PENGANTAR ILMU PETERNAKAN:

“INDUSTRI PETERNAKAN DI DUNIA”

Tim Fakultas Peternakan IPB

 Domestikasi dan Pentingnya
Hewan Ternak

Downloaded from national ag ed site. Author unknown. Edited by Jaime Gosnell and Dr. Frank Flanders, Georgia
Agricultural Education Curriculum Office, to accompany lesson 01.432-1.1
 OBJECTIVES
Tujuan
• Menjelaskan Peternakan
• Menjelaskan Mengapa Hewan di Domestikasi
• Menjelaskan penggunaan hewan ternak
• menggambarkan ruang lingkup Industri peternakan di
dunia
• Menentukan trend Konsumsi di dunia modern
 Devinsi Peternakan:
• Istilah peternakan biasanya di definiskan sebagai
hewan yang dibesarkan untuk memproduksi
susu, daging, wool, dan untuk bekerja
• Hal itu termasuk sapi pedaging dan perah, babi,
domba, kuda, kambing, dan ayam
• Hewan lain yang digunakan dalam pertanian
seperti Burung Emu, Lebah, umpan ikan, dll
dipertimbankan sebagai hewan alternative
pertanian dan tidak di bahas disini
 Apa yang di maksud dari domestifikasi
hewan?
• mengadaptasikan hewan untuk digunakan oleh
manusia
• Hewan di ambil dari alam dan dibesarkan dalam
perawatan manusia
Mengapa Hewan di domestikasi?
Untuk menyediakan suplai pangan
yang stabil
Untuk meyediakan Transportasi
Untuk meyediakan Transportasi
Untuk menyediakan bahan mentah untuk
baju
UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KARAKTERISTIK
YANG DINGINKAN
Untuk menyediakan kesenangan
dan rekreasi
 Industri ternak Unggas

• Pedaging
(broilers)
• Layers
(petelur)
Pentingnya Industri Ternak Unggas
• Produk ayam relatif murah
• Daging ayam adalah salah satu daging terbaik yang
dapat dibeli di supermarket
Rata-rata harga retail ($/lb)
1989 1991 1992 1993 1995 2000
Daging 2.66 2.88 2.85 2.94 3.54 2.53
sapi
Daging 1.83 2.12 1.98 1.94 2.18 2.28
babi
Daging .93 .88 .87 .88 1.39 1.59
ayam
Daging .99 1.00 1.00 1.06 .99
Turki
Pentingnya Industri Ternak Unggas
• Kotoran Unggas sebagai pupuk.
– Pertanian Organik
– Harga Premium?
– Kaya dengan nitrogen dan material organic
– Pakan sampingan untuk ruminansia
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/techinfo/4Pst39.htm
Distribusi Unggas Dunia
Chickens 14,857 million
China 3771 million
US 1830 million
Brazil 1006 million

Ducks 917 million

China 636 million
Vietnam 57 million
Indonesia 28 million
Thailand 27 million

Turkeys 243 million

U.S. 88 million
France 42 million
Italy 25 million
Figure 1. Per Capita konsumsi ungags di Kanada dan
Amerika Serikat

http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/pou4181
 Masa Depan Industri Unggas

