Blok KGD
Aldi Firdaus
405140098
LI
1. Syok
2. Akut Abdomen
3. GI Bleeding
LI 1
SHOCK
Definisi
• Syok Ringan
– Penurunan perfusi hanya pada jaringan dan organ non
vital kulit, lemak, otot rangka, dan tulang.
– Jaringan ini relatif dapat hidup lebih lama dengan perfusi
rendah, tanpa adanya perubahan jaringan yang menetap
(irreversible).
– Kesadaran tidak terganggu, produksi urin N/sdkit
menurun, asidosis metabolik ringan/tdk ada
• Syok Sedang
– Perfusi ke organ vital selain jantung dan otak menurun.
– Organ-organ ini tidak dapat mentoleransi hipoperfusi lebih lama seperti pada
lemak, kulit dan otot.
– oliguri (urin kurang dari 0,5 mg/kg/jam) dan asidosis metabolik tetapi
kesadaran relatif masih baik.
• Syok Berat
– Perfusi ke jantung dan otak tidak adekuat.
– Mekanisme kompensasi syok beraksi untuk menyediakan aliran darah ke dua
organ vital.
– Pada syok lanjut terjadi vasokontriksi di semua pembuluh darah lain.
– Terjadi oliguri dan asidosis berat, gangguan kesadaran dan tanda-tanda
hipoksia jantung (EKG abnormal, curah jantung menurun).
3 fase syok
• Fase Kompensasi
↓curah jantung (cardiac output) gangguan perfusi jaringan
≠ menimbulkan gangguan seluler.
Mekanisme kompensasi vasokonstriksi ↑aliran darah
ke jantung, otak dan otot skelet dan ↓aliran darah ke tempat
yang kurang vital.
Ventilasi meningkat untuk mengatasi adanya penurunan kadar
oksigen di daerah arteri.
terjadi ↑ detak dan kontraktilitas otot jantung untuk ↑
curah jantung dan ↑ respirasi untuk memperbaiki ventilasi
alveolar.
Fase Progresif
Terjadi jika tekanan darah arteri tidak lagi mampu
mengkompensasi kebutuhan tubuh.
Curah jantung tidak lagi mencukupi terjadi gangguan
seluler di seluruh tubuh.
Pada saat tekanan darah arteri ↓, aliran darah ↓, hipoksia
jaringan (+) nyata, gangguan seluler, metabolisme terganggu,
produk metabolisme menumpuk kematian sel
↓ aliran darah ke otak kerusakan pusat vasomotor dan
respirasi di otak (+) hipoksia jaringan
Hipoksia jaringan perubahan metabolisme dari aerobik
menjadi anaerobik asidosis metabolik, terjadi peningkatan
asam laktat ekstraseluler dan timbunan asam karbonat di
jaringan.
• Fase Irrevesibel/Refrakter
• Kerusakan seluler dan sirkulasi >> luas tidak dapat
diperbaiki.
Kekurangan oksigen mempercepat timbulnya ireversibilitas
syok.
Gagal sistem kardiorespirasi, jantung tidak mampu lagi
memompa darah yang cukup, paru menjadi kaku, timbul
edema interstisial, daya respirasi menurun anoksia dan
hiperkapnea
Yg “mendeteksi” syok
• hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
– SyokCRH(hipotalamus) ACTH(pituitari) kortisol (korteks
adrenal
– kortisol bersinergisme dgn epinefrin dan glukagonmeningkatkan
katabolisme
– Kortisol retensi sodium & air
• RAA
– Angiotensin II: vasokonstriktor, rasa haus, sekresi aldosteron &
vasopresin
• ADH (oleh pituitari)
– Efeknya sama dengan vasopresin
Efek metabolik
• Syokpasokan O2 metabolisme
anaerobikmghasilkan laktatasidosis metabolik,
dpt menyebabkan gggan pd:
– Sintesis enzim dan protein
– cell signaling
– DNA repair mechanisms
– Aktivitas enzim normal
– cell membrane ion exchange
– calcium metabolism and calcium signaling
– Menyebabkan irreversible cell injurykematian
Efek metabolik
• Cortisol, glucagon, ADH katabolisme
• Epinephrine prod glukagon, prod insulin
• Hasilnya: hyperglycemia, protein breakdown,
negative nitrogen balance, lipolysis, and
insulin resistance during shock and injury.
