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HANACARAKA BUDAYA JAWA: AKSARA KAWI 1

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A k s a r aH a n a c a r a k ai k us a w i j i n i n ga k s a r as i n gk a a n g g oi n gT a n a hJ a w al a ns a u b e n g k a y at ai n gMa d u r a , B a l i , L o mb o kl a n u g aT a t a rS u n d h a . A k s a r aH a n a c a r a k ai k uu g ad i a r a n i a k s a r aJ a w an a n g i n gs a j a t i n u k a r ai k i k u r a n gs r e ga m a r g a a k s a r aJ a w ai k uw a r n a n a k hs a l i y a n i k ua k s a r ai k i o r am u n gd i e n g g on u l i sb a s aJ a w aw a . A k s a r ai k i u g ad i e n g g on u l i s b a s aS a n g s k r e t a , b a s aA r a b , b a s aB a l i , b a s aS u n d h a , b a s aMa d u r a , b a s aS a s a kl a nu g ab a s aMe l a y u .

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AKSARA KAWI 1

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H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a ma s t u n a m a s s i d h e m2 H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a ma s t u n a m a s s i d h e m 2 V a j r aG u r u m a n t r aV a j r aG u . . . B A H A S AK A WI 3-K a k a w i n R a m a y a n a B A H A S AK A WI 3-K a k a w i n R a m a y a n a k k w d / RM y xK a k a w i nR a m a y a n a. . . H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a ma s t u n a m a s s i d h e m1 H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a ma s t u n a m a s s i d h e m1 A WI G N A M A S T UN A MA S S I D H E M . . . H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a ma s t u n a m a s s i d h e m3 H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a ma s t u n a m a s s i d h e m 3 H o n gWi l a h e n g S e k a r i n gB a w o n oL a n g g e n gG o m b l o hm i n g k . . . R A MA Y A N A1 R A MA Y A N A1 1 . L a h i r n y aR a h w a n a T e r s e b u t l a hP r a b uD a n a r a j ay a n g m e m e r i n t a hN e g e r i L o k a p a l a . I a i n g i nm e m p e r s u n t i n gp . . . B A H A S AK A WI 6-J A R WA-C A B A H A S AK A WI 6-J A R WA-C Ac a b a : p a d h a n gc a b a n g : c a w a n g , p a n gc a b y a : c a b ec a c a : r n g a t c a c a d a n : c a c a dc a c a hc u c a h : s a w i y a h w i y a h. . . A K S A R AK A WI 3 A K S A R AK A WI 3Me n g e n a l A k s a r a K a w i ( J a w aK u n o ) h t t p : / / w w w . f a c e b o o k . c o m / p h o t o . p h p ? p i d = 3 0 8 7 4 6 5 1 & o p = 1 & v i e w = a l l & s u . . . B A H A S AK A WI 4-J A R WA-H A

G e n e a l o g yB r a h m i L o c a t i o n T i m e D i r e c t i o n S o u t h e a s t A s i a> I n d o n e s i a 8 t hc e n t u r yt o1 3 t hc e n t u r yC E L e f t t oR i g h t

Wr i t i n gc a m et oI n s u l a rS o u t h e a s tA s i ai nt h e8 t hc e n t u r y , b r o u g h tb yt r a d e r sf r o mt h ea n c i e n t I n d i a nk i n g d o mo fP a l l a v a . T h eP a l l a v as c r i p t , av a r i a n to ft h eG r a n t h a , w a sa d o p t e db yt h el o c a l J a v a n e s et ow r i t et h e i rl a n g u a g e . Wh i l ea tf i r s tt h es c r i p tc o m p l e t e l yr e s e m b l e dP a l l a v a , s o o ni t e v o l v e di n t oad i s t i n c t i v ef o r mc a l l e dt h eK a w i s c r i p t . G e o g r a p h i c a l l y ,K a w iw a sf o u n dp r i m a r i l yo nJ a v a ,B a l i ,a n ds o u t h e r nS u m a t r a ,b u ta f e w i n s c r i p t i o n sh a v eb e e nf o u n da sf a ra st h eP h i l i p p i n e s . T h i sp o i n t st oam o r ew i d e s p r e a du s eo ft h i s s c r i p ti nS o u t h e a s tA s i a , b u tm o s tl i k e l yw r i t t e no rc a r v e do np e r i s h a b l em a t e r i a l st h a th a v en o t s u r v i v e dt ot h em o d e r nd a y . T h eK a w i s c r i p ti sa t y p i c a lB r a h m i s t y l es y l l a b i ca l p h a b e tw h e r ee v e r yl e t t e rr e p r e s e n t sa s y l l a b l er a t h e rt h a nas i m p l es o u n d . T h r e el e t t e r sa r eu s e df o rt h es o u n d s/ a / , / i / , a n d/ u / , b u to n l y a t t h eb e g i n n i n go faw o r d . T h er e s t o ft h el e t t e r sd e n o t es y l l a b l e s , e a c hw i t has t a r t i n gc o n s o n a n t a n dt h e" i n h e r e n t " v o w e l o f/ a / . T h ef o l l o w i n gc h a r t i st h eb a s i cK a w i s c r i p t .

