Pengantar Ekonomi Mikro

PENGANTAR EKONOMI MIKRO
Per!emuan ke"#
Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi & Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan
$k
nomi Mikro
Perkemban%an &lmu $konomi

' Se(ara !idak )ormal, ilmu ekonomi mun(ul seirin% den%an di!urunkannya manusia di *umi seirin% den%an adanya kebu!uhan"kebu!uhan manusia (kebu!uhan akan makanan, +akaian, !em+a! !in%%al, dsb, berkai!an den%an masalah ekonomi

-aha+"!aha+ kehidu+an ekonomi manusia (.eor%e Frederi(h /is!, #012"#134 #, -aha+ +erburuan dan +erikanan 5, Pe!ernakan 6, Per!anian 3, Per!anian dan kerajinan se!em+a! 7, Per!anian, indus!ri, +ernia%aan in!ernasional 4, Sekaran%8,9
: De)ini!ion o) $(onomi(s
Economics is !he science of choice !he s(ien(e !ha! e;+lains !he (hoi(es !ha! we make and how !hose (hoi(es (han%e as we (o+e wi!h s(ar(i!y,
De)inisi &lmu $konomi

Dalam hal ini Pro)esor Paul :n!hony Samuelson, seoran% ahli ekonomi dari Massa(huse!!s &ns!i!u!e o) -e(hnolo%y (M&- , !elah men%um+ulkan sekuran%"k!!ran%nya enam buah de)inisi dari berba%ai ahli lain, Keenam de)inisi i!u masin%"masin% adalah seba%ai beriku!, 6, &lmu ekonomi, a!au ekonomi +oli!ik (+oli!i(ale (onomy a, dalah sua!u s!udi !en!an% ke%ia!an"ke%ia!an yan% den%an a!au !an+a men%%unakan uan%, men(aku+ a!au meliba!kan !ransaksi"!ransaksi+ er!ukaran an!armanusia< 3, &lmu ekonomi adalah sua!u s!udi men%enai ba%aimana oran% menja!uhkan +ilihan yan% !e+a! un!uk meman)aa!kan sumber"sumber +roduk!i) (!anah, !ena%a kerja, baran%"baran% modal semisal mesin, dan +en%e!ahuan !eknik yanS lan%ka dan !erba!as jumlahnya, un!uk men%hasilkan berba%ai" ba%ai baran% (misalnya %andum da%in%, man!el, +erahu layar, konser musik, jalan raya, +esawa! +embom ser!a mendis!ribusikan (memba%ikan nya ke+ada +elba%ai an%%o!a masyaraka! un!uk mereka +akai=konsumsi, 7, &lmu ekonomi adalah s!udi !en!an% manusia dalam ke%ia!an hidu+ mereka seharihari, (un!uk menda+a! dan menikma!i kehidu+an, 4, &lmu ekonomi adalah s!udi !en!an% ba%aimana manusia ber!in%kah +eker!i un!uk men%or%anisasi ke%ia!an"ke%ia!an konsumsi dan +roduksinya, 0, &lmu ekonomi adalah sua!u s!udi !en!an% kekayaan, 1, &lmu ekonomi adalah sua!u s!udi !en!an% (ara"(ara mem+erbaiki masyaraka!,
Pemba%ian &lmu $konomi (:l)erd >, S!onier dan Dou%las C, ?a%ue

Des(ri+!i@e $(onomi(s (ilmu ekonomi deskri+!i) , Di sini dikum+ulkan semua kenya!aan yan% +en!in% !en!an% +okok +embi(araan (!o+ik yan% !er!en!u, misalnya: sis!em +er!anian di *ali, a!au indus!ri ka!un di &ndia, $(onomi( -heory (ilmu ekonomi !eori a!au !eori ekonomi a!au analisise konomi , Di sini ki!a memberikan +enjelasan yan% disederhanakan !en!an% (aranya sua!u sis!em ekonomi bekerja dan (iri"(iri yan% +en!in% dari sis!em se+er!i i!u, :++lied $(onomi(s (ilmu ekonomi !era+an , Di sini ki!a men(oba mem+er%unakan ran%ka dasar umum dan analisis yan% diberikan oleh ekonomi !eori un!uk meneran%kan sebab"sebab dan ar!i +en!in%nya kejadian"kejadian yan% dila+orkan oleh +ara ahli ekonomi deskri+!i),
-he Me!hod o) $(onomi(s