Respon imun & inflamasi
• Sel injuriaktivasi sistem
imun
– PainNeuron melepas
bioactive peptides
– Sel yg luka melepas molekul
intraseluler
(DAMPs)memberi sinyal
bahaya bg sel di sekitarnya
(danger signaling)
• Reseptornya: PRRs & TLRs
3 fase syok
ALOGARITMA PADA
PASIEN SYOK
Syok Hipovolemik
• Definisi : Sindrom Klinis syok yang terjadi
akibat penurunan volume intravaskular secara
signifikan
• Patofisiologi
Syok hipovolemik terjadi akibat penurunan volume
sel darah merah dan/atau plasma darah. Kondisi
tersebut dapat berupa perdarahan, sekuestrasi
cairan ekstravaskular, kehilangan cairan dari
gastrointestinal, urin, maupun insensible water loss.
Volume darah yang berkurang (penurunan preload)
akan menurunkan volume akhir diastolik ventrikel
sehingga isi sekuncup (Stroke Volume) juga
menurun.
• Tanda dan Gejala Klinis
Pada stadium awal (<20% volume darah), pasien
dapat mengalami perubahan tingkat kesadaran,
misalnya agitasi dan gelisah, atau depresi sistem
saraf pusat.
Pada pemeriksaan fisis, sering didapatkan tanda
tanda seperti kulit dingin, lembab, hipotensi
ortostatik, takikardia ringan, atau tanda lain
akibat proses vasokontriksi.
• Pada Hipovolemi sedang (20%-40% volume
darah), pasien menjadi gelisah, agitasi dan
takikardia; meski tekanan darah masih relatif
normal pada posisi terlentang. Namun, lebih
sering ditermui adanya hipotensi postural.
• Selanjutnya pada hipovolemia berat (>40%
volume darah), tekanan darah akan menurun,
takikardia menjadi lebih jelas, oliguria,
penurunan kesadaran berupa agitasi atau
confusion)
Tatalaksana
Manajemen syok hipovolemik harus dilakukan simultan
antara stabilisasi C-A-B dan mengatasi sumber
perdarahan (on-going bleeding), bila ada.
1. Pastikan jalan napas dan pernapasan pasien dalam
kondisi baik (PaO2 >80 mmHg);
2. Tempatkan pasien dalam posisi kaki lebih tinggi dan
lakukan resusitasi cairan segera melalui akses IV,
kateter vena sentral, maupun jalur intraoseous. (tabel
1), pada situasi dengan sarana terbatas , prosedur
Venaseksi dapat dilakukan pada vena safena magna
untuk mendapatkan akses vaskular
Tabel 1. Akses Vaskular pada Resusitasi
pada Dewasa
Tipe Lokasi Indikasi
Vena perifer Vena superfisialis di Pilihan pertama, lebih
dorsomanus atau cepat dan mudah
antecubitus, v. Safena dilakukan
magna
Vena sentral Vena jugularis interna, V. Deplesi volume berat,
Subklavia, V. femoralis gagal akses vena perifer
Intraoseous Permukaan anteromedial Apabila akses vaskular
tibia, anterior femur, krista tidak dapat dilakukan
illiaca superior, caput
humeri atau sternum
3. Cairan yang diberikan adalah garam seimbang seperti
Ringer’s laktat (RL), Bolus 2-4 L dalam 20-30 menit.
Penggunaan resusitasi dengan garam isotonus (NaCL
0,9%) harus diwaspadai efek samping asidosis
hiperkloremik.
4. Nilai ketat hemodinamik dan amati tanda tanda
perbaikan syok : tanda vital, kesadaran, perfusi
perifer, urine output, pulse oximetry dan analisi gas
darah. Kondisi asidosis pada dewasa seringkali akibat
perfusi yang buruk, biasanya akan membaik sendiri
setelah resusitasi, Terapi bikarbonat jarang digunakan.