I na d d i t i o n , t h e r ea r ea s e to fd i a c r i t i c a lm a r k st h a ta r ep l a c e da r o u n dl e t t e r st om o d i f yt h e i r p h o n e t i cv a l u e . Mo s to ft h e s em a r k sa r eu s e dt oc h a n g et h ei n h e r e n tv o w e lf r o m/ a / t oa n o t h e r v o w e lo rd i p t h o n g . T w od i a c r i t i c a lm a r k sd e n o t et h ee n d i n g s/ a n g / a n d/ a h / . O n em a r ka c t u a l l y

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v o w e lo rd i p t h o n g . T w od i a c r i t i c a lm a r k sd e n o t et h ee n d i n g s/ a n g / a n d/ a h / . O n em a r ka c t u a l l y r e m o v e st h ev o w e l c o m p l e t e l y , l e a v i n go n l yt h ec o n s o n a n t p a r t o ft h el e t t e r . B A H A S AK A WI 4-J A R WA-H Aaaa : a d h u h eaaa h : a d h u h a d h u h , h h h haa m : a s a b a w a , a r r a o s a n , a u m u n gA : d h u h , t a n p a , b o t n , i n g. . . A K S A R AK A WI 2T A G A L O G A K S A R AK A WI 2T A G A L O GT a g a l o g Q u i c kF a c t sT y p e S y l l a b i cA l p h a b e t i c G e n e a l o g yB r a h m i L o c a t i o n. . . B A H A S AK A WI 5-J A R WA-N A B A H A S AK A WI 5-J A R WA-N An a : m a n g k a n a , s i g g , w o n t nn a b a : b n i n g , p a d h a n gn a b a h : n a b u h n a b a s t a l a : l a n g i t n a b d a : n g u c a p n a b t : n . . .
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E v e nt h o u g ht h e r ei sa m a r kt os u p p r e s st h ei n h e r e n tv o w e l , c o n s o n a n tc l u s t e r sa r ea c t u a l l y r e p r e s e n t e db yp l a c i n gt w ol e t t e r ss t a c k e do nt o po fe a c ho t h e r . T h ef i r s t c o n s o n a n t i nt h ec l u s t e r w o u l db et h el e t t e ro nt h et o pb u t w i t hi t si n h e r e n t v o w e l s i l e n c e d , a n dt h es e c o n dc o n s o n a n t w o u l d b et h el e t t e ro nt h eb o t t o m . F o rm o s tp a r tt h er e g u l a rl e t t e rf o r m sa r eu s e do nb o t ht h et o pa n d t h eb o t t o m , b u tf o rt h el e t t e r s/ y a / a n d/ r a / s p e c i a lf o r m sa r eu s e di n s t e a d , a si l l u s t r a t e di nt h e f o l l o w i n ge x a m p l e .

