Ernawati Sinaga
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Efek
Terapi
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Efek
Samping/Toksik
3
Aktivitas
Biologis
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Kadar
di jaringan
sasaran
Farmakologi
Farmakokinetik
&
Farmakodinamik
Farmakokinetika
Ilmu yang mempelajari apa yang dialami
molekul obat setelah
diaplikasikan/dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh
Farmakokinetika
1. Absorpsi
2. Distribusi
3. Biotransformasi/
Metabolisme obat
4. Eliminasi
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Farmakodinamika
Ilmu yang mempelajari apa efek
yang ditimbulkan oleh obat
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Farmakodinamika
1. Efek Terapi
2. Efek samping & Toksisitas
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Farmakokinetika
1.
Absorpsi
2. Distribusi
3. Biotransformasi
(Metabolisme)
4. Eliminasi
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Absorpsi Obat
Proses berpindahnya molekul
obat dari tempat diaplikasikan
(site of entry) ke dalam sistem
sirkulasi tubuh, yaitu
peredaran darah dan sistem
limfatik
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Inhalasi
Kulit topikal
Membran mukosa
Suntikan
iv (intra vena)
im (intra
muscular)
sc (sub cutan)
pc (per cutan)
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Melalui vagina
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Sawar Biologis
Sawar otak-darah
Sawar usus-darah
Sawar kulit-darah
Sawar plasenta
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Sawar Biologis
Sawar biologis dibentuk oleh konstruksi
membran sel yang bersifat hidrofobik
serta adanya junction interseluler yang
terdapat pada jaringan epitelial dan
endotelial yang umumnya membentuk
sawar antara darah dan organ atau
jaringan tertentu
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Sawar Biologis
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Membran Sel
Lipid Bilayer)
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Parameter Farmakokinetik
Absorpsi
Konstanta kecepatan absorpsi:
Kecepatan absorpsi obat Jumlah obat
yang masih harus diabsorpsi
Ketersediaan hayati: Jumlah obat yang
diabsorpsi : Dosis obat yang diberikan
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Ketersediaan Hayati
(Bioavailability)
adalah fraksi obat yang dapat
mencapai/dapat ditemukan di
dalam peredaran darah setelah
diaplikasikan dalam dosis tertentu
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Ketersediaan Hayati
Ketersediaan hayati obat yang diberikan
intra vena (bukan prodrug) 100%
Ketersediaan Hayati
Jika dibuat plot ketersediaan hayati
dari obat yang sama, dan diberikan
melalui dua jalur yang berbeda (iv & oral,
misalnya), maka ketersediaan hayati
obat tersebut per oral adalah ratio area
di bawah kurva per oral dibandingkan
area di bawah kurva iv
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Ketersediaan Hayati
Ketersediaan Hayati Absolut obat
yang sama melalui jalur non iv (misalnya
per oral) dibandingkan ketersediaan
hayati per iv
Ketersediaan Hayati Relatif
perbandingan ketersediaan hayati obat
yang sama dengan formulasi berbeda
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Dosis
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Pro Drug
Prodrug : senyawa bakal obat yang
dikonsumsi dalam bentuk tidak aktif
(kurang aktif), tetapi akan dimetabolisme
menjadi senyawa obat yang aktif di dalam
tubuh
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Enalapril Enalaprilat
esterase
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Soal latihan-1
For a small lipophilic drug administered orally in
solution form, the rate-limiting step for
absorption is gastric-emptying. True or False?
Explain your answer.
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Soal latihan-2
UI138 is administered in the form of radioactive
drug. After both oral and intravenous administration,
98% of the radioactivity of the administered dose is
recovered in the urine. In contrast, the area under
the curve for parent (unchanged) drug after
intravenous administration is 8 times that seen after
oral administration. Does UI138 undergo significant
first-pass metabolism after oral administration?
Provide a justification for your conclusion.
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Jawaban-2
Yes. Since 98% of the radioactivity of PSC3310 is recovered
after both oral and intravenous administration, it is
apparent that the drug is well absorbed after oral
administration. If it was poorly absorbed, the recovery of
radioactivity would be substantially less than that seen
after intravenous administration (the fact that only 98% is
recovered after both routes suggests there is some other
route for elimination of the drug and metabolites, most
likely biliary excretion). The observation that the area
under the curve for unchanged drug is much less for oral
than intravenous administration, suggests much of the drug
is metabolized after oral administration prior to reaching
the systemic circulation. Hence, there is evidence of a
significant first-pass effect.
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Soal latihan-3
Intramuscularly administered drug will
always exhibit a faster onset of action
than the same dose of drug administered
orally. True or False?
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Jawaban-3
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Soal latihan-4
4. Drugs administered by the intravenous
route are always 100% bioavailable. True
or False? Explain your answer.
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Jawaban-4
False. As discussed in class (using the
example of chloramphenicol), some
poorly soluble drugs are administered
intravenously in the form of prodrugs.
Hydrolysis of the prodrug, giving rise to
the parent drug, may be incomplete resulting in less than 100%
bioavailability.
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