9th grade

Science Subject for High School

Chemistry
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Pengertian dan sejarah
Spektroskopi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari materi dan atributnya berdasarkan cahaya, suara atau
partikel yang dipancarkan, diserap atau dipantulkan oleh materi tersebut. Spektroskopi umumnya
digunakan dalam kimia fisik dan kimia analisis untuk mengidentifikasi suatu substansi melalui ating
yang dipancarkan atau yang diserap. Alat untuk merekam ating disebut ating er.

Inframerah adalah radiasi elektromagnetik dari panjang gelombang lebih panjang dari cahaya tampak,
tetapi lebih pendek dari radiasi gelombang radio. Namanya berarti “bawah merah” (dari ating Latin
infra, “bawah”), merah merupakan warna dari cahaya tampak dengan gelombang terpanjang.
Spektrofotometri Infra Red atau Infra Merah merupakan
suatu metode yang mengamati interaksi molekul dengan
radiasi elektromagnetik yang berada pada daerah panjang
gelombang 0,75 – 1.000 µm atau pada Bilangan
Gelombang 13.000 – 10 cm-1. Aplikasi spektroskopi infra
merah sangat luas baik untuk analisis kualitatif maupun
kuantitatif.

Inframerah ditemukan pada tahun 1800 oleh Sir William

Herschell. Penelitian selanjutnya diteruskan oleh Young,
Beer Lambert, dan Julius melakukan berbagai penelitian
dengan menggunakan spektroskopi inframerah
Langkah Awal Mengenal Gugus
Fungsional Pada Spektra IR!
 Puncak kuat pada sekitar 1820 –
1660 cm-1
 Mempunyai puncak dasar → 1715
cm-1
 Jika molekul terkonjugasi, absorbs
kuat (C=O) bergeser ke kanan (ke
frekuensi lebih rendah) sekitar 30
cm-1 9sekitar 1685 cm-1)
 Asam karboksilat → puncak OH (melebar pada 3400 – 2400 cm-
1)
 Amida → puncak NH sekitar 3500 cm-1 (satu atau dua puncak).
 Ester → puncak C-O (kuat pada 1300 – 1000 cm-1)
 Anhidrida Asam → 2 puncak C=O pada 1810 dan 1760 cm-1
 Aldehida → puncak C-H aldehid, 2 puncak lemah pada sekitar
2850 dan 2750 cm-1.
 Keton → bila kemungkinan diatas tidak ada

Apakah ada Gugus

YA! Dilihat adanya:
Karbonil?

 Alkohol/Fenol→ puncak melebar pada 3600-3300 cm-1 tegaskan dengan

adanya C-O pada 1300-1000 cm-1
 Amna → puncak ulur NH sekitar 3500 cm-1 (amina primer= 2 puncak;
TIDAK! Dilihat adanya: amina sekunder= 1 puncak; amina tersier= tidak ada puncak).
 Eter → puncak C-O (kuat pada 1300 – 1000 cm-1 dan tidak ada puncak
didaerah OH)
Prinsip Kerja Spektro IR
Prinsip dasar Spektro IR:
• Spektrofotometri IR didasarkan pada interaksi antara vibrasi atom2 yang berikatan atau Gugus fungsi dalam molekul
dengan mengadsorbsi radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik IR
• Absorpsi terhadap radiasi inframerah dapat menyebabkan eksitasi energi vibrasi Molekul ke tingkat energi vibrasi
yang lebih tinggi dan besarnya absorpsi adalah Terkuantitasi dan spesifik.
• Vibrasi yang normal mempunyai frekuensi sama dengan frekuensi radiasi elektromagnetik yang diserap sehingga
bersifat spesifik terhadap atom2 yang berikatan atau gugus fungsi tertentu.
• Proses absorpsi (spektra IR) hanya dapat terjadi apabila terdapat perubahan baik nilai maupun arah dari momen
dwikutub ikatan.
• Dengan cara yang sama transisi energi vibrasi juga dapat terjadi dari tingkat energi terendah (v = 0) ke tingkat energi
kedua (v = 2) dengan frekuensi sebesar 2n (lihat persamaan IV.6). Sebagai perbandingan dalam bahasa musik dikenal
istilah:
n = frekuensi vibrasi dasar, sedangkan
2n = frekuensi overtone
Syarat-syaratt terjadinya serapan IR → Perubahan momen dipol
Molekul yang tidak menyerap IR: H-H, Cl-Cl
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ating getaran: kekuatan gaya ikatan (k) dan massa atom-atom
– jenis ikatan
– polaritas ikatan
Whoa
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 “Chemists do not usually stutter. It
would be very awkward if they did,
seeing that they have at times to get
out such words as
methylethylamylophenylium.”

