cool??
EVOLUSI :
adalah proses perubahan makhluk hidup yang
terjadi dalam jangka waktu yang sangat lama
dan secara perlahan – lahan sehingga akan
terbentuk spesies baru
MACAM EVOLUSI
Berdasar hasilnya , dibedakan menjadi dua
a)EVOLUSI PROGRESIF
Evolusi yang menuju pada kemungkinan
bertahan hidup atau survive
Contoh : Burung Finch
b) EVOLUSI REGRESIF :
Evolusi yang menuju pada kemungkinan
kepunahan
Contoh : Dinosaurus
Lamarck proposed that
ancestral giraffes with short
necks tended to stretch their
necks to feed on tree leaves, and
this extension of the neck was
passed on to subsequent
generations, leading to the long-
necked giraffe (figure 20.2a).
Menurut Lamarck, jerapah leher panjang berasal dari jerapah leher
pendek. Perubahan terjadi disebabkan oleh lingkungan.
In Darwin’s theory,
by contrast, the variation is not created
by experience,
but is the result of preexisting genetic
differences
among individuals (figure 20.2b).
CHARLES ROBERT
DARWIN
Menulis buku berjudul “ON THE OF SPECIES BY
MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION”
(terbentuknya spesies baru disebabkan karena
seleksi alam)
Terjadi apabila beberapa individu dari populasi yang saling kawin bersatu satu sama
lain. Migrasi menyebabkan meningkatnya variasi dalam populasi karena adanya gen
baru, atau menurunnya variasi karena kehilangan gen selama emigrasi.
Seleksi alam menjadikan pertukaran frekuensi alel, akibat migrasi, mutasi dan
genetic drift dapat bertahan (adaptive).
Seleksi alam bekerja melalui proses differensiasi reproduksi, dimana terjadi apabila
beberapa individu mampu dan bertahan serta dengan cepat memperbanyak dan
mentransfer gen mereka terhadap individu lain.
Mekanisme spesiasi
A. Spesiasi alopatrik: Terbentuknya spesies baru akibat terkucil dari populasi tetuanya
akibat terisolasi secara geografi (akibat pembentukan koloni baru atau bencana alam)
B. Spesiasi simpatrik: terjadi dalam populasi tanpa isolasi gegrafi (sering terjadi pada
tumbuhan, jarang pada hewan)
C. Adaptive radiation: adalah formasi baru dari spesies baru yang terbentuk dari tetua
yang sama sebagai hasil adaptasi mereka terhadap lingkungan yang berbeda
Gene Variation Is the Raw Material of Evolution.
Selection acts on the genetic variation present in
populations, favoring variants that increase the likelihood of
survival and reproduction.
Gene Variation in Nature. Natural populations contain
considerable amounts of variation, present at the DNA
level and expressed in proteins.
• non-random mating
Evolution Underground
• Evolution has generally been thought of as a
very gradual process
– However, examples of rapid evolution have been
observed
• One example of rapid evolution occurred
among mosquitoes who migrated into the
London underground
• In less than 150
years, Culex pipiens
evolved into a new
mosquito species,
Culex molestus
• The origin of new
species is called
speciation
• The isolated mosquitoes adapted to their new
underground environment
– They altered their prey, mating habits, and
breeding patterns
Figure 14.1A
• Similarities between some species and variation
within a species can make defining species
difficult
– Humans exhibit extreme physical diversity
Figure 14.1B
• The biological species concept defines a species
as
– a population or group of populations whose
members can interbreed and produce fertile
offspring
• A ring species may illustrate the process of
speciation
1
OREGON
POPULATION
Sierra
Nevada
2 Yellow-
Yellow-
blotched INLAND
eyed
COASTAL Gap in POPULATIONS
POPULATIONS ring Large-
blotched
Monterey
3
Figure 14.1C
• The biological species concept is not applicable
to fossils or asexual organisms
• Most organisms are classified based on
observable phenotypes
– The morphological species concept
• Prezygotic and
postzygotic
reproductive
barriers prevent
individuals of
different species
from interbreeding
Table 14.2
• Courtship ritual in blue-footed boobies is an
example of one kind of prezygotic barrier,
behavioral isolation
• Many plant species have
flower structures that
are adapted to specific
pollinators
– This is an example of
mechanical isolation,
another prezygotic
barrier
Figure 14.2A, B
• Hybrid sterility is one type of postzygotic barrier
– A horse and a
donkey may
produce a hybrid
offspring, a mule
– Mules are sterile
Figure 14.2C
There are three general outcomes of
natural selection
Original
population
Frequency of
individuals
Phenotypes (fur color)
Original Evolved
population population
Figure 13.19