' Positive economics s!udies e(onomi( beha@ior wi!hou! makin% jud%men!s, &! des(ribes wha! e;is!s and how i! works,

' Normative economics, also (alled +oli(y e(onomi(s, analyAes ou!(omes o) e(onomi( beha@ior, e@alua!es !hem as %ood or bad, and may +res(ribe (ourses o) a(!ion,

' Positive economics in(ludes:
B Descriptive economics, whi(h in@ol@es !he (om+ila!ion o) da!a !ha! des(ribe +henomena and )a(!s, B Economic theory, whi(h in@ol@es buildin% models o) beha@ior,
' :n economic theory is a %eneral s!a!emen! o) (ause and e))e(!, a(!ion and rea(!ion,
>ha! $(onomis!s Do
Mi(roe(onomi(s and Ma(roe(onomi(s
Mi(roe(onomi(s is !he s!udy o) indi@idual +eo+le and businesses and !he in!era(!ion o) !hose de(isions in marke!s, S!udies:
' Pri(es and Quan!i!ies ' $))e(!s o) %o@ernmen! re%ula!ion and !a;es
>ha! $(onomis!s Do
Mi(roe(onomi(s and Ma(roe(onomi(s
Ma(roe(onomi(s is !he s!udy o) !he na!ional e(onomy and !he %lobal e(onomy as a whole, S!udies:
' :@era%e +ri(es and !o!al em+loymen!, in(ome, and +rodu(!ion ' $))e(!s o) !a;es, %o@ernmen! s+endin%, a bud%e! de)i(i!s on !o!al jobs and in(omes ' $))e(!s o) money and in!eres! ra!es
-he S(o+e o) $(onomi(s

Examples of microeconomic and macroeconomic concerns Production Microeconomics Produ(!ion=Fu!+u! in &ndi@idual &ndus!ries and *usinesses E ?ow mu(h s!eel ?ow many o))i(es ?ow many (ars Prices Pri(e o) &ndi@idual .oods and Ser@i(es E Pri(e o) medi(al (are Pri(e o) %asoline Food +ri(es :+ar!men! ren!s Income Dis!ribu!ion o) &n(ome and >eal!h E >a%es in !he au!o indus!ry Minimum wa%es $;e(u!i@e salaries Po@er!y Employment $m+loymen! by &ndi@idual *usinesses & &ndus!ries Cobs in !he s!eel indus!ry Dumber o) em+loyees in a )irm
Macroeconomics
Da!ional Produ(!ion=Fu!+u! E -o!al &ndus!rial Fu!+u! .ross Domes!i( Produ(! .row!h o) Fu!+u!
:%%re%a!e Pri(e /e@el E Consumer +ri(es Produ(er Pri(es Ra!e o) &n)la!ion
Da!ional &n(ome -o!al wa%es and salaries E -o!al (or+ora!e +ro)i!s
$m+loymen! and Gnem+loymen! in !he $(onomy E -o!al number o) jobs Gnem+loymen! ra!e
Fi@e *i% $(onomi( Ques!ions

>ha!9 ?ow9 >hen9 >here9 >ho9
Resour(es and >an!s

>e ha@e limited resources. >e ha@e unlimited wants. -his leads !o scarcity,
S(ar(i!y e;is!s when !here are insu))i(ien! resour(es !o sa!is)y +eo+leHs wan!s,
Prin(i+le I#: Peo+le Fa(e -radeo))s,

J-here is no su(h !hin% as a )ree lun(hKL
>an!s and Deeds

' Deeds ()rom !he e(onomi( +ers+e(!i@e
B :re obje(!i@ely unde)inable B Could be a wish, wan!, or a li)e"sa@in% ne(essi!y
' >an!s
B Desirable !hin%s !ha! +eo+le wish !o ha@e B Peo+le ha@e unlimi!ed wan!s

