in Fig. 9.5 has
values of A
v
= 45.3 and A
i
= 20. Determine the
power gain (A
p
) of the amplifier and the output
power when Pin = 80 W.
20 45.3 906
p i v
A A A = = =
out in
906 80W 72.48mW
p
P A P = = =
The Effects of Loading
The lower the load resistance is, the lower the voltage gain.
2.4k
96
C C L
C
v
e
r R R
r
A
r
= =
= =
'
2k
80
C C L
C
v
e
r R R
r
A
r
= =
= =
'
R
C
3kO
R
L
6kO
R
1
||R
2
r'
e
=25O
R
C
3kO
R
L
12kO
R
1
||R
2
r'
e
=25O
Example 9.8
The load in Fig. 9.16 is open. Calculate the
open-load voltage gain of the circuit.
3k
C C
r R = =
3k
120 (max. gain)
25
C
v
e
r
A
r
= = =
'
INPUT IMPEDANCE
WHY?
For an instrument the Z
IN
should be
very high (ideally infinity) so it does
not divert any current from the input to
itself even if the input has very high
resistance.
e.g. an opamp taking input from a
microelectrode.
Input Circuit Output
Impedance between input
terminals = input
impedance
e.g. Microelectrode R=10 Mohm &
therefore Rin=G Ohm!
Ide Dasarnya OUTPUT IMPEDANCE
Input Circuit Output
Impedance between output terminals
= output impedance
WHY?
For an instrument the Z
OUT
should
be very low (ideally zero) so it can
supply output even to very low
resistive loads and not expend
most of it on itself.
e.g. a power opamp driving a motor
A common-emitter (CE) amplifie
capacitors are used for coupling ac without disturbing dc levels
Vout is biased at middle of V+
AC Gain: G = - Rc / RE

0
(V+)/2
0.1
(V+)/2 + G*0.1
(V+)/2 - G*0.1 -0.1
Phase Relationship

The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative
sign used in the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.
Ilustrasi-1
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is
from the collector.

The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input
impedance and low output impedance with a high voltage and
current gain.
Removing DC effects of
VCC and Capacitors
Common-Emitter (CE)
Fixed-Bias Configuration
A Practical BJT Amplifier using Coupling
and Bypass Capacitors
AC coupling through capacitors is used
to inject an ac input signal and extract the
ac output signal without disturbing the DC
Q-point. Capacitors provide negligible
impedance at frequencies of interest and
provide open circuits at dc.
In a practical amplifier design, C
1
and C
3

are large coupling capacitors or dc
blocking capacitors, their reactance (X
C
=
|Z
C
| = 1/wC) at signal frequency is
negligible. They are effective open
circuits for the circuit when DC bias is
considered.
C
2
is a bypass capacitor. It provides a
low impedance path for ac current from
emitter to ground. It effectively removes
R
E
(required for good Q-point stability)
from the circuit when ac signals are
considered.
Ilustrasi-2
Calculating Amp.
Input Impedance
in 1 2 in(base)
Z R R Z =
Z
in(base)
Z
in
R
1
R
2
Biasing circuit
V
CC
( )
IN(base)
DC: 1
FE E
FE E
R h R
h R
= +
~
( )
in(base)
AC: 1
fe e
fe e
Z h r
h r
'
= +
'
~
Rin=(|dc+1 )Re
Example 7-3 (p. 186-188, 3
rd
malvino)Data, Rin (impedansi input
sebelum kapasitor =1K),R1=10Kk, R2=2,2K, dan Rc=3,6K,
Re=1K sedang beban Rl=1,5K), |=150
Pertama tentukan impedansi input yaitu,
Zin(base)=|.re=150.(22,7 Ohm)=3,4K, angka 22,7 dari contoh 7-1
Inpedansi input amplifier zin = R1||R2|||.re
zin=10K || 2,2K || 3,4K=1,18K dari soal sebelumnya (7-2)didapat
unload
Voltage gain adalah -159, sedangkan impedansi output sama dg.
Rc, maka

Voltage devider input vin = (1.18/1,18+1) . 1 mV =0,541 mV
Thevenien output voltage vout = A. vin = -159 . (0,541mV)=-
86mV
That is unloaded output

