MAKALAH

MATA KULIAH PERENCANAAN DAN SISTEM PEMBELAJARAN

langkah langkah pengembangan intruksional

Dosen pengampu :

D r. M ifta ra A inul M ufid , S.P d .I., M .P d .I

Disusun oleh :

m a 'ruf khuhu rkhi (......)

a ssia (20 2 26 9 1 50 0 15 )
fa yi rism a (.......)

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU AL-QUR’AN DAN TAFSIR

FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM

UNIVERSITAS YUDHARTA PASURUAN

2024/2025
 KATA PENGANTAR
D e n g a n m e n yeb u t n a m a A lla h S W T ya n g M a h a P e n g a s ih la g i M a h a P en ya ya n g ,
K a m i p a n ja tk a n p u ja d a n p u ji s yu k u r a ta s k e h a d ira t-N ya , ya n g tela h m elim p a h k a n
ra h m a t, h id a ya h, d a n in a ya h -N ya k e p a d a k a m i, s eh in g g a k a m i d a p a t m en ye les a ik a n
m a k a la h te n ta ng m a ta k u lia h P en g em b a n g an in tru k s io n a l.

M a k a la h in i tela h k a m i s u s u n d en g a n m a k s im a l d a n m en d a p a tk a n b a n tu a n d a ri
b e rb a g a i p ih a k s eh in g g a d a p a t m e m p e rla n c a r p e m b u a ta n m a k a la h in i. U n tu k itu
kam i m e n ya m p a ik an b a n ya k te rim a k a s ih k ep a d a se m ua p ih a k ya n g tela h
b e rk o n trib u s i d a la m p em b u ata n m a k a la h in i.

T erlep a s d a ri s e m u a itu , K a m i m e ny ad a ri s ep en u h n ya b a h w a m a s ih a d a
k ek u ra n g a n b a ik d a ri s eg i s u s u n a n k a lim a t m a u p u n ta ta b a h a s a n ya . O leh k a re n a itu
d e n g a n ta n g a n te rb u k a k a m i m en e rim a s e g a la s a ran d a n k ritik d a ri p em b a c a a g a r
k a m i d a p a t m e m p erb a ik i m a k a la h in i. A k h ir k a ta k a m i b erh a ra p s e m o g a m a k a la h
m a ta k u lia h B a la g h a h in i d a p a t b erm an f a a t b a g i tem a n p e m b a c a .

P a s u ru a n , 2 3 m a r 2 0 2 4

Penulis
 BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A . La ta r B e la k a n g
P enge m ba nga n sistem pe m be la jaran (instru ksiona l) m eru pa ka n sa la h satu be ntu k
pe m ba h a ru an siste m instru ksiona l ya ng b anya k dila ku kan da la m ra ngka p em ba h a ru a n
siste m p endid ika n, d enga n m aksu d a ga r siste m te rsebu t da p at le bih sera si de nga n
tu ntu ta n keb u tu ha n m a sya raka t, sera si pu la de nga n pe rkem b a ng a n ilm u pe ngeta h u a n
da n teknologi. T uju a n uta m a m eningka tka n prod u ktivita s d an efisie nsi prose s
pe m bela ja ra n.istila h pop u ler ya ng laz im digu na ka n a da lah “pe nge m b a nga n instru ksio nal
(p em be la ja ra n), ya ng m e ru pa ka n pa da na n da ri istila h “instru c tiona l d ev elo pm ent ” . Istila h
ya ng disebu tka n tera kh ir ini ad a la h m e ru pa ka n istila h resm i ya ng diba ku ka n ole h
org a nisa si profe si A E C T (A sso cia tion for E du ca tio nal C om m u nic a tion a nd T ech no logy ) d i
A m erika S erika t.
D a la m ope ra siona lnya p enge m ba nga n sistem intru ksio nal ini da pa t dila ksa naka n u ntu k
ja ngka pe nde k m a u pu n ja ngka p anja ng; da pa t dila ksana ka n u ntu k sa tu topik sa jia n, sa tu
pe riod e latih an, sa tu se m este r, satu b ida ng st ud i, a ta u ba h ka n sa tu sistem ya ng leb ih
be sa r la gi.
A ta s da sa r itu la h G u sta fson (da la m Sa d im a n, 1 986 :13 ) m em b eda ka n a da nya tingka ta n
a ta u le ve l p enge m ba nga n sistem instruksiona l, y akni: (a ) tingka ta n kela s, (b ) tingka ta n
siste m , (c ) tingka ta n prod u k, da n (d ) ting ka ta n orga nisa si. S e tia p ting ka ta n terseb u t
m em iliki fu ngsi da n m od el-m od el ya ng b erbe da a nta ra sa tu d enga n ya ng la innya .
D a la m m a ka la h ini a ka n dije la ska n sec a ra leb ih terp erinc i m e ng ena i p enge m ba nga n
siste m instru ksio nal.

