KARAKTERISTIK DEFORMASI

Strain dan Stress

HERI ANDREAS
Mahasiswa Program Doktor
Prodi Geodesi dan Geomatika ITB
E-mail : heri@gd.itb.ac.id
September 2007

1. Pengertian Deformasi
Deformasi adalah perubahan bentuk, dimensi dan posisi dari
suatu materi baik merupakan bagian dari alam ataupun buatan
manusia dalam skala waktu dan ruang

2. Penyebab Deformasi
Bila dikenai Gaya (Force) maka benda/ materi akan terdeformasi

3. Objek dari Deformasi

rotasi bumi

Fenomena lain

abrasi
proses geologi lokal

longsoran
Alam

ocean loading
Manusia

pelapukan
erosi

subsidence

tsunami
tektonik lempeng
pasut
atmosferik
proses hidrologi
D. Sarsito, 2006

3. Objek dari Deformasi

S A MP N o r t h

15

He ight (m )
36.560
36.520
36.480
36.440
36.400
36.360
36.320
36.280
36.240
36.200
36.160
36.120
36.080
36.040
36.000
35.960
35.920
35.880
35.840
35.800
35.760
35.720
35.680
35.640
35.600
35.560
35.520
35.480
35.440
35.400
35.360
35.320
35.280
35.240
35.200
35.160
35.120
35.080
35.040
35.000

10

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

6 6
6 9 3006 -12/1
0 /3060 -15/1
0 3/ 06
0 3/06
1 6/ 061 -48/1
1 /6061 -416 16 6 4 1 6 7 1 6 0 1 6 3 1 6
22 /9/
0 /0
-18/1
6 -1
63-160 1536/16
0 /0061-7
8 9
0 /0062-4
1 026/00
6 4 6/105 6/00
6 7 6/108 6/00
6 06/11
0 /006 -4
2/113/1
/606
1 /-45/1
240/9/-12
06 /9/
-12370/9/-1206 /9/
-13 /9/ 06 -13/1
/ 06 -16/1
9/10 1
/-11
06/11
-1023/1
/00
06 -16/1
/06 -19/1
1/ 0 /11-12 /1
/011-4
/01 1-4
/01 2/0
-46/1
/01 2/0
-46/12-1
/01 -4
5 6/1
86/1
1 6/1
46/1
1 /0/1 -1/0 1-19/1
/06/1
1-16/1
/06/12-1
/1 2-4
/0 2-1 /1 2-4
/0 2-1 /1 3-4
/0 3-16/1
/06 -1
/06/11-1
/06/1
1-1
2-1
/06 -16

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Tgl/Bln/Thn-Jam

4. Jenis dari Deformasi

Deformasi dapat dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu Deformasi Statik dan
Deformasi sesaat
Deformasi statik bersifat permanen
Deformasi sesaat bersifat sementara / dinamis

5. Parameter Deformasi
Deformasi dari suatu benda/ materi dapat digambarkan secara
penuh dalam bentuk tiga dimensi apabila diketahui 6 parameter
regangan (normal-shear) dan 3 parameter komponen rotasi
Parameter deformasi ini dapat dihitung apabila diketahui fungsi
pergeseran dari benda tersebut persatuan waktu

Normal strain

Shear strain

6. Model dan pengamatan Deformasi

Secara praktis survey deformasi akan terpaut pada titik-titik yang
bersifat diskrit, dengan demikian deformasi dari benda harus
didekati dengan model.
Fungsi dari deformasi dinyatakan oleh persamaan dalam bentuk
matrik :
d=Bc
Dimana :
B, adalah matrik deformasi yang elemennya merupakan fungsi dari
posisi dari titik yang diamati, serta waktu
C, vektor yang koefisiennya akan diketahui

6. Model dan pengamatan Deformasi

Survey deformasi: penentuan perubahan posisi, jarak, sudut,
regangan : teknik geodetik, geofisika, dan lain-lain

