GL3222
St. Helen
Krakatau Merapi
Tipe Erupsi Gunung Api
(van Zuidam, 1983)
1. Icelandic: erupsi celah, magma basalt; tenang, miskin gas, lava sheets
yang kemudian bisa membentuk plateau
2. Hawaiian: erupsi celah, kaldera dan kawah, lava basalt mobile, dg gas,
erupsi tenang sedang, sedikit abu, membentul kubah lava
3. Strombolian: strato (kawah-kawah puncak), erupsi sedang, eksplosi
ritmik - menerus, lepasan gas, lelehan lava, bom dan skoria, letusan abu
warna terang
4. Vulcanian: Strato (kepundan tengah), lava lebih kental, letusan gas,
bom, pumice dan abu, letusan freatik; letusan dahsyat
5. Vesuvian: lebih dahsyat (paroksismal) daripada Strombolian atau
Vulcanian; letusan gas sangat kuat; letusan terjadi setelah istirahat
panjang; lava dan letusan abu yang membentuk awan cendawan
(cauiliflower) yang tinggi
6. Plinian: lebih dahsyat dari Vesuvian; meletuskan kolom awan sangat
tinggi; tetapi awan umumnya berkadar abu rendah
7. Pelean: hasil lava sangat kental; kawah tersumbat oleh lava-dome/plud;
gas bisa meletus dari samping; menghasilkan awan panas.
LAVA MEMBANGUN MERUSAK
Tipe Tipe Perret
Tipe Hawaii Stromboli (Plinian)
Sangat
Encer
Tipe Vulcan
lemah kuat
Enncer
Kental
Awan panas
c. Jarum Api
d. Kubah Lava
Toba, the Earth's largest Quaternary caldera, is seen here in a false-color satellite
image. The 35 x 100 km caldera, partially filled by Lake Toba, was formed during
four major ignimbrite-forming eruptions in the Pleistocene, the latest of which
occurred about 74,000 years ago. The large island of Samosir is a resurgent uplifted
block. The solfatarically active Pusukbukit volcano was later constructed near the
south-central caldera rim, and Tandukbenua volcano on the NW rim may be only a
few hundred years old.
Landsat image, 1987 (National Aeronautical and Space Administration/EOSAT).
Kawah (crater)
Kaldera
Single crater
Multiple crater
Fissure crater
Breached crater (kawah sumbing)
Maar (pyroclastic crater)
Fomarol, Solfatara, Mofet
Fumarol (Domas, Tk.parahu) Solfatara (Papandayan)
Tipe aliran lava
> 7o
Lava cone
Lava mound
Lava disc
Aliran Lahar
Lahar Panas/Erupsi
dan
Lahar Dingin/Hujan
Sketsa Gunung Guntur, Garut
Dilihat dari pintu gerbang DTW Cipanas
21 Oktober 2001
III. BENTANG ALAM PEGUNUNGAN GUNUNGAPI
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Large red triangles show volcanoes with known or inferred Holocene eruptions; small
red triangles mark volcanoes with possible, but uncertain Holocene eruptions or
Pleistocene volcanoes with major thermal activity. Yellow triangles distinguish
volcanoes of other regions.
Keaktifan gunung api di Indonesia
Tipe A: Pernah tercatat meletus dalam sejarah
(aktif) +/- 70 gunung; 26 gunung diawasi terus-
menerus. Luas daerah terancam 16.620 km2
dan jiwa 2.399.000 (1974)