B. ru m u s a n m a s a la h

A. pe ngertia n pe ng em ba ng an intru ksiona l ?

B. la ngka h da sa r pe ngem b a ng a n intru ksio na l?

c T u ju a n m a sa la h

A u n tu k m en g eta h u i b a g a im a n a k o n s ep s i d a s a r p e n g e m b a n g a n s is te m
in s tru k s io n a l;

b. u n tu k m e n g e ta h u i p rins ip d a s a r p en g em b a n g a n s is tem in s tru k s io n a l;

c. u n tu k m en g eta h u i tin g k a ta n p e ng em b a n g a n s is tem in s tru k s io n a l;

d. u n tu k m e n g e ta h u i m o d e l-m o d e l p en g e m b a n g a n s is tem in s tru k s io n a l

 B A B II

P EM B AH ASA N

A. Pendekatan Sistem dalam Pembelajaran Ilmu al-Qur’an dan Tafsir

A d a b a n ya k p e n g ertia n p en g em b a n g a n s is tem in tru k s io n a l ya n g d a p a t k ita ju m p a i

d a la m b erb a g a i k e p u s ta k a a n, ya n g ru m u s a nn ya s a lin g b erb e d a . U n tu k m e m p ero le h

p e n g e rtia n ya n g k o m p reh e n s if, b e rik u t in i d ib e rik a n b eb e ra p a k o n s e p s i d a s a r ya k n i:

S is te m in s tru k s io n a l a d a la h s em u a m a te ri (k o n s ep ) p e m b ela ja ra n d a n m e to d e

ya n g tela h d iu ji d a la m p ra k te k ya n g d ip ers iap k a n u n tu k m e n c a p a i tu ju an d a la m

k ea d a a n ya n g s e b en a rn ya ( B a k e r, 1 9 7 1 :1 6 ). H a l in i m e nu n ju k k a n b a h w a m a teri

p e m b ela ja ra n ya n g a k a n g u ru s a m p a ik a n k e p a d a w a rg a b e la ja r h a ru s m a teri ya n g

tela h te ru ji v a lid ita s d a n relia b eln ya . M a te ri p em b e la ja ra n ya n g v a lid d a n re lia b el ak a n

sangat m e ndukung p e n c a p ai tu ju a n p e m b ela ja ra n ya n g tela h d iru m u s k a n . D i

s a m p in g itu , w a la u p u n m a te ri p em b e la ja ra n s u d ah v a lid d a n re lia b el, teta p i k a la u

c a ra p en ya m p a in n ya k u ra n g b a ik , b es a r k e m u n g k in a n tu ju an tid a k a k a n terc a p a i.

O le h k a re n a itu , d ip erlu k a n c a ra p e n ya m p a ia n a ta u c a ra p e m b ela ja ra n n ya , ya itu

m eto d e ya n g te la h te ru ji p ula , ya n g m e m u ng k in k a n d a p a t d ig u n ak a n d e n g a n b a ik

p a d a p ela k s a n a a n p e m b ela ja ra n .

A d a p u n y an g d im a k s u d d en g a n d is a in in s tru k s io n a l a d a la h k es elu ru h a n

p ro s es a n a lis is k eb u tu h a n d a n tu ju a n b ela ja r s e rta p e n g e m b a n g a n te k n ik m en g a ja r

d a n m a te ri p em b e la ja ra n u n tu k m em e n u hi k e b u tu h a n ters e b u t. D a la m k e g ia tan in i

term a s u k p e n g e m b a n g a n p a k et p em b e laja ra n , k e g ia ta n m e n g a ja r, u ji c o b a, rev is i,

d a n k eg iata n ev a lu a s i h a s il b ela ja r ( B rig g s , 1 9 7 9 :2 ). H a l in i m en g g a m b a rk a n a d a n ya