7. Analisis Deformasi
Analisis Geometrik :
Bila kita hanya tertarik pada status geometrik (ukuran dan
dimensi) dari benda yang terdeformasi
Analisis Fisis :
Bila kita bermaksud untuk menentukan status fisis dari benda yang
terdeformasi, regangan, dan hubungan antara gaya dengan
deformasi yang terjadi

8. Analisis Deformasi aspek fisis

Dalam analisis fisis deformasi, hubungan antara gaya dan
deformasi dapat dimodelkan dengan menggunakan metoda
empiris (statistik), yaitu melalui korelasi antara pengamatan
deformasi dan pengamatan gaya
Metoda lain dalam analisis fisis yaitu metoda deterministik, yang
memanfaatkan informasi dari gaya, jenis material dari benda, dan
hubungan fisis antara regangan (strain) dan tegangan (stress)
pada benda

9. Normal strain :perubahan panjang

- Change of length proportional to length

xx, yy, zz are normal component of strain

nb : If deformation is small, change of volume is

xx + yy + zz (neglecting quadratic terms)

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10. Shear Strain : perubahan sudut

xy = -1/2 (1 + 2) = 1/2 (d dx + d dy )
xy = yx (obvious)
y

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11. Stress dalam 2 Dimensi

- Force = x surface
- no rotation =>

xy = yx

- only 3 independent
.components :

..xx , yy , xy

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12. Applied Forces

Normal forces on x axis

xx(x). y xx(x+x). y
y xx(x). xx(x+x)
y dxx/dx . x (1)
Shear forces on x axis

yx(y). x yx(y+y). x
x dyx/dy . y (2)
Total on x axis

xx/

dx +

dyx/

dy x y
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13. Forces Equilibrium

d
d
Total on y axis =
Total on x axis =

Equilibrium =>

xx/

dx +

yy/

dy +

d
d

/ xy x
d

dyx/

dy x y

dyx

yy/

dy +

xx/

dx +

/ y
d

dyx/
dyx

dx

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14. Solid elastic deformation

Stresses are proportional to strains
No preferred orientations

xx = (G) xx + yy + zz
yy = xx + (G) yy + zz
zz = xx + yy + (G) zz

and G are Lam parameters

The material properties are such that a principal strain component

produces a stress (G)

and stresses

in the same direction

in mutually perpendicular directions

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14. Solid elastic deformation

Inversing stresses and strains give :

xx = 1/E xx - /E yy - /E zz
yy = -/E xx + 1/E yy -/E zz
zz = -/E xx -/E yy + 1/E zz
E and are Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio
a principal stress component
a strain 1/E
strains

produces

in the same direction

and

/E in mutually perpendicular directions

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15. Elastic deformation across a locked fault

What is the shape of the accumulated deformation ?

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Formula matematis

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Formula matematis

Symetry =>

all derivative with y = 0

No gravity =>

yy = 0
zz = 0

What is the displacement field U in the elastic layer ?

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Formula matematis
Elastic equations :

(2)
(3)
(3)

xx = (G) xx + zz
xy = G xy xz = G xz
yy = xx + zz
zz = _________________________
xx + (G) zz yz = G yz
+ zz = 0 => xx + zz = -2G zz
and (2) => yy = xx + zz = -2 G zz
=> xx = - (2G + zz
and (1) =>

(
2G)
xx = / +

] zz

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Formula matematis

Force equilibrium along the 3 axis

(x)
(y)
(z)

x
x
x

dxx / dx + dyx / dy + dxz / dz

dxy / dx + dyy / dy + dyz / dz
dxz / d_________________________
x + dyz / dy + dzz / dz

= 0
= 0
= 0

2xx / dx2
d
Derivation of eq. 1 with x and eq. 3 give :
dxy / dx + dyz / dz
equation 2 becomes :

= 0
= 0

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Formula matematis
relations between

stress () and displacement vector (U)

xy = 2G xy = 2G [dUx / dy + dUy / dx] .1/2

yz = 2G yz = 2G [dUz / dy + dUy / dz] .1/2
_________________________

dxy / dx + dyz / dz = 0 we obtain :

d/dx[dUx/dy + dUy/dx] + d/dz[dUz/dy + dUy/dz] = 0
Using

d2Uy / dx2 + d2Uy / dz2

= 0
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Formula matematis

d2Uy / dx2+ d2Uy / dz2

= 0

What is Uy, function of x and z, solution of this equation ?