5. Atasi sumber perdarahan (ongoing bleeding).
Hemostasis darurat secara operatif diperlukan
apabila terjadi perdarahan masif (≥40%).
Kemungkinan adanya perdarahan harus selalu
dicurigai apabila kehilangan belum dapat
teratasi.
6. Kehilangan darah dengan kadar hemoglobin (Hb)
≤10 g/dL perlu pergantian dengan transfusi;
pastikan sediaan yang telah menjalani uji cross-
match (uji silang) sebelumnya;
a. Pada kondisi yang sangat darurat, transfusi packed red cell sesuai
dengan golongan darah dapat diberikan, atau
b. Pemberian prc golongan darah O dan rhesus negatif (harus
memenuhi keduanya) hanya di rekomendasikan pada pasien yang
golongan darahnya tidak dapat diketahui. Bila tersedia analisis
golongan darah harus diprioritaskan dahulu misalnya dengan
metode aglutinasi sederhana. Selalu pertimbangkan antara
manfaat dan risiko transfusi darurat ini dalam situasi emergensi
c. Setelah perdarahan berhasil diatasi dan pasien stabil,
pertimbangkan penghentian transfusi setelah Hb >10 g/Dl;
7. Pada kondisi hipovolemia yang berat dan berkepanjangan,
pertimbangkan dukungan inotropik dengan dopamin, vasopresin atau
dobutamin untuk meningkatkan kekuatan ventrikel setelah volume
darah dicukupi terlebih dahulu
Syok distributif
• Syok distributif atau vasogenik terjadi ketika volume
darah secara abnormal berpindah tempat dalam
vaskulatur seperti ketika darah berkumpul dalam
pembuluh darah perifer.
Syok distributif dapat timbul pada kondisi:
↓ CURAH JANTUNG
↓TEKANAN DARAH
SYOK SEPTIK
Tanda klinis
• Fase dini
– terjadi deplesi volume, selaput lendir kering, kulit
lembab dan kering.
• Post resusitasi cairan
– gambaran klinis syok hiperdinamik: takikardia, nadi
keras dengan tekanan nadi melebar, precordium
hiperdinamik pada palpasi, dan ekstremitas hangat.
• Disertai tanda-tanda sepsis.
• Tanda hipoperfusi
– takipnea, oliguria, sianosis, mottling, iskemia jari,
perubahan status mental.
Diagnosis
• Pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan jumlah sel darah putih yang
banyak atau sedikit, dan jumlah faktor pembekuan yang
menurun.
• Jika terjadi gagal ginjal, kadar hasil buangan metabolik (seperti
urea nitrogen) dalam darah akan meningkat.
• Analisa gas darah menunjukkan adanya asidosis dan
rendahnya konsentrasi oksigen.
• Pemeriksaan EKG jantung menunjukkan ketidakteraturan
irama jantung, menunjukkan suplai darah yang tidak memadai
ke otot jantung.
• Biakan darah dibuat untuk menentukan bakteri penyebab
infeksi.
Pemeriksaan laboratorium
Gula darah kapiler
Darah lengkap
Kultur darah (2 lokasi yang berbeda)
Screening terhadap DIC
Ureum, kreatinin, elektrolit
Analisa gas darah
Kultur urine
Lakukan foto thoraks untuk mencari adanya konsolidasi dan
tanda-tanda ARDS.
Pertimbangkan pemeriksaan EKG.
Pasang kateter urine untuk mengawasi produksi urine.
Penatalaksanaan
http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/
Signs and Symptoms Causes
• Swelling and tenderness in • Primary peritonitis : a liver
disease. Fluid builds up in the
the abdomen with pain abdomen, creating an
ranging from dull aches to environment for bacteria to grow.