p e n g k a jia n k eb u tu a h a n d ip e rlu k a n w a rg a b ela ja r. A p a b ila te la h d item u k a n k e b u tu h a n

s is w a la lu d iru m u s k a n d a la m b en tu k tu ju a n p e m b ela ja ra n . U n tu k p en c a p a i tu ju a n

p e m b ela ja ra n d ip e rlu k a n te k n ik -te k n ik p em b e la ja ra n u n tu k m en g k a ji, m en e la a h, d a n

bahkan m e n era p k a n m a teri p e m b ela ja ra n agar m en c a p i tu ju a n ya n g tela h

d iru m u s k a n . D a la m k e g ia ta n in i p eren c a n a a n p em b e la ja ra n (d is a in in s tru k s io n a l)

m en c a k up p e n yu s u n a n b a h a n a ja r (p a k et p e m b ela ja ra n ), a d a la n g k ah -la n g k a h

p e n g a ja ra n ya n g d is e b u t k eg ia ta n m e n g a ja r, b a h k a n a d a u ji c o b a u n tu k m e n c a ri

p e rb a ik a n -p e rb a ik a n ( re vis i), d a n d ia k h iri d en g a n k e -g ia ta n p en ila ian (e va lu a s i).

 P e n g e m b a n g a n p e m b ela ja ra n a d a la h s u a tu p e n d e k a ta n ya n g s is te m a tis

d a la m d es a in , p ro d u k s i, e va lu a s i, d a n p em a n fa a ta n s is te m p e m b ela ja ra n ya n g

len g k a p te rm a s u k k o m p o n en -k o m p o ne n n ya d a n c o n to h m a n a je m e n p e ng g u n a a n n ya .

(A E C T ,1 9 7 9 : 2 0 ) .

P en g em b a n g a n in s tru k s io n al a d a la h p e n g em b a ng a n s u m b er-s u m b e r b e la ja r s e c a ra

s is te m a tik a g a r d a p a t te rja d i p e ru b a h a n p erilak u . A E T T (d a la m M ia rs o , 1 9 8 8 : 8 ).

D a ri b e b e ra p a k o n s e p s i d a s a r ten ta n g p e n g e m b a n g a n s is te m in s tru k s io n a l, m a k a

d a p a t d ita rik k e s im p u la n . P en g em b a n g a n s is tem p em b e la ja ra n a d a la h s u a tu p o la

a ta u ren c a n a ya n g s is te m a tis d a la m m e n ila i, m e n d e s k rip s ik a n , m en g id en tifik a s i,

m en g em b a n g k a n s e rta m e n g g u n a k a n k o m p o n e n -k o m p o n en s is tem p e m b ela ja ra n

(p es e rta d id ik , tu ju a n , m a teri, m e d ia , m eto d e, d an ev a lu a s i) d e m i terc ap a in ya tu ju a n

p e m b ela ja ra n ya n g d ih a ra p k a n

B. langkah dasar pengembangan intruksional

S eb a g a i b a g ia n d a ri te k n o lo g i p e n d id ik a n , p en g em b a n g a n s is tem in s tru k s io n a l

ten tu n ya m em p u n ya i p rin s ip d a s a r ya n g s a m a d e n g a n tek n o lo g i p en d id ik a n , ya k n i:

b e rfo k u s pad a s is w a , m en g g u n a k a n p e n d e k a ta n s is te m , dan b e ru p a ya

m em a k s im a lk a n p en g g u n a a n b e rb a g a i s u m b er b e la ja r.

Ø B e rf o k u s p a d a s is w a

P rin s ip in i m e m an d a n g b a h w a , d a la m ra n g k a p e n era p a n p e n g e m b a n g a n s is tem

in s tru k s io n a l, s is w a a d a la h s e n tra l k eg ia ta n p em b e la ja ra n . P rins ip in i ju g a

m em a n d a n g b a h w a d a lam s e tia p p ro s es p em b e la ja ra n , s is w a h en d a k n ya b ertin d a k

s eb a g a i p ih a k ya n g a k tif d a n d ib u a t a k tif. T eta p i h a l in i b u k a n b era rti b a h w a g u ru

a d a la h p ih a k ya n g p a s if. K e d u a n ya h a ru s b e rtin d a k a k tif .