Guess : Uy = K arctang (x/z) works fine !

datan()/

Nb.

dUy/dx=

1/

d (1+2 )

=>
dU /dz=-Kx/z (1+x /z ) =>
y

z(1+x2/z2)
2

d2Uy/dx2= -2Kxz/(z2+x2)
d2Uy/dz2= 2Kxz/(x2+z2)
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Formula matematis
Uy = K arctang (x/z)

Boundary condition at the base of the crust (z=0)

Uy = K . /2 if x > 0

= K . /2 if x < 0

And also :

Uy = +V0 if x > 0

=>

= V0

if x < 0

K = 2.V0 /

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Formula matematis

Uy = K arctang (x/z)

at the surface (z=h)

Uy = 2.V0 / arctang (x/h)

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16. Arctang Profiles

Uy = 2.V0 / arctang (x/h)

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17. Deeping Fault

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18. Elastic Dislocation (Okada, 1985)

Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space, BSSA vol75, n4, 1135-1154, 1985.

The displacement field ui(x1,x2,x3)

due to a dislocation uj (1,2,3)
across a surface in an isotropic
medium is given by :

Where jk is the Kronecker delta,

and are Lams parameters, k is
the direction cosine of the normal to
the surface element d.
uij is the ith component of the
displacement at (x1,x2,x3) due to the
jth direction point force of magnitude
F at (1,2,3)
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18. Elastic Dislocation (Okada, 1985)

(1) displacements
For strike-slip

For dip-slip

For tensile fault

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18. Elastic Dislocation (Okada, 1985)

Where :

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19. Case : Sagaing Fault Nyanmar

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20. Case : Palu Koro Fault

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20. Case : Palu Koro Fault (more complex)

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21. Case : Sumatra subduction zone

Natawijaya, 2007

Segmen Mentawai-Pagai belum sepenuhnya terpatahkan ??? !!!

Triyoso, 2005

22. Strain rate and rotation rate tensors

To asses plate deformation :
1.

Look at station velocity residuals

2.

Compute strain rate and rotation rate tensors

Strain =

Velocity
_______

Distance

mm/yr
_____
km

= % / yr
d(Vx) / d(x)

d(Vx) / d(y)

d(Vy) / d(x)

d(Vy) / d(y)

Matrix tensor notation : Sij = d(Vi) / d(xj) =

Theory says : [S] =

[E]

[W]

Symetrical Antisymetrical
Strain rate rotation rate

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22. Strain rate and rotation rate tensors

E11
[E] = ([S] + [S]T)

E12

[W] = ([S] - [S]T)

E12

E22

-W

[E] has 2 Eigen values : 1, 2

1 and 2 are extension/compression along principal direction defined

by angle defined as angle between 2 direction and north

1 = E11 cos2 + E22 sin2 2 E12 sin cos

2 = E11 sin2 + E22 cos2 2 E12 sin cos
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22. Strain rate and rotation rate tensors

Minimum requirement to compute strain and rotation rates is :
3 velocities (to allow to determine 3 values 1,

2, and W)

Therefore we can compute strain rate and rotation rate within any
polygon, the minimum polygon being a triangle

No deformation

compression

rotation

Strain and rotations are unsensitive to reference frame

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23. Case : Strain & Rotation on GEODYSSEA network

Strains :

Rotations :

extension/compression/strike-slip

Anti-clockwise/clockwise
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24. Case : intensity of strain in GEODYSSEA network

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25. Case : Strain & Rotation in Nyanmar

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