PATOFISIOLOGI
DIAGNOSIS
PENATALAKSANAAN
PATOFISIOLOGI
GAGAL JANTUNG
CHF: dipengaruhi
output
oleh
cardiac
Frekuensi nadi
Tonus
Keadaan
simpatis
neuro-humoral
PRE LOAD
PRE LOAD
Tekanan/volume di dalam ventrikel kiri pada
akhir diastolik
Pengisian ventrikel
Fase relaksasi ventrikel
preload optimal = cardiac output optimal
CIRCULATORY OF HEART
Inferior v. cafa
vein
Superior v. cafa
Right Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
capillary
Pulmonary arteri
Lung
artery
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
DIASTOLIK
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
AFTER LOAD
AFTERLOAD
Tekanan yang harus dilakukan oleh ventrikel untuk
CIRCULATORY OF HEART
Inferior v. cafa
vein
Superior v. cafa
Right Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
capillary
Pulmonary arteri
Lung
artery
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Apabila
CHF: afterload
KONTRAKTILITAS
KONTRAKTILITAS
Kemampuan otot jantung untuk melakukan
kontraksi (inotropik)
Berkurang selama iskemia akut dan pasca infark
Dipengaruhi oleh obat-obatan :
Negatif : -blockers, calcium channel blockers
Positif : katekolamin, digoksin
DENYUT JANTUNG
DENYUT JANTUNG
CO = SV x HR
meningkat
sampai HR 150-160
HR >160, CO menurun (decreased filling time)
KRONOTROPIK
Substansi yang mempengaruhi kerja jantung (denyut jantung)
Positif = meningkatkan denyut jantung
Negatif = menurunkan denyut jantung
gagal jantung
ETIOLOGI
GAGAL JANTUNG
pulmonal
Neurohormonal changes
Neurohormonal
changes
Sympathetic activity
Favorable effect
Unfavor. effect
HR , contractility,
vasoconstriction
venous return
filling pressure
Arteriolar constriction
After load workload
O2 consumption
Renin-Angiotensin
Aldosterone
Vasoconstriction
after load
Vasopressin
Same effect
Same effect
Interleukins &TNF
Apoptosis
Vasoconstriction
venous return
After load
Endothelin
2.1.
PERIKARDITIS KONSTRIKTIF
Perikarditis konstriktif terjadi bila jaringan
KARDIOMIOPATI RESTRIKTIF
Jaringan parut endomiokardium penebalan miokard
TAMPONADE JANTUNG
Peningkatan jumlah cairan intraperikard Peningkatan
STENOSIS TRIKUSPID
Penyempitan lubang katup trikuspidalis
Meningkatnya tahanan aliran darah dari atrium
KLASIFIKASI
GAGAL JANTUNG
KLASIFIKASI
A.Dari segi gejala dan tanda-tanda :
forward-failure versus backward-failure
B. Dari segi hemodinamis :
a) G.J. high output versus GJ low output
b) G.J. kiri versus GJ kanan
c ) GJ sistolik dan GJ diastolik
A. FORWARD FAILURE VS
BACKWARD FAILURE
A. 1. FORWARD FAILURE
hambatan aliran darah ke dalam sistem arterial, aliran
yang
hiperdinamis. Disebabkan karena meningkatnya
kebutuhan sirkulasi darah yang berlebihan dan
melampui kemampuan fisiologis jantung
GEJALA
fatigue exercise intolerance : badan lemah dan cepat lelah
nyeri dada
berdebar-debar
sesak nafas : orthopnea, exertional dyspnea, PND
TANDA KLINIS
takikardia > 90 X/menit
TD < 90 mmHg atau > 180 mmHg
abnormal apex beat
- displaced
- sustained
- dyskinetic
- enlarged
BJ III ( protodiastolic gallop)
ronki basah halus tak nyaring di bagian basal paru
pulsus alternans
GEJALA
edema tumit dan tungkai bawah
hepatomegali, lunak dan nyeri tekan
bendungan pada vena perifer (vena jugularis)
gangguan gastrointestinal (perut kembung, anoreksia dan
nausea)
asites
TANDA KLINIS
edema kaki
asites
peningkatan tekanan vena jugularis
hepatomegali
hepatojugular refluks
these criteria, at least one major and two minor criteria are
required.
Gejala klinis
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Elektrokardiografi
Foto toraks
Source : Adapted from Tresch DD, McGouh MF: Heart failure with normal systolic function: a common disorder in
older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 43:1035, 1995; and Vasan RS et al: Prevalence, clinical features, and prognosis of
diastolic heart failure: an epidemiologic perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1565, 1995.
PERBEDAAN KLINIS
GAGAL JANTUNG SISTOLIK DAN DIASTOLIK
GJ sistolik dan GJ diastolik :
sukar dibedakan ---> Ejection Fraction ?