Ø P e n d e k a ta n s is te m

P rin s ip in i m e m a n d a n g b a h w a m a s a la h b ela ja r a d a la h s u a tu s is tem . M a k s u d n ya ,

p e n a n g a n a n te rh a d a p s a tu k o m p o n en p em b e la ja ra n d a la m ra n g k a p ela k s a n a a n

pengem b angan s is tem in s tru k s io na l h a ru s p u la m e m p ertim b a n g k a n in teg ra s i

k o m p o n en ya n g la in s eh in g g a d ip ero le h efe k ya ng s in e rg is tik u n tu k m em e c a h k a n

m a s a la h -m a s a la h b ela ja r.

Ø P e m a n fa a ta n s u m b er b e la ja r s ec a ra m a k s im a l

P rin s ip in i m e m a nd a n g b a h w a s e m u a k o m p o n en s u m b e r b e la ja r b a ik p es a n , o ra n g ,

b a h a n , p era la ta n , tek n ik , d a n la ta r h a ru s d im an f a a tk a n s ec a ra lu a s d a n m a k s im a l
d a la m ra n g k a m em e c a h k a n m a s a la h -m a s a la h b ela ja r s eh in g g a tu ju a n p e m b ela ja ra n

d a p a t terc a p a i.

C . T IN G K A T A N P E N G E M B A N G A N SIS T E M IN S T R U K S IO N A L

B eb era p a tin g k a ta n p e n g e m b a n g a n s is te m in s tru k s ia n a l d a p a t k ita lih a t s eb a g a i

b e rik u t:

Tin g k a ta n S is te m

P en g em b a n g a n s is te m in s tru k s ia n a l tin g k ata n s is tem in i d im a k s u d k a n u n tu k

m en g ha s ilk a n s is tem p em b e la ja ra n ya n g b e s a r. K eg iata n b ia s a n ya b era n g k a t d a ri n o l,

ya k n i tid a k a d a n ya s is te m te rs e b u t s a m p a i d en g a n d ih a s ilk a n n ya s u a tu s is tem .

K eg ia ta n in i d id a h u lui d en g a n k e g ia ta n a w a l ya n g m en d a la m d a n m en ye lu ru h , ya ng

m elip u ti: a n a lis is k e b u tu h a n , a n a lis is to p ik , s erta a n a lis i tu g a s . K e g ia ta n in i tid a k

h a n ya b erb ic a ra m a s a la h p e m b ela ja ra n s a ja teta p i ju g a m a s a la h p e n d id ik a n s e c a ra

k es e lu ru h a n . M a s a la h ya n g m en d o ro n g d ila k u k a n n ya k eg ia ta n in i b u k a n h a n ya

s ek e d a r m a s a la h p e m b ela ja ra n , m ela ink a n k e s elu ruh a n s is tem p en d id ik a n d a n la tih a n

ya n g d ih ad a p i o le h le m b a g a ya n g b ers a n g k u ta n . Sedangkan s is tem

p e n d id ik a n / la tih a n ya n g m e n yelu ru h itu m elip u ti m a s u k an m e n ta h ( s is w a / p e s erta ) ,

ju m la h d a n k u a lifik a s in ya ; m a s u k a n in s tru m en ta l (k u rik ulu m /p ro g ra m , f a s ilita s , d a n a ,

d a n la in n ya ); p ro s e s /p ela k s a n a a n k eg ia ta n p en d id ik a n /la tih a n itu s en d iri; s erta h a s il

itu ya n g s es u a i d e ng a n tu ju a n d a n k eb u tu h a n . O le h k a re n a itu k eg ia ta n in i m elib a tk a n

b a n ya k o ra n g terd iri d a ri a h li tek n o lo g i p e m b ela ja ra n , a h li b id a n g s tu d i, g u ru , d a n

s eb a g a in ya .