• Secondary peritonitis : other
severe, sharp pain conditions that allow bacteria or
• Fever and chills fungus to come into the
peritoneum from a hole or tear in
• Loss of appetite the abdominal wall. Tears can be
caused by:
• Thirst – Pancreatitis
– A ruptured appendix
• Nausea and vomiting – A stomach ulcer
• Less urine – Crohn disease
– Diverticulitis
• Not being able to pass gas – Peritoneal dialysis, which uses the
blood vessels in the abdomen to
or stool filter waste from your blood when
your kidneys cannot, also may
cause peritonitis.
http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/
Risk Factors Diagnosis
• The following factors may increase • Physical examination
the risk for primary peritonitis: • feel and press abdomen to find any swelling and
– Liver disease (cirrhosis) tenderness, and look for signs that fluid has
– Fluid in the abdomen collected in the area. listen to bowel sounds and
– Weakened immune system check for:
– Pelvic inflammatory disease – Difficulty breathing
– Low blood pressure
• Risk factors for secondary
peritonitis include: – Signs of dehydration
– Appendicitis (inflammation of the • The following procedures also may be
appendix) performed:
– Stomach ulcers – Blood tests, to see if there is bacteria in
– Torn or twisted intestine your blood
– Pancreatitis – Test samples of fluid from the abdomen, to
– Inflammatory bowel disease, such as identify the bacteria causing the infection
Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis – CT scan, to identify fluid in the abdomen,
– Injury caused by an operation or an infected organ
– Peritoneal dialysis – X-rays, to spot air in the abdomen, which
– Trauma means that an organ may be torn or
perforated
http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/
• Preventive Care
– Get medical help as soon as symptoms appear.
– If getting peritoneal dialysis: help avoid peritonitis by
cleaning the area around the catheter with antiseptic
and washing hands before touching the catheter.
• Treatment
– Surgery to get rid of the source of infection, such as an
inflamed appendix, or to repair a tear in the
abdominal wall
– antibiotics to control infection
http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/
Acute Appendicitis
Acute appendicitis
• Appendicitis is defined as an inflammation of the inner lining
of the vermiform appendix that spreads to its other parts.
• The clinical presentation of appendicitis is notoriously
inconsistent. The classic history of anorexia and periumbilical
pain followed by nausea, right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, and
vomiting occurs in only 50% of cases.
Etiology
– obstruction of the appendiceal lumen.
– lymphoid hyperplasia secondary to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
or infections (more common during childhood and in young adults),
– fecal stasis and fecaliths (more common in elderly patients),
– parasites (especially in Eastern countries)
– foreign bodies and neoplasms (rarely)
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-overview
Features include the following: Features of the abdominal
• Abdominal pain: Most pain are as follows:
common symptom • Typically begins as
• Nausea: 61-92% of patients periumbilical or epigastric
pain, then migrates to the RLQ
• Anorexia: 74-78% of patients [3]
• Vomiting: Nearly always • Patients usually lie down, flex
follows the onset of pain; their hips, and draw their
vomiting that precedes pain knees up to reduce
suggests intestinal obstruction movements and to avoid
• Diarrhea or constipation: As worsening their pain
many as 18% of patients • The duration of symptoms is
less than 48 hours in
approximately 80% of adults
but tends to be longer in
elderly persons and in those
with perforation.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-overview
Physical examination findings The following accessory signs may
include the following: be present in a minority of
• Rebound tenderness, pain on patients:
percussion, rigidity, and • Mc. Burney sign
guarding: Most specific finding
• RLQ tenderness: Present in 96% • Blumberg sign
of patients, but nonspecific • Rovsing
• Male infants and children • Obturator sign
occasionally present with an
inflamed hemiscrotum • Psoas sign
• In pregnant women : • Dunphy sign
RLQ pain and tenderness • RLQ pain in response to
dominate in the first trimester, percussion of a remote quadrant
but in the latter half of of the abdomen or to firm
pregnancy, right upper quadrant
(RUQ) or right flank pain may percussion of the patient's heel:
occur Suggests peritoneal inflammation
• Markle sign
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-overview
Diagnose CBC
• CBC • WBC >10,500 cells/µL: 80-85% of
• C-reactive protein (CRP) adults with appendicitis
• Neutrophilia >75-78% of patients
• Liver and pancreatic function
tests • Less than 4% of patients with
appendicitis have a WBC count less
• Urinalysis (for differentiating
than 10,500 cells/µL and neutrophilia
appendicitis from urinary tract less than 75%
conditions)
C-reactive protein
• Urinary beta-hCG (for
• CRP levels >1 mg/dL are common in
differentiating appendicitis from patients with appendicitis
early ectopic pregnancy in
Urinary 5-HIAA
women of childbearing age)