1. Peningkatan Bioteknologi. Embrex Inovoject

2. Peningkatan ketersediaan produk sepanjang tahun.
3. Lebih banyak kontrak dan produksi terintegrasi. Integrator
yang lebih besar.
4. Perangkat hemat tenaga kerja meningkat.
5. Pertanian berkelanjutan.
6. Meningkatkan perhatian terhadap perilaku dan
kesejahteraan unggas.
7. Keamanan pangan meningkat.
8. Peningkatan kualitas produk.
9. Konsumsi meningkat terintegrasi.
10. Integrator yang lebih besar.
Industri Sapi Pedaging
 2000 Sapi dan Kerbau Dunia
(Juta ekor)
• India 313 • Mexico 24
• Brazil 146 • Columbia 22
• China 127 • France 20
• U.S.A. 98 • Germany 15
• Argentina 50 • South Africa 14
• Russian Fed. 27 • Canada 13
• Australia 26 • Venezuela 12
World Total 1,011
 1999 WORLD BEEF and VEAL
PRODUCTION (Juta Metrik Ton)
• U.S.A. 12.1 • France 1.6
• Brazil 6.2 • Germany 1.4
• China 5.1 • Canada 1.2
• Argentina 2.8 • Italy 1.2
• Australia 2.0 • Ukraine 0.8
• Russian Fed. 1.9 • United Kingdom 0.7
• Mexico 1.9 • Columbia 0.7
• India 1.7 Total World 49.3
 1999 PERDAGANGAN DAGING
INTERNASIONAL (Ribu Metrik Ton)
EXPORTS IMPORTS
• U.S.A. 1,677 • Japan 1,824
• Australia 1,300 • U.S.A. 1,679
• Canada 1,139 • Russian Fed. 1,200
• Brazil 631 • Mexico 440
• Denmark 594 • Korea 365
• New Zealand 420 • Hong Kong 329
World Total 9,083 World Total 7,353
 UKURAN & INVESTASI DARI
SEGMEN INDUSTRI DAGING AS
• Seedstock – 120,000 breeders $ 15 bil.
• Cow-calf – 830,880 operations $ 180 bil.
• Feedlot – 44,000 feedlots $ 7.5 bil.
• Packers – 1,250 operations $ 3.8 bil.
• Retailers – 250 food chains $ 50 bil.
Industri Sapi Perah
 Produksi Susu di Beberapa Negara Besar,
2004 dalam MMT (Juta Metrik Ton)
140
Total World Milk Production = 613.4 MMT
120
Million Metric Tons

100
80
60
40
20
0
US

ico
NZ

ia

il
ia

da
5

a
lia

az
-2

in

tin
d

ss
tra

ex
na
In

Ch

Br
EU

n
Ru

M
s

Ca

ge
Au

Ar
Source: USDA/FAS & FAO Database: FAOSTAT
 Siapa Eksporter Terbesar?
World's Largest Dairy Exporting Countries,
2003 in MMT
Million Metric Tons

60 49.9 Total World Dairy Trade = 77.8 MMT

50
40
30
20 11.4
10 4.5 2.8 0.8 1.0
0
Z

a
S
5

lia
N

ad

in
-2

U
ra

nt
EU

an
st

ge
C
Au

Ar
Source: USDA/FAS & FAO Database: FAOSTAT
 Siapa Importir Terbesar?
World's Largest Dairy Importing Countries, 2003 in
MMT
Million Metric Tons

45 38.1
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 2.1 1.9 3.0 3.0 1.2 1.6 1.3 2.7 1.8 2.0 1.6 1.3
5
0
al n

nd
a
US
5

In ina

Th ia
ria

M a

iA a
il

ilip o
pa
si
az

ne
-2

si
Ph xic

u d si

b
la
ge

ne
Ch

ay

us

ra
EU

Ja
Br

pi

ai
e
do
Al

R
M

Sa
Source: USDA/FAS & FAO Database: FAOSTAT
 Tipe produk susu yang di ekspor AS
Types of Dairy Products Exported by U.S., 2004 in Million of $USD

700 612.6
Total U.S. Export Value = $1,503
600
Value of Exports

484.7 M
500
400
300 197.8
161.7
200
100 32.8 13.5
0
Nonfat Dry Cheese Whey Evap Milk Butter Other
Milk
Source: USDA/FAS FATUS Database
INDUSTRI DOMBA
 Sheep Enterprises
• Purebred
• Commercial
• Club Lambs
• Feedlot
• Wool
• Milk
 Sheep Enterprises
• Purebred
– Purebred sheep supply genetics for the
development of commercial sheep production
systems.
– In general, depending on the breed and
availability, it is more expensive to start a
purebred sheep business than a commercial
one.
– Purebred sheep are often more expensive to
produce, and more expense is involved in
advertising and marketing. (Mathis and Ross,
2000)
 Sheep Enterprises
• Wool
– Top Countries
• 1st Australia
• 2nd New Zealand
• 3rd South Africa
• 4th United States
– Clothing v. Carpet Wool
– Properties of Wool
• Water resistant
• Good Insulation
• Elasticity
• Strong
• Felting Properties
 Sheep Enterprises