Tin g k a ta n K ela s

P en g em b a n g a n s is te m in s tru k s ia n a l tin g k a t k e la s in i pad a h a k ik a tn ya a d a la h

m eru p a k a n p e n ja b a ra n le b ih la n ju t d a ri p en g em b a n g a n s is tem in s tru k s ia n a l tin g k a ta n

s is te m u n tu k d ila k s a n a k a n d a la m tin g k a ta n k e la s . D en g a n k a ta la in , p e n g e m b a n g a n

s is te m in s truk s ia n a l tin g k a ta n k e la s in i a d a la h id en tik d en g a n p e ny us u n a n p ers ia p a n

m en g aja r o leh g u ru u n tu k s a tu a ta u le b ih to p ik te rte n tu . K e g ia ta n a w a ln ya s a n g a t

s ed erh a n a , b ias a n ya b eru p a p en ila ia n tin g k at kem am puan aw al s is w a . P ada

pengem b angan s is te m in s tru k s ia n a l tin g k a ta n k e la s in i d ia s u m s ik a n bahw a

k u rik u lu m /p ro g ra m p em b ela ja ra n , fa s ilita s , s is w a /p es e rta la tih a n , p en g a ja r, dan

s eb a g a in ya .
 T in g k a ta n P ro d u k

T u ju a n p en g em b a n g a n s is te m in s tru k s ia n a l tin g k a ta n p ro d u k in i a d a la h u n tu k

m em p ro d u k s i s a tu a ta u le b ih p ro d u k p em b e la ja ra n te rte n tu . O leh k a re na itu , k eg ia ta n

in i d id a h u lu i d en g a n m e n g k a ji m a s a la h -m a s a la h p e m b ela ja ra n ya n g a d a u n tu k

m en g eta h u i m a s u k a n ya n g d ip e rlu k a n . H a s il k eg ia ta n in i b e ru p a p a k et p e m b ela ja ra n

s ep erti m o d u l, m ed ia au d io v is u a l, d a n la in -la in bahan b e la ja r ya n g b en tu k n ya

d is e s u a ik a n d e n g a n k a ra k te ris tik n ya .

Tin g k a ta n O rg a n is a s i

P en g e m b a n g a n s is tem in s tru k s ia n a l tin g k a t o rg a n is a s i in i d im a k s u d k a n

tid a k h a n ya un tu k m e n in g k a tk a n p e m b ela ja ra n , te ta p i ju g a m em o d ifik a s i a ta u

m en g ub a h o rg a n is a s i d a n p e rs o n il s u a tu lem b a g a a ta u o rg a n is a s i k e s itu a s i ya ng

b a ru a g a r efe k tiv ita s d a n ef is ie n s i o rg a n is a s i te rs eb u t m en in g k a t.

K eg ia ta n in i d ia w a li d en g a n b erto la k d a ri a n a lis is p e k erja a n , ata u a n a lis is is i a ja ra n .

A n a lis is in i a k a n m en g ha s ilk a n em a t k em u n g k in a n , ya k n i: (1 ) p e rlu n ya d ik la t k h u s u s

d ilu a r p ek e rja a n k a re n a a d a s eju m la h k em a m p u a n ya ng b e lu m d ik u a s a i, (2 ) p e rlu n ya

la tih a n d a la m ja b a ta n k a re n a a d a s e ju m la h k em a m p u a n k h u s u s ya n g h a ru s d ik u a s a i,

(3 ) p erlu n ya ada pe ngaw asan dan p e m b in a a n ya n g k e ta t d a la m p ela k s a n a a n

p e k erja a n k a ren a d itu n tu t a d a n ya k etep a ta n p erb u a ta n d a la m s u a tu tu g a s .

B AB III
P E N U T UP

K e sim pu la n
S ete la h d iu ra ik a n ten ta n g P en g em b a n g a n S is tem In s tru k s io n a l , s ec a ra g aris b e s a r
d a p a t d ia m b il k es im p u la n s e b a g a i b erik u t.
1. M o d el p e n g e m b a n g a n s is te m in s tru k s io n a l a d a la h s e ‑p era n g k a t p ro s e d u r ya n g
b e ru ru ta n u ntu k m ela k s a n a k a n p en g em b a n g an s is tem in s tru k s io n a l.
2. P rin s ip p e n g e m b a n g a n s is te m in s tru k s io n a l te n tu n ya m em p u n ya i p rin s ip d a s a r
ya n g s a m a d en g a n te k n o lo g i p en d id ik a n , y ak n i: b e rfo k u s p a d a s is w a , m e n g g u n a k a n
p e n d e k a ta n s is tem , d a n b e ru p a ya m e m a k s im a lk a n p en g g u n a a n b erb a g a i s u m b e r
b e la ja r.
 D A FTA R P U STA K A

H a sibu n K ulsu m U m i, , (P era da J u rna l M e la yu V ol.0 3 no.01 , 20 20)

S ya rifud din Indriya nti, (M an4 jkt .sc h .id, 20 20)