1. Pangan
2. Sandang
3. Rumah
4. Peralatan
5. Transportasi
Kebutuhan dan Tanggapan
Manusia
Pekerjaan:
1. Bertani
2. Berburu
3. Tambang
4. Industri
5. Dagang/Jasa
Kebutuhan dan Tanggapan
Manusia
Kesehatan:
1. Fisik
2. Rohani
3. Lingkungan
Kebutuhan dan Tanggapan
Manusia
1. Pemerintahan
2. Pendidikan
3. Falsafah
4. Sastra, budaya
5. Religi
Lingkungan Binaan:
1.Permukiman
2.Pertanian
pertambangan pariwisata
3.Industri; pertambangan;
4.Daya guna laut dan pantai
5.Sarana dan prasarana
New Technologies
1993 Remain Important
100
100 BILLION
BARRELS Solar, Wind
Geothermal
80
Billion World Energy Demand
Barrels Nuclear Electric
of Oil Coal
Equivalent 60
per Year
(GBOE) Natural
Gas
40
Fossil Fuels
Decreasing
Crude Oil
20
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Gas
Cap
Oil
Entrapment Water Seal Rock
Accumulation Reservoir
Rock
Migration
120 F
350 F
Generation Source Rock
24803
Anticline
Fault
Salt Dome
Pinchout
Unconformity
Perak:
1. Native silver (Ag; 100%)
2. Argentite (Ag2S; 87%)
3. Cerargyrite (AgCl; 75%)
Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Tembaga:
Native copper (Cu; 100%)
Bornite (CuFeS4; 63%)
Brochchantite (CuSO4 3Cu(OH)2; 62%)
Chalcocite (CuS2; 80%)
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2; 34%)
Covellite (CuS; 66%)
Cuprite (Cu 2O; 89%)
Enargite (3Cu2S.As2S5; 62%)
Malachite (CuCO3 Cu(OH)2; 57%)
Azurite (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2; 55%)
Chrysocolla (CuSiO3 .2H2O; 36%)
Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Besi:
1. Magnetite (FeO.Fe2O3; 72% metal)
2. Hematite (Fe2O3; 70%)
3. Limonite (Fe2O3..H2O; 60%)
4. Siderite (Fe2CO3 ; 48%)
Timbal (Lead):
1. Galena (PbS; 86%)
2. Cerussite (PbCO3; 77%)
3. Anglesite (PbSO4 ; 68%)
Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Seng:
1. Sphalerite (ZnS; 67% metal)
2. Smithsonite (ZnCO3; 52%)
3. Hemimorphite (H2ZnSiO5.; 54%)
4. Zincite (ZnO ; 8o%)
Timah:
1. Cassiterite (SnO2; 78%)
2. Stannite (Cu2S.FeS.SnS2; 27%)
Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Nikel:
1. Pentlandite ((Fe,Ni)S; 22% metal)
2. Garnierite (H2(Ni,Mg)SiO3.H2O.; -)
Krom:
1. Chromite (FeO.Cr2O3; 68%)
Alumunium
1. Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O; 39%)
Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Mangan:
1. Pyrolusite (MnO2 ; 63% metal)
2. Psilomelane (Mn2O3.xH2O.; 45%)
3. Braunite (3Mn2O3.MnSiO3.; 69%)
4. Manganite (Mn2O3.H2O.; 62%)
Antimon:
1. Stibnite (Sb2S3; 71%)
Bismuth:
1. Bismuthinite (Bi2S3; 81%)
Mineral bijih (ore minerals)
Cobalt:
1. Smaltite (CoAs2 ; 63% metal)
2. Cobaltite (CoAsS.; 35%)
Molybdenum:
1. Molybdenite (MoS2; 60%)
2. Wulfenite (PbMoO4 ; 39%)
Tungsten:
1. Wolframite ((Fe,Mn)WO4 ; 76%)
2. Huebnerite (MnWO4 ; 76%)
3. Scheelite (CaWO4 ; 80%)
Mineral bukan logam
1. Bahan bakar: batubara, minyak bumi, gas bumi
2. Keramik: lempung, kaolin, felspar
3. Bangunan: pasir, kerikil, gamping, gipsum, magnesit, tras, batu,
marmer
4. Refraktori: bps kuarsa, felspar, grafit, lempung tahan api,
magnesit, dolomit, kromit, bauksit, zirkon
5. Industri: asbes, mika, talk, pasir kuarsa, bentonit, gipsum, batu
apung, belerang, kalsit, dolomit
6. Kimia: gram-garam (Cl PVC), brom, iodium, belerang, nitrat
7. Pupuk: fosfat, belerang, gamping, nitrat
8. Gurinda: intan, korundum, garnet, kuarsa, obsidian
9. Permata: intan, beril, topaz, jade, opal, kuarsa
10. air
Hal-hal lain yang perlu
diperhatikan:
1. Kadar mineral
2. Cut off grade
3. Jumlah cadangan
4. Bentuk cadangan
5. Letak geografis
6. Alternatif penambangan
7. Dampak lingkungan
Cut Off Grade
Kasus 1:
darimana ?
Air laut !
Monumen alam,
Pusaka bumi