The actual output is what appears across the 1,5K
Vout = (1,5/1,5+3,6). -86mV=-25mV
Fig 9.17 Example 9.9.
in(base)
200 24 4.8k
fe e
Z h r
'
~
= =
in 1 2 in(base)
18k 4.7k 4.8k
2.1k
Z R R Z =
=
=
+10 V
h
FE
= 30
h
fe
= 200
R
E
1.2kO
R
C
1.5kO
R
1
18kO
R
2
4.7kO
R
L
5kO
Z
in(base)
Z
in
Q
1
R
2
4.7kO
R
1
18kO
R
C
1.5kO
R
L
5kO
r'
e
= 24O
h
fe
= 200
Z
in(base)
Z
in
Calculating the Value of A
i
out
in
i
i
A
i
=
c
fe
b
i
h
i
=
( )
out out
out
c L C c C L
c C
L
v i R R i r i R
i r
i
R
= = =
=
( )
in in in in(base)
in(base)
in
in in
1
b
b fe e
b
v i Z i Z
i h r
i Z
i
Z Z
= =
'
+
= =
in
in(base)
C
i fe
L
Z r
A h
Z R
=
Q
1
R
C
R
1
R
2
R
L
i
c
i
b
Z
in(base)
i
out
v
out
i
in
v
in
Z
in
Example 9.10
Calculate the value of A
i
for the circuit shown in Fig. 9.17.
in(base)
200 24 4.8k
fe e
Z h r
'
~ = =
in 1 2 in(base)
2.1k Z R R Z = =
1.15k
C C L
r R R = =
in
in(base)
2.1k 1.15k
200
4.8k 5k
20.2
C
i fe
L
Z r
A h
Z R
=

=
Q
1
R
2
4.7kO
R
1
18kO
R
C
1.5kO
R
L
5kO
r'
e
= 24O
h
fe
= 200
Z
in(base)
Z
in
Multistage Amp.
Gain Calculations
1 2 3 vT v v v
A A A A =
1 2 3 iT i i i
A A A A =
pT vT iT
A A A =
Procedure:
1. Do dc analysis
2. Find r
e
for each stage

3. Find r
C
for each stage

4. Using r
e
and r
C
to find A
v

for each stage
Input impedance of next stage is the load of current stage.
(Z
in
of next stage is R
L
of current stage)
Fig 9.18 Example 9.11. (1)
( )
( )
1 201 17.4 3.497k
in base fe e
Z h r
'
= + = =
Determine A
v
of the 1
st

stage. Assume that r
e

for the 1
st
stage is 19.8 O
and r
e
for the 2
nd
stage is
found to be 17.4 O. For
the 2
nd
stage, h
fe
is 200.
5 6 ( )
1.329k
in in base
Z R R Z = =
The input impedance of the 2
nd
stage:
+15V
C
C1
C
C2
C
C3
R
1
22kO
R
2
3.3kO
R
4
1kO
C
B1
R
8
1kO
C
B2
R
3
5kO
R
5
15kO
R
6
2.5kO
R
7
5kO
R
L
10kO
Q
1
Q
2
h
FE
= 150
h
fe
= 200
Fig 9.18 Example 9.11. (2)
+15V
C
C1
C
C2
C
C3
R
1
22kO
R
2
3.3kO
R
4
1kO
C
B1
R
8
1kO
C
B2
R
3
5kO
R
5
22kO
R
6
3.3kO
R
7
5kO
R
L
10kO
Q
1
Q
2
h
FE
= 150
h
fe
= 200
3
5k 1.33k=1.05k
C in
r R Z = =
Finally, A
v
for the 1
st
stage is found as
1.05k
53.03
19.8
C
v
e
r
A
r
= = =
'
Example 9.12. (1)
Determine the value of A
vT
for the amplifier in Figure
9.18.
r
C
for the 2
nd
stage can be found as
7
3.33k
C L
r R R = =
3.33k
191.38
17.4
C
v
e
r
A
r
= = =
'
A
v
for the 2
nd
stage is found as
( )( )
3
1 2
53.03 191.38 10.15 10
vT v v
A A A = = =
Fig 9.19 The swamped CE amplifier and
its ac equivalent ckt.
Swamped amplifier is an
amplifier that uses a partially
bypassed emitter resistance to
increase ac emitter resistance.
Also referred to as a gain-
stabilized amplifier.
R
C
r
E
R
E
C
B
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
R
L
+V
CC
Q
1
r
E
Q
1
r
C
R
1
//R
2
Distortion (Bagian dari efek Negatip Swamp)
The location of the point Q (size of the dc source on input) may
cause an operating point to lie outside of the active range.
Driven to saturation
Driven into Cutoff
A
v
of Swamped Amp.
C
v
e E
r
A
r r
~
'
+
r
E
Q
1
r
C
R
1
//R
2
r
C
R
1
//R
2
r
E
r'
e
i
b
i
c
= |
ac
i
b
Q
1
v
in
v
out
( )
out c C
v
in e e E
v i r
A
v i r r