• HIAA levels increase significantly in
• Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic
acute appendicitis and decrease when
acid (5-HIAA) the inflammation shifts to necrosis of
the appendix. Therefore, such
decrease could be an early warning
sign of perforation of the appendix.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-overview
Appendectomy remains the only
Management
curative treatment of appendicitis, but
• Emergency department care is management of patients with an
as follows: appendiceal mass can usually be
• Establish IV access and divided into the following 3 treatment
administer aggressive crystalloid categories:
therapy to patients with clinical 1. Phlegmon or a small abscess: After IV
signs of dehydration or antibiotic therapy, an interval
septicemia appendectomy can be performed 4-6
• Keep patients with suspected weeks later
appendicitis NPO 2. Larger well-defined abscess: After
• Administer parenteral analgesic percutaneous drainage with IV
antibiotics is performed, the patient
and antiemetic as needed for
can be discharged with the catheter in
patient comfort; no study has
place; interval appendectomy can be
shown that analgesics adversely
performed after the fistula is closed
affect the accuracy of physical
3. Multicompartmental abscess: These
examination
patients require early surgical
drainage
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-overview
• Antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered before
every appendectomy
• Broad-spectrum gram-negative and anaerobic coverage
is indicated
• Cefotetan and cefoxitin seem to be the best choices of
antibiotics
• In penicillin-allergic patients, carbapenems are a good
option
• Pregnant patients should receive pregnancy category A
or B antibiotics
• Antibiotic treatment may be stopped when the patient
becomes afebrile and the WBC count normalizes
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-overview
Intususeption
Intususeption
• Intussusception is a process in which a segment of intestine invaginates
into the adjoining intestinal lumen, causing bowel obstruction.
• Because intussusception seems to occur more often in the fall and winter
and because many children with the problem also have flu-like symptoms
some suspect a virus may play a role in the condition, Sometimes, a
lead point can be identified as the cause of the condition — most
frequently the lead point is a Meckel's diverticulum (a pouch in the lining
of the small intestine).
• In adults, intussusception is usually the result of a medical condition or
procedure, including:
A polyp or tumor
Scar-like tissue in the intestine (adhesions)
Weight-loss surgery (gastric bypass) or other surgery on the intestinal tract
Inflammation due to diseases such as Crohn’s disease
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/intussusception/symptoms-causes/dxc-20166963
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930708-overview#a6
History Diagnosis
• The patient with intussusception is • colonoscopy
usually an infant, often one who • Imaging studies used in the
has had an upper respiratory diagnosis of intussusception include
infection, who presents with the the following:
following symptoms: • Radiography: Plain abdominal
• Vomiting radiography reveals signs that
• Abdominal pain: Pain in suggest intussusception in only 60%
intussusception is colicky, severe, of cases
and intermittent • Ultrasonography: Hallmarks of
• Passage of blood and mucus: ultrasonography include the target
Parents report the passage of stools and pseudokidney signs
that look like currant jelly (a • Contrast enema: This is the
mixture of mucus, sloughed traditional and most reliable way to
mucosa, and shed blood; diarrhea) make the diagnosis of
can also be an early sign of intussusception in children
intussusception
• Lethargy Rosen_'s Emergency Medicine -
• Palpable abdominal mass Concepts and Clinical Practice (8th Ed.)
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/93070
8-overview#a6
Management Diagnose : USG and Barium
• Nonoperative reduction enema
• Therapeutic enemas include the
following:
Differential Considerations
• Hydrostatic: With barium or water-
soluble contrast • The differential diagnosis includes
other causes of bowel
• Pneumatic: With air insufflation; this
is the treatment of choice in many • obstruction.
institutions, and the risk of major
complications with this technique is Initial care
small • When your child arrives at the
• Surgical reduction hospital, the doctors will first
• Traditional entry into the abdomen stabilize his or her medical
is through a right paraumbilical condition. This includes:
incision. • Giving your child fluids through an
• If manual reduction is not possible intravenous (IV) line
or perforation is present, a • Helping the intestines decompress
segmental resection with an end-to- by putting a tube through the
end anastomosis is performed. child's nose and into the stomach
• Laparoscopy (nasogastric tube)
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/intussusception/symptoms-causes/dxc-20166963
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930708-overview#a6
Rosen_'s Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical
Practice (8th Ed.)