$n!ah +ada Aaman a+a, masa +emerin!ahan raja sia+a ser!a oleh sia+akah is!ilah ekonomi i!u un!uk +er!ama kalinya dilon!arkan !idak ada oran% yan% den%an +as!i men%e!ahuinya, ?al yan% jelas hanyalah bahwa is!ilah ekonomi i!u lahir di Munani (.reek , dan den%ansendirinya is!i!ah ekonomi i!u +unberasal dan ka!a"ka!a bahasa Munani +ula, :sal ka!anya adalah Fikos nomos, lan%kah suli!nya men(ari !erjemah yan% !e+a! un!uk ka!a"ka!a i!u, !e!a+i oran%" oran% *ara! menerjemahkannya den%an mana%emen! o) ?ousehold or es!a!e ( !a!a laksana rumah !an%%a a!au +emilikan <
S(ar(i!y
' S(ar(i!y
B F((urs when !he in%redien!s (resour(es )or +rodu(in% !hin%s !ha! +eo+le desire are insu))i(ien! !o sa!is)y all wan!s
' >ha! s(ar(i!y is DF-:

B &! is not a shor!a%e, B &! is not !he same !hin% as +o@er!y,
S(ar(i!y
' Recall
B S(ar(i!y o((urs when !he in%redien!s (resour(es )or +rodu(in% !hin%s !ha! +eo+le desire are insu))i(ien! !o sa!is)y all wants.
S(ar(i!y, Choi(e, and F++or!uni!y Cos! Limited Resources !nlimited "ants
#carcity $%oices Opportunity $ost

S(ar(i!y, Choi(e, and F++or!uni!y Cos!

' F++or!uni!y Cos!
B -he hi%hes!"@alued, ne;!"bes! al!erna!i@e !ha! mus! be sa(ri)i(ed !o a!!ain some!hin% or sa!is)y a wan!

' Ques!ions B >ha! is !he o++or!uni!y (os! o) a!!endin% !his e(onomi(s (lass9 B >ha! is !he o++or!uni!y (os! o) a!!endin% a Rollin% S!ones (on(er!9
In economics, cost is always a forgone opportunity.
S(ar(i!y
' Produ(!ion
B :ny a(!i@i!y !ha! resul!s in !he (on@ersion o) resour(es in!o +rodu(!s !ha! (an be used in (onsum+!ion
' Resour(es or Fa(!ors o) Produ(!ion

B &n+u!s !ha! are used !o +rodu(e !hin%s !ha! +eo+le wan!
S(ar(i!y
B /and
' Da!ural resour(es or !he %i)!s o) na!ure
B /abor
' -he human resour(e
S(ar(i!y
B Physi(al Ca+i!al
' :ll manu)a(!ured resour(es
B ?uman Ca+i!al
' :((umula!ed !rainin% and edu(a!ion o) workers
S(ar(i!y
B $n!re+reneurshi+
' Person who or%aniAes, mana%es, and assembles !he o!her resour(es ' Risk !aker ' Maker o) basi( business +oli(y de(isions
Produ(!ion Possibili!ies Fron!ier

Tapes
(millions
Soda
(millions of bottles per month)
Possibility
per month)
a
b c d e f
N # 5 6 3 7
and and and and and and
#7 #3 #5 2 7 N
Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier

Soda (millions of bottles per month)
15
b c Unattainable d
10 Attainable 5 z
f 0 1 2 3 4 5
Tapes (millions per month)
-he Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier

' Poin!s inside o) !he (ur@e are ine))i(ien!,
' :! +oin! H, resour(es are ei!her unem+loyed, or are used ine))i(ien!ly,

' Poin! F is desirable be(ause i! yields more o) bo!h %oods, bu! i! is no! a!!ainable %i@en !he amoun! o) resour(es a@ailable in !he e(onomy,

' Poin! C is one o) !he +ossible (ombina!ions o) %oods +rodu(ed when resour(es are )ully and e))i(ien!ly em+loyed,

' : mo@e alon% !he (ur@e illus!ra!es !he (on(e+! o) o++or!uni!y (os!, ' From +oin! D, an in(rease !he +rodu(!ion o) (a+i!al %oods reOuires a de(rease in !he amoun! o) (onsumer %oods,
F++or!uni!y Cos! and Mar%inal Cos!