B yt h e1 3 t hc e n t u r y , t h ef o r mo ft h eK a w i s c r i p t h a se v o l v e di n t oi t sd i r e c t d e s c e n d e n t , J a v a n e s e . I n f a c t , K a w i i ss o m e t i m e sc a l l e dO l dJ a v a n e s e . B u t i na d d i t i o n , t h eK a w i s c r i p t l i k e l yg a v er i s et om a n y l a t e rs c r i p t so fI n d o n e s i a ,Ma l a y s i a ,a n dP h i l i p i n e ss u c ha sR e j a n g ,B u g i n e s e ,Ma k a s a r e s e , T a g a l o g , Ma n g y a n , B a t a k , a n dm a n yo t h e r s . H e n c et h eK a w i s c r i p tc a nb ec o n s i d e r e dt h ep r o g e n i t o r o fw r i t i n gi nI n s u l a rS o u t h e a s t A s i a .
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. A k s a r aB r a h m i 3-. C5 A k s a r aB r a h m i 2-. C5 A k s a r aB r a h m i 1 -. C5
A K S A R AK A WI 3 A K S A R AK A WI 2T A G A L O G A K S A R AK A WI 1 B A H A S AK A WI 7J A R WA-R A B A H A S AK A WI 6J A R WA-C A

S wa s t i . S h a k a wa r a t i t a 8 2 2 Wa i s a k h a ma s a d i n g j y o t i a . C a t u r t h i K r n a p a k s a , S o ma wa r a .S a n at a t k a l aD a y a n gA n g k a t a nl a wa nd e n g a nn y a s a n a kb a r n g a r a ns iB u k a h ,a n a kd aD a n gH wa nN a mwa r a n ,d i b a r iwa r a d a n a wi s h u d d h a p a t t r au l i hS a n gP a me g a tS e n a p a t id iT u n d u nb a r j a d iD a n gH wa n N a y a k aT u h a nP a i l a hJ a y a d e wa . D i k r a ma D a n g H wa n N a mwa r a n d e n g a n d a n g k a y a s t h a s h u d d h a n u d i p a r l a p p a sh u t a n gd a wa l e n d a K a t i1 S u wa r n a 8 d ih a d a p a nD a n gH wa n N a y a k aT u h a nP u l i r a nK a s u mu r a n . D a n gH wa nN a y a k a T u h a nP a i l a hb a r j a d ig a n a s h a k t i .D a n gH wa nN a y a k a T u h a n B i n wa n g a n b a r j a d ib i s h r u t a t a t h a p is a d a n a s a n a k k a p a wa r i s u l i h S a n g P a me g a t D e wa t a b a r j a d i S a n g P a me g a t Me d a n g d a r i b h a k t i n d a d i p a r h u l u nS a n gP a me g a t . Y a , ma k a n y a s a d a n y a a n a k c u c u D a n g H wa n N a mwa r a n s h u d d h a y a k a p a wa r i sd i h u t a n gd aD a n gH wa nN a mwa r a nd i S a n gP a me g a tD e wa t a . I n ig e r a n gs y a ts y a p a n t ah ap a s h k a td i n ga r ik a mu d y a na d ag e r a n gu r a n g b a r u j a r a we l u n gl a p p a sh u t a n gd aD a n gH wa . . .

B A H A S AK A WI 5J A R WA-N A B A H A S AK A WI 4J A R WA-H A R A MA Y A N A1 3 R A MA Y A N A1 2 R A MA Y A N A1 1 R A MA Y A N A1 0 R A MA Y A N A9 R A MA Y A N A8 R A MA Y A N A7 R A MA Y A N A6 R A MA Y A N A5 R A MA Y A N A4 R A MA Y A N A3 R A MA Y A N A2 R A MA Y A N A1 B A H A S AK A WI 3K a k a w i nR a m a y a n a B A H A S AK A WI 2 B A H A S AK A WI 1 H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a m a s t un a m a s s i d h e m3 H o n gi l a h n ga w i g n a m a s t un a m a s s i d h e m2