LI 3
UPPER GI BLEEDING
• Definite :
• Etiology : Variceal & Non Variceal
Non varicela ;
1. Peptic Ulcer
2. Mallory Weiss tear
3. Gastroduodenal Erosion
4. Neoplasm
5. Vaskular Ektasis
Peptic Ulcer
• Most common cause : H. Pylori and NSAID
• Duodenal ulcer 2x > bleeding
• Risk factor :
1. Age
2. Prior history of ulcer
3. High or multiple dose of NSAID
4. Concomitant anticoagulant
5. Concomitant glucocorticoid
6. Ethanol use
7. Comorbid conditions
Mallory Weiss tear
• Mucosal tear at G-E junction
• Stop spontaneously on 80-90%
• Usually cause by retching
• Rarely cause severe bleeding
ØManaged by supportive care
ØRarely required endoscopic/ surgical
intervention
Gastroduodenal Erosion (Mucosal
Erosion)
• Esophagitis, gastritis, duodenitis
ØAppears as erythema or superficial erosion
endoscopically
• Rarely associated with significant UGI bleeding
• Related to NSAID use, alcohol, or stress gastritis
• Bleeding and stress gastritis : < 3% of patients in
ICU
ØHigh risk : mechanical ventilation > 48 hours,
coagulopathy, head injury, extensive burn injury
Gastroduodenal Erosion (Vaskular
Lesion)
• Vascular ectasia, AVM
ØAssociated with connective tissue disease
(scleroderma), renal failure, radiation, cirrhosis
ØWatermelon stomach : diffuse, linear AVM’s in
gastric antrum, often found in elderly woman.
• Dieufaloy lesion
ØLarge, submucosal artery usually located in gastric
cardia
ØModerate to severe bleeding
Neoplasm
• Primary adenocarcinoma, lymphoma,
neuroendocrine
• Stromal tumor (GIST) : rare, often present in
men > 50 years with UGI bleeding
• From metastatic lesion (melanoma, breast) >
rare
Management
• ABC
• Monitor, 02, Volume expansion ( crystalloid/PRBC/FFP)
• NG tube and lavage
• Medical management
Ø PPI (IV)
ØOctreotide (somatostatin analogue à decrease Gastroduodenal mucosal blood flow,
inhibits acid and pepsin secretion, stimulates mucous production)
Ø Erythromycin
• Endoscopy
• Angiography
ØNot amendable to endoscopic therapy
Ø Poor surgical candidate
• Surgery
Ø Bleeding where endoscopy and angiography has failed
Ø Large visible vessel
Variceal Bleeding
• Have the poorer outcome than other sources of UGIB
• Screening EGD should be performed at the time of
diagnosis of cirrhosis to screen for varices, and repeat
every 2-3 years
• Management for acute bleeding :
Resuscitation -- ABC
Prophylaxis antibiotic – flouroquinolone
Pharmacological treatment – octreotide
Endoscopy band ligation (+ octreotide)
Refractory bleeding – TIPS (transjugular intrahepatik
portosystemic shunt)
LOWER GI BLEEDING
• SMALL INTESTINE SOURCE OF BLEEDING
• § Uncommon
• § Causes : vascular ectasis, tumor, NSAID erosion
and ulcer, Chorn’s disease,
• infection, ischemia, vasculitis, intussusception.
• COLONIC SOURCE OF BLEEDING
• § Causes : Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, diverticula,
vascular ectasis, inflammatory
• bowel disease
Daftar pustaka
• Isselbacher KJ, Braunwald E,Wilson JD, Martin
JB, Fauci AS, Kasper, editors. Harison’s
principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New
York: McGraw Hill, 2001
• Sjaifoellah Noer, Sarwono Waspadji, Muin
Rachman A, Lesmana LA, Djoko Widodo, dkk,
editor. Ilmu penyakit dalam. Jilid I edisi III.
Jakarta: FKUI, 1996