KERAMIK

Anhar Indarianti Utami Umi Nopitasari

Keramik adalah semua benda-benda yang terbuat dari tanah liat/lempung yang mengal
ami suatu proses pengerasan dengan pembakaran suhu tinggi. Pengertian keramik yan
g lebih luas dan umum adalah “Bahan yang dibakar tinggi” termasuk didalamnya seme
n, gips, metal dan lainnya.

Bahan keramik terdiri dari fasa yang merupakan senyawa antara unsur logam dan buka
n logam. Senyawa ini mempunyai ikatan ionik dan/atau ikatan kovalen.jadi sifat-sifatn
ya berbeda dengan logam. Kebanyakan fase keramik mempunyai struktur kristalin. Di
banding dengan logam, struktur kristal bahan keramik lebih rumit.
KLASIFIKASI / PENGGOLONGAN KERAMIK

Traditional ceramics
01 silikat yang digunakan untuk produk tanah liat seperti batu bata, ubin, genteng,
kerajinan pecah belah, abrasive umum, dan semen.

New ceramics
keramik yg dikembangkan belakangan berbasis pada non silicates seperti oxid
02 es dan carbides, umumnya memiliki sifat mekanik dan fisik yang lebih unggul d
ibanding keramik tradisional.

Glasses
03 pada dasarnya berbasis pada silika dan dibedakan dari keramik lainnya karena
struktur non-crystalline.

Glass ceramics
04 glasses yg telah diubah menjadi memiliki struktur kristal yang besar dg proses
perlakuan panas.
SIFAT KERAMIK
Sifat Listrik
Sifat listrik bahan keramik sangat bervariasi. Keramik dikenal sangat baik sebagai isolator. B
eberapa isolator keramik (seperti BaTiO3) dapat dipolarisasi dan digunakansebagai kapasitor.
Sering pula digunakan bahan yang disebut dielektrik. Bahan ini
01 adalah isolator yang dapat dipolarisasi pada tingkat molekular.Material semacam ini
digunakan untuk menyimpan muatan listrik. Beberapa keramik memiliki sifat piezoelektrik,
atau kelistrikan tekan. Sifat inimerupakan bagian bahan "canggih" yang
sering digunakan untuk tranduser,yang ditemui pada mikrofon, dan sebagainya

Sifat Non Listrik

1) Sifat Mekanik
Sifat Mekanik Keramik biasanya material yang kuat, dan keras dan juga tahan korosi.Bha
n keramik umumnya memiliki kekuatan tarik yang rendah karenaketahanan terhadap gese
ran terhadap pangkal retak.
2) Sifat Termal
Sifat termal penting bahan keramik adalah kapasitas panas, koefisienekspansitermal, dan
02 konduktivitas termal. Kapasitas panas bahan adalahkemampuan bahanuntuk mengabsorbs
i panas dari lingkungan. Panas yangdiserap disimpan oleh padatan antara lain dalam bent
uk vibrasi (getaran)atom/ion penyusun padatan tersebut.Keramik biasanya memiliki ikata
n yangkuat dan atom-atom yang ringan. Jadigetaran-getaran atom-atomnya akanberfrekue
nsi tinggi dan karena ikatannya kua tmaka getaran yang besar tidakakan menimbulkan ga
ngguan yang terlalu banyak pada kisi kristalnya.Contoh paling baik penggunaan keramik
untuk insulasi panas adalahpada pesawat ruang angkasa.
SIFAT KERAMIK

Sifat Optik
Bila cahaya mengenai suatu obyek cahaya dapat ditransmisikan, diabsorbsi,ataudipantulkan.
Bahan bervariasi dalam kemampuan untuk mentransmisikancahaya, dan biasanya dideskripsi
03 kan sebagai transparan. Dua mekanismepenting interaksi cahaya dengan partikel dalam padat
an adalah polarisasielektronik dan transisi elektron antar tingkat energi. Banyak aplikasimem
anfaatkan sifat optik bahan keramik ini. Transparansi gelas membuatnyabermanfaat untuk jen
dela, lensa, dan objek-objek seni.

