Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Sistem Rangka

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Apa fungsi system rangka?

· Penyokong tubuh
· Pelindung organ dalam
· Alat gerak pasif
· Penyimpanan mineral dan lemak
· Pembentukan sel darah merah
Sistem rangka
 Tulang/Bones (skeleton)
 Sendi
 Rawan
 Ligamen dan tendon

 Skeleton (Yunani) = tubuh kering

 Terlihat kering dan mati
 Termasuk jaringan hidup
Jumlah tulang, bayi= 350, dewasa=206
 Tulang berdasarkan bentuk

Figure 5.1

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 Kompak vs Bunga Karang

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Anatomi tulang

·Diafisis
·Shaft/Seperti tongkat
·Tulang kompak
·Epifisis
·Ujung tulang
·Sebagian besar tulang
spons
Struktur tulang panjang
1. Periosteum
·Bagian luar penutup diafisis
·Membran jaringan ikat
berserat
· Sebagai perlekatan ke otot
2. Arteries
· Supplier sel-sel tulang
3. Tulang rawan articular
· Penutup/pelapis epifisis
·Hyaline
·Mengurangi gesekan pada
sendi
4. Ruang medullary
· Ruang pada diafisis
· Struktur berwarna kuning
(mostly lemak) pada dewasa
·Struktur berwarna merah
(untuk pembentukan SDM)
pada anak.
 Perkembangan tulang

· Epifisis tumbuh selama periode anak

· (Awalnya) sebagian besar berupa tulang rawan
· Tulang rawan mengalami osifikasi
· Tulang rawan dihancurkan
· Tl sejati menggantikan rawan

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Things to discuss

 Kenapa skeleton pada bayi mostly berupa hyaline?

 Apa itu sinus pada tengkorak? Apa fungsinya?
 Kapan pemanjangan/pembesaran tulang berhenti?
 Apakah tulang mengalami regenerasi secara rutin?
 Apakah kerusakan tulang dapat disembuhkan?
 Tipe-tipe sel tulang sejati
· Osteosit
· Sel tulang dewasa
· Osteoblas
· Bakal osteosit, dibentuk dari arah luar permukaan
tulang
· Osteoklas
· Sel tulang tua, akan dihancurkan
· Struktur diurai dan digunakan untuk bahan baku
osteoblast
· Diurai dari arah dalam
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 Proses pertumbuhan tulang

Figure 5.4a

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 Kerusakan tulang (Fraktur)

Table 5.2

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Lepas sendi
 Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture

Figure 5.5

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 · Hematoma dibentuk
· Insersi fibrocartilage membentuk
jaringan lembut
· Pertumbuhan jaringan darah di daerah
hematoma
· Fibrocartilage digantikan bakal jaringan
tulang
· Osifikasi membentuk tulang tetap
(permanen)
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Skeletal System
 Rangka utama (Axial Skeleton)

Figure 5.6
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 Tengkorak (28 tulang) (18 nama!)
· Tengkorak (8 tulang)
· Tulang wajah (14 tulang)
· Hanya mandibular yang dapat digerakkan

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 Tengkorak (8 tulang)
· Frontal
· Parietal x 2
· Temporal x 2
· Oksipital
· Sphenoid
· Ethmoid

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Tulang wajah (14 tulang)
· Mandibula
· Maxilla x 2
· Palatine x 2
· Zygomatic x 2
· Lacrimal x 2
· Nasal x 2
· Conchae/nasal inferior x 2
· Vomer

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Palatine atau maxilla gagal bersatu.
 Tulang hyoid

· Berbentuk U
· Di bagian atas leher
· Tidak terhubung
dengan tulang lain
· Berfungsi dasar
pergerakan lidah
Figure 5.12
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Tulang-tulang pendengaran

 Malleus (hammer)
 Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
 Tulang belakang

Figure 5.14

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 Tulang rongga dada

Figure 5.19a

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 The Appendicular Skeleton

Figure 5.6c
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 Gelang bahu

Figure 5.20a, b
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 Anngota gerak atas (humerus)

Figure 5.21a, b
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 Anggota gerak atas (radius-ulna)

Figure 5.21c
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 Carpal, metacarpal dan jari-jari

Figure 5.22

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 Gelang pinggul

Figure 5.23a

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 Gelang pinggul, male vs female

Figure 5.23c

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 Anggota gerak bawah (femur)

Figure 5.35a, b

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Tempurung lutut
 Anggota gerak bawah (tibia-fibula)

Figure 5.35c

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 Tarsal, metatarsal dan jari-jari

Figure 5.25

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 Sendi
· Sambungan antar tulang
· Fungsi
· Menyatukan tulang
· Memberi fleksibilitas
· Dikelompokkan atas
· Fungsinya
· Strukturnya
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 Berdasarkan fungsi

· Synarthrosis – Tanpa gerak

· Amphiarthrosis – sedikit gerak
· Diarthrosis – bergerak bebas

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 Berdasarkan struktur

· Jaringan ikat padat

· Umumnya tanpa gerak
· Tulng rawan
· Sedikit atau tidak sama sekali
· Sinovial
· Bergerak bebas

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 Jaringan ikat padat
· Synarthrosis, hampir tanpa gerak

Figure 5.27d, e

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 Tulang rawan – amphiarthrosis

Figure 5.27b, c

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 Sinovial

Figure 5.27f–h

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 Penyakit sendi
· Bursitis – radang kantong sendi, biasanya
karena blow atau friction
· Tendonitis – radang selaput tendon
· Arthritis – radang atau degeneratif sendi
Osteoarthitis, penuaan
Rheumaoid, radang karena serangan
system imum
Gouty = asam urat

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.53