= =
'
+
Fig 9.20 Example 9.13. (1)
R
C
1.5kO
r
E
300O
R
E
910O
C
B
R
1
18kO
R
2
4.7kO
R
L
10kO
+10V
h
FE
= 200
h
fe
= 150
2
1 2
1 2
4.7k
10V 2.070V
22.7k
18k 4.7k 3.727k
th CC
th
R
V V
R R
R R R
= = =
+
= = =
( )( )
( )( )
( )
1
2.070V 0.7V
3.727k 201 1210
5.550A
200 5.550A
1.110mA
1 201 5.550A
1.116mA
th BE
B
th FE E E
C FE B
E FE B
V V
I
R h r R
I h I
I h I

=
+ + +

=
+
=
= =
=
= + =
=
Fig 9.20 Example 9.13. (2)
R
C
1.5kO
r
E
300O
R
E
910O
C
B
R
1
18kO
R
2
4.7kO
R
L
10kO
+10V
h
FE
= 200
h
fe
= 150
( )
( )
10V 1.110mA 1.5k 1.116mA 1210
6.985V (active)
CE CC C C E E E
V V I R I r R = +
=
=
25mV 25mV
22.41
1.116mA
e
E
r
I
'
= = =
1.304k
C C L
r R R = =
1.304k
4.046
22.41 300
C
v
e E
r
A
r r
= = =
'
+ +
Example 9.14
Determine the change in gain for the amplifier in Example
9.13 when r
e
doubles in value.
1.304k
3.782
44.82 300
C
v
e E
r
A
r r
= = =
'
+ +
4.046 3.782 0.2639
v
A A = =
Swamping improves the gain stability of a CE
amplifier when r
E
>> r
e
.
Kuantitas re idealnya bernilai (25mV/Ie), akan tetapi karena transistor
lebih sensitip thd kenaikan temperatur (ingat disetiap komponen transistor
seringkali disertai pendingin), sehingga nilai tahanan tsb. pun akan dapat
berubah juga
Perubahan tahanan tersebut kalau melihat beberapa rumusan
sebelumnya akan berpengaruh pada voltage gain, tentunya tak
diharapkan bila terlalu tinggi

Lebih spesifik lagi lihat halaman 189 biasanya untuk mengatasi efek
swamping, maka di emiter ditambah dengan tahan RE sehingga pada
sisi emiter menjadi (re+RE), lihat sekali lagi hal 189, bila diberikan
tahanan seperti dimaksud diatas, maka penurunan gain lebih kecil 5%
dengan kenaikan re 100%

Sedang untuk gain tanpa RE (lihat barisan dibawah halaman yang sama
dengan kenikan /penurunan voltage gain besar variasi perbedaannya
sangat besar (tidak stabil) seharusnya kenaikan temperatur tidak
mengakibatkan kenaikan gain yang cukup besar
The Effect of Swamping on Z
in
( )
in(base)
1
fe e
fe e
Z h r
h r
'
= +
'
~
( )
( )
( )
in(base)
1
fe e E
fe e E
Z h r r
h r r
'
= + +
'
~ +
b
c
e
Z
in(base)
r'
e
b
c
e
Z
in(base)
r'
e
r
E
Fig 9.22 Gain stabilization.
A
v
-r
C
/ r
e
-r
C
/ (r
e
+r
E
)
Z
in(base)
h
fe
r
e
h
fe
(r
e
+r
E
)
Advantage Higher values of A
v
than the
swamped amplifier.
Relatively stable A
v
. Much
smaller distortion.
Disadvantage Relatively unstable values of
A
v
.
Lower A
v
than the standard
amplifier.
R
E
R
E
r
E
Summary
AC concepts
Roles of capacitors in amplifiers
Common-emitter ac equivalent circuit
Amplifier gain
Gain and impedance calculations
Swamped amplifiers
h-parameters