S wa s t i .T a h u n S a k a 8 2 2 ,b u l a n Wa i s a k h a , me n u r u t p e n a n g g a l a n .H a r i
k e e mp a t s e t e l a h b u l a n ma t i ,S e n i n .D is a a t i n i ,D a y a n g A n g k a t a n ,d a n s a u d a r a n y ay a n gb e r n a ma s iB u k a h ,a n a k a n a kd a r iS a n gT u a nN a mwa r a n , d i b e r i k a ns e b u a hd o k u me np e n g a mp u n a np e n u hd a r iS a n gP e me g a n gP i mp i n a n d iT u n d u n( T o n d os e k a r a n g ) ,d i wa k i l io l e h S a n g T u a n N a y a k a d a r iP a i l a h ( P i l as e k a r a n g ) , J a y a d e wa . A t a sp e r i n t a h n y a ,s e c a r a t e r t u l i s ,S a n gT u a nN a mwa r a nt e l a hd i ma a f k a n s e p e n u h n y a d a nd i b e b a s k a nd a r ih u t a n g h u t a n g n y a s e b a n y a ks a t uK a t d a n d e l a p a n S u wa r n a d ih a d a p a n S a n g T u a n P u l i r a n K a s u mu r a n d ib a wa h p e t u n j u kd a r i S a n gT u a nN a y a k ad i P a i l a h . O l e h k a r e n a k e s e t i a a n n y a d a l a m b e r b a k t i ,S a n g T u a n ( Y a n g T e r h o r ma t ) y a n gt e r ma s y h u rd a r iB i n wa n g a n me n g a k u is e mu ak e r a b a tN a mwa r a ny a n g ma s i hh i d u p ,y a n gt e l a hd i k l a i m o l e hS a n gP e n g u a s aD e wa t a ,y a n gd i wa k i l i o l e hS a n gP e n g u a s a Me d a n g .

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Y a , o l e hs e b a bi t us e l u r u ha n a kc u c uS a n gT u a nN a mwa r a ns u d a hd i ma a f k a n d a r i s e g a l ah u t a n gS a n gT u a nN a mwa r a nk e p a d aS a n gp e n g u a s aD e wa t a . ( P e r n y a t a a n ) i n i , d e n g a n d e mi k i a n , me n j e l a s k a n k e p a d a s i a p a p u n

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s e t e l a h n y a ,b a h wa j i k a d ima s a d e p a na d a o r a n gy a n g me n g a t a k a nb e l u m b e b a sh u t a n g n y aS a n gT u a n. . .

T h eL a g u n aC o p p e r p l a t eI n s c r i p t i o n( 9 0 0A . D . ) , at h i nc o p p e rp l a t em e a s u r i n gl e s st h a n8 1 2i n c h e s ( 2 0 3 0c m ) i ns i z ea n di n s c r i b e dw i t hs m a l lw r i t i n gt h a th a db e e nh a m m e r e di n t oi t ss u r f a c e . I t s h o w sh e a v yI n d i a nc u l t u r a li n f l u e n c e( b yw a yo fS r i v i j a y a ) p r e s e n ti nt h eP h i l i p p i n e sd u r i n gt h e e r ap r e v i o u st oS p a n i s hc o l o n i z a t i o ni nt h e1 6 t hc e n t u r y .
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P r a s a s t i K e p i n gT e mb a g aL a g u n aa t a uL e mp e n gT e mb a g aL a g u n ad i t e m u k a n1 9 8 9d i L a g u n a d eB a y , Ma n i l a , F i l i p i n a . P e n a n g g a l a ny a n gt e r t e r am e n u n j u k k a nt a h u n8 2 2S a k a , a t a u2 1A p r i l , 9 0 0 . P r a s a s t ii n im e n g g u n a k a nb a h a s a Me l a y uK u n am e s k i p u nb a n y a kk a t a k a t ad a r ib a h a s a S a n s e k e r t a , b a h a s aJ a w aK u n a , d a nb a h a s aT a g a l o gK u n a , s e r t ad i t u l i sd e n g a na k s a r aK a w i .
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A n gK a s u l a t a ns aT a n s on gL a g u n a( I n g l e s : L a g u n aC o p p e r p l a t ei n s c r i p t i o n oL C I ) a ys i y a n g p i n a k a l u m a n gk a s u l a t a nn an a t a g p u a ns ak a s a y s a y a nn gP i l i p i n a s . N a t a g p u a ni t os al a w an g l a g u n an i G i n o o n gA l f r e dE . e v a n g e l i s t at a o n g1 9 8 9 . N a k a l i l o ks al a p a dn at a n s o n gi t oa n gp e t s an g k a g a n a p a nn gn a s a b i n gp a n a h o na tn a g s a s a a dn gp a n a h o nn gs a k a8 2 2n at u m u t u k o ys ai k a 2 1 n g a b r i l , t a o n g9 0 0C E . N a p a ga r a l a nd i nn aa n gm g as a l i t an an a k a l i m b a gd i t oa yl u m a n gm a l a y o , l u m a n gi n d o n e s ,l u m a n gD e v a n a g a r ia ts i n a u n a n gT a g a l o gok i l a l a n g" a b y a n g "s ak a t u t u b o n g s a l i t a . S ak a s u l a t a n gi t o , s i n a b i n aa n gi s a n gh u w a r a n gt a w on as i n a m w a r a na yn a k aa l p a ss a p a g k a k a u t a n gn am a yh a l a g an gt i m b a n gn gg i n t on a1 k a t i a t8 s u w a r n a ok a t u m b a sn g8 6 5n a g r a m o s . N a k a s a a a dd i nl u m a n gk a s u l a t a na n gm g ap a n g a l a nn gb a y a na tb a r a n g g a yt u l a dn g T u n d o , P u l i l a n a tP i l a n a p a w a n g n a s a p a l i b o tn g r e h i y o n n g k a t a g a l u g a n s a L u z o n . A n g p a g k a k a t u k l a sn gs i n a u n a n gk a s u l a t a nn ai t oa yn a g p a h a y a gn am a t i b a yn ak a t u n a y a nt u n g k o ls a p a k i k i p a gu g n a y a nn gs i n a u n a n gt a w ooa g t as aL u z o ns ai b a ' ti b a n gl a h i n gm g at a w os aA s y an a t i n u t u k o ya n gl u m a n gk a h a r i a nn gI n d i ag a y an gk a h a r i a nn gS r i v i j a y a . I s an g a n gm a yk a h a l a g a h a n g p a k s as ak a s a y s a y a nn gm g as i n a u n a n gl i p u n a ns ak a p u l u a n gP i l i p i n a sn ah i n d ip al u b o sn a