• Wool
– Shearing
• Average fleece weight in US is 8.5 pounds
• Shearing process typically requires 2 to 3 minutes
Sheep Enterprises

• Wool
– Grading
• Blood Grade
• Spinning Count System
• Micron diameter
– Fineness
– Crimp
– Staple Length
– Uniformity
– Color
– “Noilage”
SISTEM PRODUKSI TERNAK
• Extensive Management Systems
– Southwestern Range Operations
• Rambouillet type ewes
– High Quality Wool, Fast Growing Lambs, 100-115%
Lamb Crop
– Limited Supplementation
– Predators are a challenge
– Northwestern Range Operations
• Similar but more feed resources
– Larger, coarser fleeced ewes are used with higher % lamb
crop
– Black faced rams are utilized
SISTEM PRODUKSI TERNAK
• Extensive Management Systems
– Predators
• Dogs
• Coyotes
• Wolves
• Bears
– Guardians
• Dogs
• Llamas
• Donkeys
 SISTEM PRODUKSI TERNAK
• Intensive Management Systems
– Farm Flock Operations
• Common in the Midwest
• Weaned lamb crop of 150-200%
• Maternal lines are mated to sire lines
– Lamb Feedlot Industry
• Concentrated in a confined area and fed high
concentrate diets
• Colorado is leading lamb feeding state
• Gain .75-1.0 pounds per day
INDUSTRI TERNAK KAMBING
 Goat Products
Goats are classified into 3 main types
1. Dairy
2. Meat
3. Mohair
Within each category there are several common breeds
 Dairy Goats
• More goat’s milk is consumed worldwide than cow’s milk.

• Goat milk has a more easily digestible fat and protein content than cow milk.

• A dairy doe may be milked the same way as a dairy cow

with either a machine or by hand

• The same care is taken for the milk and the doe as taken with a dairy cow.

• Goat milk is used for drinking, cooking and baking.

• It is used to make cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt, candy, soap and other
body products.

• Goat milk is whiter than whole cow milk. Therefore, products made with it
are white, but may be colored during processing.
 Meat Goats

• Goat is the most highly consumed meat in the world.

• Meat from goats is known as chevon.

• It is a very popular product worldwide, and gaining popularity in the US.

• A major challenge facing the meat goat industry is the need to create a
wider range of products that will appeal to more (or newer) clientele
consumers while still meeting the needs of existing consumers.
 Mohair Goats
• The mohair goat is a variety that originated in Turkey,
centering around the region of Angora.
• The average goat in the U.S. shears approximately 5.3
pounds of mohair per shearing and are usually sheared
twice a year.
Industri ternak BABI
The Swine Industry
 Vertical Integration
• What is vertical integration?
• Integrating several stages of production into single
management of one organization

Seedstock
Farrow to Finish
Packer/Processor
 Sectors of the Swine Industry
• Seedstock Production
– Sell breeding stock (boars and gilts)
– Supply the genetic base for change
– Traditional Producers: produce purebred stock
for use in crossbreeding programs
– Hybrid: carefully orchestrated crossbred
 Feeder Pig Production
• Maintain breeding herd
• Product sold: feeder pigs
– 40 to 60 lbs.
– 2 months of age
 Farrowing
• Process of sow/gilt giving birth
• Farrowing stalls:
– Protect baby pig
– Provide dual heat
• Drip coolers for sow
• Heat pads/lamps for pigs
 Feeder Pig Production
• Production Factors
– Reproductive Performance
– Average of 2.5 litters/yr
– Weaned litter size of 10-12 pigs
– 21 day litter weight- reflects milk production
 Feeder Pig Production
• Reproductive Traits are lowly heritable
– Must properly manage the environment
– Minimize disease
– Provide disease adequate nutrition
 Grower-Finisher Operations
• Purchase Feeder Pigs
• Product sold: market hogs
– Sold at 250 lbs
– 5-6 months of age

Average daily Gain (ADG) 2 lbs

Feed Conversion: 3 lbs of feed to 1 lb of gain