Soda (millions of bottles per month)
15
b c
Increasing opportunity cost of tapes...
10
f 0 1 2 3 4 5
Tapes (millions per month)
$(onomi( .row!h
' Fu!ward shi)!s o) !he (ur@e re+resen! economic growth. ' :n ou!ward shi)! means !ha! i! is +ossible !o in(rease !he +rodu(!ion o) one %ood wi!hou! de(reasin% !he +rodu(!ion o) !he o!her,
$(onomi( .row!h
' From +oin! D, !he e(onomy (an (hoose any (ombina!ion o) ou!+u! be!ween F and .,
$(onomi( .row!h
' Do! e@ery se(!or o) !he e(onomy %rows a! !he same ra!e,
' &n !his his!ori( e;am+le, +rodu(!i@i!y in(reases were more drama!i( )or (orn !han )or whea! o@er !his !ime +eriod,
Ca+i!al .oods and .row!h in Poor and Ri(h Coun!ries

' Ri(h (oun!ries de@o!e more resour(es !o (a+i!al +rodu(!ion !han +oor (oun!ries, :s more resour(es )low in!o (a+i!al +rodu(!ion, !he ra!e o) e(onomi( %row!h in ri(h (oun!ries in(reases, and so does !he %a+ be!ween ri(h and +oor (oun!ries,
'
Countries by nominal GDP (2004) using both lists
Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, based on the 2004 IMF data
$(onomi( .row!h in !he Gni!ed S!a!es and ?on% Kon%

Capital goods (per person) United States and Hong Kong in 1998
United States in 1960
b
Hong Kong in 1960
c a a
0 Consumption goods person) Sumber : Parkin, Miller, Quijano, Mankiw, Suherman Rosyidi &(per Karl Case, Ray Fair (Disesuaikan
Cir(ular Flows in !he Marke! $(onomy
-he Cir(ular Flow o) &n(ome and $;+endi!ure

Pengantar Ekonomi Mikro

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PENGANTAR EKONOMI MIKRO

Perkemban%an &lmu $konomi

Perkemban%an &lmu $konomi

De)inisi &lmu $konomi

Pemba%ian &lmu $konomi (:l)erd >, S!onier dan Dou%las C, ?a%ue

-he Me!hod o) $(onomi(s

-he Me!hod o) $(onomi(s

-he Me!hod o) $(onomi(s

-he S(o+e o) $(onomi(s

:%%re%a!e Pri(e /e@el E Consumer +ri(es Produ(er Pri(es Ra!e o) &n)la!ion

Da!ional &n(ome -o!al wa%es and salaries E -o!al (or+ora!e +ro)i!s

Fi@e *i% $(onomi( Ques!ions

Resour(es and >an!s

Prin(i+le I#: Peo+le Fa(e -radeo))s,

>an!s and Deeds

Perkemban%an &lmu $konomi

' >ha! s(ar(i!y is DF-:

S(ar(i!y, Choi(e, and F++or!uni!y Cos! Limited Resources !nlimited "ants

#carcity $%oices Opportunity $ost

S(ar(i!y, Choi(e, and F++or!uni!y Cos!

S(ar(i!y, Choi(e, and F++or!uni!y Cos!

S(ar(i!y, Choi(e, and F++or!uni!y Cos!

In economics, cost is always a forgone opportunity.

' Resour(es or Fa(!ors o) Produ(!ion

Produ(!ion Possibili!ies Fron!ier

and and and and and and

Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier

Tapes (millions per month)

-he Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier

-he Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier

-he Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier

-he Produ(!ion Possibili!y Fron!ier

F++or!uni!y Cos! and Mar%inal Cos!

Increasing opportunity cost of tapes...

Tapes (millions per month)

Ca+i!al .oods and .row!h in Poor and Ri(h Coun!ries

Countries by nominal GDP (2004) using both lists

$(onomi( .row!h in !he Gni!ed S!a!es and ?on% Kon%

United States in 1960

Cir(ular Flows in !he Marke! $(onomy

-he Cir(ular Flow o) &n(ome and $;+endi!ure

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