[ 1 ] n a b a b a t i ds ak a s a l u k u y a n .
P a r aS u c i K u n i n g a nL a g u n a( b a h a s aI n g g r i s: L a g u n at e m b a g aP r a s a s t i a t a uL C I ) a d a l a ht u l i s a nt e r t u ay a n gd i t e m u k a nd a l a ms e j a r a h F i l i p i n a . D i t e m u k a nb a n j i rl a g u n a Mr A l f r e dE . p e n g i n j i ly a n g1 9 8 9 . N a k a l i l o kp e r u n g g ul e b a rt a n g g a ld a r i p e r i s t i w am a s at e r s e b u td a n m e n y a t a k a np e r i o d e8 2 2k e m u d i a nm e n g a c up a d at a n g g a l2 1 A p r i l , C E . N a p a g9 0 0t a h u nj u g am e n g a n a l i s i sk a t a k a t at e r c e t a kd i s i n i s u d a h t u aj a u h, t u aI n d o n e s i a , D e v a n a g a r i t u ad a nk u n oT a g a l o ga t a ud i k e n a l" a b y a n g " p r i b u m i s a l i t a . S ad o k u m e n , m e n g a t a k a nb a h w ap r i ai d e a l N a m w a r a nd i l e p a s k a nu t a n gd e n g a nj u m l a hb e r a te m a su n t u k 1d a n8 s u w a r n aa t a ur e f l u k ss e t a r ad e n g a n8 6 5p a d ak i t a b k i t a bt u a g r a m o s . N a k a s a a a dj u g an a m a n a m ak o t ad a nd e s as e p e r t iT o n d o ,P i l aP u l i l a nd a ny a n gb e r a d ad iw i l a y a hT a g a l o gs e k i t a rd e t e k s i L u z o n . A n gt u l i s a ns u c i k u n om e n a n d a k a nb u k t i s u b s t a n s i a lMe n g h u b u n g k a nk e l u a rd a r i o r a n gk u n oa t a uA g t aL u z o nd a l a mr a sy a n gb e r b e d a d a r i l a k i l a k i d i A s i ad i s e b u tk e r a j a a nl a m aI n d i as e b a g a i k e r a j a a nS r i v i j a y a . I s ak a r e n am e m i l i k i t o p i ky a n gs i g n i f i k a nd a l a ms e j a r a h [ 1 ] m a s y a r a k a t k u n od i k e p u l a u a nF i l i p i n ay a n gb e l u ms e p e n u h n y ad i p a h a m i p a d as a a t i n i . h t t p : / / t l . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / S u l a t _ n g _ P l a t o n g _ T a n s o _ n g _ L a g u n a

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