Test : Ekokardiografi, Radionuklir, Angiografi ventrikuler
Disfungsi sistolik :
EF < 45%
dilatasi cavity, dinding tipis
Disfungsi diastolik :
EF normal, cavity normal, dinding sering tebal
diastolic filling period melambat
Doppler : E < A, kecepatan pengisian puncak menurun
- Anamnesa
- Pemeriksaan fisik
- Foto R Toraks
- Elektrokardiografi
- Laboratorium klinis
- Echo-doppler-cardiografi
- Kateterisasi jantung
- Coronary angiografi
- Ventriculografi
- Cardiac thallium scanning, cardiac scintigrafi
PENATALAKSANAAN
Sedapat mungkin mengatasi :
faktor etiologi
faktor predisposisi
faktor risiko
Tujuan Penanggulangan Gagal Jantung :
Meningkatkan oksigenisasi
Menurunkan preload
Diet rendah garam
Diuretik
Vasodilator vena
Menurunkan afterload:
Vasodilator vena
Vasodilator arteriol
DIURETIK
DIURETIK
Biasa digunakan furosemid 40-80 mg (IV) pada
DIURETIK
Diuretik lain yang bisa digunakan adalah:
remodelling ventrikel,
ventrikel tidak bertambah besar
sehingga
Efek samping
VASODILATOR
Vasodilator Vena
Nitrate
Nitrogliserin 0,2-2 g/kgBB/menit iv, atau 0,4-0,6 mg
sublingual
Isosobidinitrate
Penghambat Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE
Inhibitor):
5-10 mg/hari
Penghambat Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB):
Losartan, ibersartan, candesartan and valsartan
ramipril
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Arterial vasodilator
Drugs such as -adrenergic blockers (e.g.
DIGITALIS
Memperbaiki kontraktilitas
otot jantung
o
Digitalisasi :
Digitalisasi cepat:
diberikan untuk mengatasi edema pulmonal
akut yang berat
Digoksin oral (paling aman) untuk digitalisasi
cepat 0,5-2 mg dalam 4-6 dosis selama 24 jam
dan dilanjutkan 20,5 mg selama 2-4 hari, atau
Digoksin iv 0,5-1 mg dalam 4 dosis selama 24
jam
Dosis pemeliharaan
digoksin 0,25 mg sehari
untuk pasien usia lanjut dan gagal ginjal dosis
disesuaikan
dan III
Ventrikular ekstrasistol lebih dari 5 kali permenit
Anoreksia
Mual, muntah, diare
Gangguan penglihatan
OTHER MEDICATIONS
Anticoagulants
Oral anticoagulants are recommended in
patients with atrial fibrillation and in sinus
rhythm with a history of thromboembolism,
endocardial thrombus or LV aneurysm.
Antiarrhythmic agents
Precipitating factors should be treated, in
Inotropic Agents
Intravenous inotropes are frequently used to
shock
following cardiac surgery.
Epinephrine
(adrenaline),
dobutamine,
dopexamine and dopamine are intravenous
adrenergic agonists.
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
HEART FAILURE
Revascularization
Biventricular pacemaker or implantable
cardioverterdefibrillator
Cardiac transplantation
Diagnosis
Initial investigations performed in the emergency
room should include:
a 12-lead ECG for acute coronary syndromes, left
ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation
a chest X-ray (cardiomegaly, pulmonary oedema,
pleural effusion, non-cardiac disease)
blood investigations (serum creatinine and
electrolytes, full blood count, blood glucose,
cardiac enzymes and troponin, CRP and Ddimer)
Diagnosis
Plasma BNP or NTproBNP (BNP > 100 pg/ml or
Pulmonary Oedema
This is a very frightening, life threatening
emergency characterized by extreme
breathlessness.
Clinical features
Patients with alveolar oedema are acutely
breathless, wheezing, anxious and perspiring
profusely.
Cough productive of frothy, blood-tinged
(pink) sputum, which can be copious with
tachypnea and peripheral circulatory
shutdown.
Pulmonary Oedema
Clinical features
Tachycardia, a raised venous pressure and a
gallop rhythm.
Crackles and wheezes are heard throughout
the chest.
The arterial Po2 falls and initially the Paco2
also falls, owing to overbreathing. Later, the
Paco2 increases because of impaired gas
exchange.
The chest X-ray shows diffuse haziness,
owing to alveolar fluid, and the Kerley B lines
of interstitial oedema.
Pulmonary Oedema
The patient must be placed in a sitting position.
High-concentration oxygen is given.
In severe cases, ventilation is necessary.
Intravenous diuretic treatment with furosemide
or bumetanide is given.
These diuretics induce an acute venodilatory
response with a reduction in preload that helps
to relieve pulmonary congestion in addition to
the more delayed diuretic response.
Pulmonary Oedema
Morphine (10-20 mg i.v.) together with an
Cardiogenic Shock
SHOCK is a severe failure of tissue perfusion,
Cardiogenic Shock
Patients require intensive care
General measures such as complete rest,
continuous 60% oxygen administration and pain
and anxiety relief are essential.
The infusion of fluid is necessary if the pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure is below 18 mmHg.
Cardiac inotropes to increase aortic diastolic
pressure.
Short-acting venous vasodilators such as glyceryl
trinitrate or sodium nitroprusside should be
administered intravenously if the wedge pressure
is 25 mmHg or more.
Emergency revascularization of occluded arteries