—William Crookes
Table of contents

01 02 03
Properties Electronegative Reactions
You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here the section here

04 05
Identify Resume
You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here
 Introduction
Here you can give a brief description of the topic you
want to talk about. For example, if you want to talk about
Mercury, you can say that it’s the smallest planet in the
entire Solar System
 01
Properties of
matter
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
 Features of matter

Mass Volume Weight

It’s the closest planet to Venus is the second Mars is actually a very
the Sun planet from the Sun cold place

Porosity Inertia Impenetrably

Jupiter is the biggest It’s composed of It’s the farthest planet
planet of them all hydrogen and helium from the Sun
A picture is worth a
thousand words
 States of matter

Solid Liquid Gas

It’s the closest planet to the Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
Sun and the smallest in the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
Solar System from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
Chemistry evolution in our history

1 2 3 4

2000 B.C 1709 1954 2004

Despite being red, Jupiter is the It’s composed of Venus is the second
Mars is a cold place biggest planet hydrogen & helium planet from the Sun
The matter conceptual map

Matter

Extrinsic Intrinsic

Mass Weight Density Boiling

Examples of mix types

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Oil + liquid Alcohol + color

Mercury is the closest It’s actually a cold place.
planet to the Sun It’s full of iron oxide dust
Periodic table
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 9 10
8 O
Li Be B C N F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Ci Ar
19 20 21 22 23 25 27 29 30 31 32 33 35
24 Cr 26 Fe 28 Ni 34 Se 36 Kr
K Ca Sc Ti V Mn Co Cu Zn Ga Ge As Br
37 39 41 42 45 47 53 54
38 Sr 40 Zr 43 Tc 44 Ru 46 Pd 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn51 Sb52 Te
Rb Y Nb Mo Rh Ag I Xe
56 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79 81
55 Cs 73 Ta 80 Hg 82 Pb83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn
Ba Lu Hf W Re Os Ir Pt Au Ti
87 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
88 Ra
Fr Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fi Mc Lv Ts Og
58 61 63 65 67 69 70
57 La 59 Pr 60 Nd 62 Sm 64 Gd 66 Dy 68 Er
Ce Pm Eu Tb Ho Tm Yb
89 93 95 96 97 100 101 102
90 Th 91 Pa92 U 94 Pu 98 Cf99 Es
Ac Np Am Cm Bk Fm Md No
 Another picture
always is good for
you
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of a long text. Your
audience will appreciate it
 02
Reactions of
elements
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
The most important reactions
Fission
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a
bit larger than the Moon
Fusion
Venus has a beautiful name and
is the second planet from the
Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere
Household dangerous chemicals

Product 1 Product 2 Mix Reaction

Bleach Ammonia Is a dwarf planet

Bleach Water The Sun is a star

Bleach Vinegar Saturn is a gas giant

Bleach Alcohol Mars is cold

150,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
A list of reactions
Spontaneous
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
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⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
Nonspontaneous
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
⃞ Here you can enter a reaction
This is a map for you

Mars
It’s actually a cold place.
It’s full of iron oxide dust

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Write here the results

Result 1 Result 2

You can list here the first experiment you would like to try

You can list here the second experiment you would like to try

You can list here the third experiment you would like to try

You can list here the fourth experiment you would like to try
These are some percentages

35% 85% 65%

Despite being red, It’s the farthest Venus is the second
Mars is a cold place planet from the Sun planet from the Sun
03
Nuclear fusion
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
Benefits of electrostatic confinement

Stadiness Electric field

Venus is the second It’s the biggest planet in
planet from the Sun the Solar System

Ionization Energy
Despite being red, Mars Saturn is a gas giant and
is a cold place has several rings
Awesome
words
A picture always
reinforces the concept

Images reveal large amounts of data,

so remember: use an image instead of
a long text. Your audience will
appreciate it
This is a graph

100 m²
Venus is the second planet

50 km
Mars is a cold place

25
Saturn is a gas giant

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 9h 55m 23sIs Jupiter's rotation period

333,000.000
Earths is the Sun’s mass

386,000 km
Is the distance between Earth and the Moon
 Our team

Jenna Doe Timmy Jimmy Beth Bones

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