Sifat Kimia
Salah satu sifat khas dari keramik adalah kestabilan kimia. Sifat kimia dari permukaan keram
ik dapat dimanfaatkan secara positif. Karbon aktif, silika gel, zeolit, dsb, mempunyai luas per
04 mukaan besar dan dipakai sebagai bahan pengabsorb. Kalau oksida logam dipanaskan pada ki
ra-kira 500 0C, permukaannya menjadi bersifat asam atau bersifat basa. Alumina , zeolit, le
mpung asam atau S2O2 – TiO2 demikian juga berbagai oksida biner dipakai sebagai katalis, ya
ng memanfaatkan aksi katalitik dari titik bersifat asam dan basa pada permukaan.
 Bahan Pembuatan Keramik
Bahan Mentah
Tanah Liat yang memiliki struk
tur berupa lembaran halus
flint (sebuah batu yang tersus
un dari silica sangat halus,SiO2)
feldspar (kelompok kristalin m
ineral yang tersusun dari alumin
ium silikat ditambah kalium, kal
sium, atau natrium).
Bahan Isolasi
Isolator, soket, tombol kontak adal
ah jenis keramik isolasi yang mem
punyai sejarah paling tua. Kebanya
kan dibuat dari barang tanah dan p
orselen, dan sekarang juga masih d
ipakai secara luas sebagai isolator f
rekuensi rendah
Bahan Dielektrik
Bahan dielektrik memisahkan du
a konduktor listrik tanpa ada alir
an listrik diantaranya. Jadi, loga
m bukan bahan dielektrik; tetapi
beberapa jenis keramik dan poli
mer termasuk kelompok ini. Diel
ektrik adalah isolator, dan meme
gang peran inert dalam rangkaian
listrik
 Bahan Pembuatan Keramik
Bahan Piezoelektrik Bahan Semikonduktor Polarisasi listrik

Polarisasi dapat digolongkan d

Dalam bahan keramik semikond alam beberapa jenis tergantung
uktor, termistor, varistor dan sens pada pergeseran satuan polaris
PbTrO3-PbTiO3 or digunakan secara praktis. Ter asi elektronik.
mistor, resistor yang peka sepenu Polarisasi ionik
 BaTiO3 Polarisasi molekul
hnya secara termal, secara harfia
h berarti semikonduktor keramik
dengan variasi termal yang tinggi
.
 Proses Pembuatan Keramik
Tahap-tahap membuat keramik Ada beberapa tahapan proses yang harusdilakukan untuk memb
uat suatu produk keramik,yaitu:
1. Pengolahan bahan
Didalam pengolahan bahan ini ada proses-proses tertentu yang harusdilakukan antara lain
pengurangan ukuran butir, penyaringan
pencampuran
pengadukan (mixing)
pengurangan kadar air
Pengulian
2. PembentukanTahap pembentukan adalah tahap mengubah bongkahan badan tanah liat pla
stis menjadi benda-benda yang dikehendaki. Ada tiga keteknikan utama dalam membentuk
benda keramik:
pembentukan tangan langsung (handbuilding)
teknik putar (throwing)
teknik cetak (casting)..
 Proses Pembuatan Keramik
3. Pengeringan
Tujuan utama dari tahap ini adalah untuk menghilangkan air plastisyang terikat pada badan ker
amik.Ketika badan keramik plastis dikeringkan akan terjadi 3 proses penting:
(1) Air pada lapisanantarpartikel lempung mendifusi ke permukaan, menguap,sampai akhirnya p
artikel-partikelsaling bersentuhan dan penyusutan berhenti;
(2) Air dalam pori hilang tanpa terjadi susut;
(3) air yang terserap pada permukaan partikel hilang.
4. Pembakaran
Pembakaran merupakan inti dari pembuatan keramik dimana proses inimengubah massayang r
apuh menjadi massa yang padat, keras, dan kuat.Pembakaran dilakukan dalam sebuah tungku/
furnace suhu tinggi. Selamapembakaran, badan keramik mengalami beberapa reaksi-reaksi pe
nting.Pengglasiran merupakan tahap yang dilakukan sebelum dilakukan pembakaranglasir. Ben
dakeramik biskuit dilapisi glasir dengan cara dicelup, dituang,disemprot, atau dikuas
Penggunaan Bahan KERAMIK
Bahan-bahan keramik dapat digunakan membuat berbagai komponen/pr
oduk
Keramik Konvensional
Keramik berstruktur Penggunaan : pot bunga, lantai dan din
ding.
01 Keramik putih Penggunaan : peralatan meja makan (seperti
piring, teko, mangkuk),peralatan kamar mandi, perhiasan rum
ah

Keramik Modern
Keramik Oksida
Contohnya: Mata pahat, Komponen mesin.
Keramik Bukan Oksida

02 Contohnya ialah Turbin gas, Komponen mesin, Abrasif, Mata pahat

Keramik Komposit
Contohnya ialah komponen mesin, mata pahat
Keramik Kaca
Contohnya ialah untuk instrument bagian-bagian mekanik dalamkapalterbang.
Thanks For Your
Attention
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