Fisika Terapan
Kuliah Ke 12A: Getaran Periodik
F = –kx
a=(2)/(0.78 s)
f = 1/(0.78s) = 1.28 Hz
b) x = (7.8 cm)cos(t) = 7.8 cm
cos(t) = 1
t =
t 0.78s)/2 = 0.39 s
.
Perioda dari Massa pada Pegas
Frekuensi sudut untuk gerak harmonik sederhana dari
sebuah massa pada sebuah pegas adalah
k
m
Oleh sebab itu, perioda dari osilasi massa tersebut adalah
2 m
T 2
k
Contoh soal 2
Two people with a combined mass of 125 kg hop into an old car with worn out
shock absorbers. This causes the springs to compress by 8.00 cm. When the car
hits a bump in the road it oscillates up and down with a period of 1.65 s. Find (a)
the total load supported by the springs and (b) the mass of the car.
ky mg 0
mg, m = 125 kg k mg /( y )
k (125kg )(9.81m / s 2 ) /(0.08m)
k 1533(kg / s 2 )
FS = ky (2 ) / T (2 ) /(1.65s ) 3.808 / s
y = -0.08m 2 k / M Tot
M Tot k / 2 (15330kg / s 2 ) /(3.808 / s) 2
M Tot 1057kg
M car M Tot 125kg 932kg
Bagaimana gerak harmonik sederhana dipengaruhi
oleh perubahan massa, konstanta pegas dan
amplitudo?
Pendulum
Osilasi atau getaran dari sebuah pendulum atau bandul
(Untuk Sudut osilasi yang kecil) juga dalah gerak
harmonik sederhana.
Perioda
pendulum adalah
L
T 2
g
For example:
• water waves
• sound waves
• waves on a string
• EM waves (no medium)
Notice that the wave can move a great
distance even though the medium moves
very little.
Types of Waves
• Transverse wave - The medium is displaced
in a direction perpendicular to the direction
of the wave motion.
– Radio waves, Light
– Some sound waves in solids
• Longitudinal wave - The medium is
displaced in a direction parallel to the wave
motion
– Sound wave in air
Sound Waves
Properties of Waves
•A pure tone is a single sine (or
cosine) wave.
•A complex tone can be
constructed as a superposition
(sum) of sine waves of
different frequency.
•If the wave has amplitude A,
then every point in the medium
undergoes simple harmonic
motion of amplitude A and
period T.
•The wavelength is the
distance over which the wave
repeats itself.
Wave Velocity
The wave velocity describes how fast the wave
travels:
v = /T = f
m
Sound
• Sound is a longitudinal pressure wave.
• The speed of sound in air is 343 m/s at standard
temperature and pressure. It increases with
increasing temperature.
• The speed of sound in solids is greater than in gasses.
It is greater for stiffer materials.
• Sound waves originate from vibrating objects:
Audible: 20 20,000 Hz
Infrasonic: < 20 Hz
Ultrasonic: > 20 kHz
• The pitch of a sound wave is determined by the
frequency of the sound.
Sound Intensity
Notice that sound waves carry energy. We define the
intensity I as the rate at which energy E flows through a
unit area A perpendicular to the direction of travel of the
wave.
Power Energy
Intensity
Area Area time
= 10 log (I/I0),
where I0 = 10-12 W/m2
is dimensionless but we give it a name,
decibels (dB).
3dB is a factor 2 change in intensity
Every 10dB is a factor 10 change in intensity
20 dB is a factor 100 change in intensity
The Doppler Effect
The observed frequency of sound changes if there is
relative motion between the the observer and the
source of the sound wave. Example: As a train moves
away from you, the pitch (frequency) of the whistle is
lower than when it comes toward you.
+ means that the observer is moving
toward from the source
f’ = shifted frequency,
f = unshifted frequency
1 uo
f v f
uo = observer speed,
1 us us = source speed
v v = wave speed
+ means that the source is moving away from the observer
Contoh soal
Sebuah kereta api pada sebuah rel bergerak pada arah
yang sama dengan kereta yang lain pada rel
disebelahnya. Kereta pertama yang lebih duluan dari
kereta kedua bergerak dengan kecepatan 32 m/s,
membunyikan peluitnya dengan frekuensi 125 Hz.
Frekuensi tersebut terdengar pada kereta kedua sebesar
131 Hz, Berapa kecepatan kereta kedua?
Superposisi dan Interferensi
Gelombang
Jika satu atau dua gelombang bergerak melalui sebuah
medium, resultan dari gelombang ditentukan
dengan menjumlah simpangan dari gelombang-
gelombang tersebut .
f1 = v/4L
fn = nf1
n = 4L/n
for n = 1,3,5…
Contoh Soal
A guitar string 60 cm long vibrates with a standing wave
that has three antinodes. (a) Which harmonic is this? (b)
What is the wavelength of this wave? (c) If this harmonic
is excited with a frequency of 600 Hz, what is the
frequency of the fundamental?
Tinggi Nada dalam sebuah pipa organa
(organ pipe)
Tentukan frekuensi fundamental/dasar untuk sebuah pipa yang
panjangnya 0.5 m yang terbuka pada kedua ujungnya.
v(bunyi) = 340 m/s
Frekuensi dasar mempunyai ½ panjang gelombang didalam
pipa : /2 = L
Frequency, Wavelength, sound velocity: v = f
1. 170 Hz
2. 340 Hz
3. 0.003 Hz
Pitch (Tinggi Nada)
• Jika panjang dari senar biola ditambah sebesar 12 %,
frekuensi fundamentalnya menjadi :
1. Berkurang sebesar 12%
2. Bertambah sebesar 12%
3. Tetap sama
Woodwind Instruments
• Oboe, Flute, Recorder = Pipe open at each end
Frequencies: fn = n v / (2L), n=1,2,…
Fundamental f1 = v / (2L),
• Clarinet = Pipe closed at mouth piece, open at bell
Frequencies fn = (2n-1) v / (4L), n= 1, 2, …
Fundamental f1 = v / (4L),
Clarinet sounds 1 octave below flute, for same L
• Change pitch:
Changing length L
Change velocity v (change temperature).
Pertanyaan
1. Kenapa alat-alt musik besar cenderung
memainkan nada rendah (low pitch notes)?
2. Apa yang terjadi pada tinggi nada yang dimainkan
pada sebuah senar guitar jika tegangan pada tali
diperbesar?
a. Tinggi nadanya berkurang
b. Tinggi nadanya bertambah
c. Tinggi nadanya sama
Alat MusikPetik (String
Instruments)
Apa yang terjadi pada tinggi nada yang dimainkan
pada sebuah senar gitar jika tegangan tali gitar
ditambah?