1 - Introduction - Peran Logistik Dan SC Dalam Perdagangan Bebas PDF
1 - Introduction - Peran Logistik Dan SC Dalam Perdagangan Bebas PDF
PERDAGANGAN BEBAS
• Sejauh manakah perdagangan bebas berlangsung
• Bagaimana Pebisnis dunia mengantisipasi
globalisasi
• Bagaimana Perkembangan Logistik
• Bagaimana Penyedia Jasa Logistik mengantisipasi
kebutuhan pelanggannya
• Bagaimana perkembangan Logistik di Indonesia
• Siapkah dan tersediakah tenaga-tenaga profesional
logistik di Indonesia
Perdagangan Bebas
Intra Europe
$1,241 Bn
$1 7%
Bn 35.4 %
29
3.
.7
.3
74
$1 .9%
Bn
$1 3 %
4 Bn
5.
84
2.7
.8
5
$1 4%
Bn
.
IntraAmericas 4 Intra Asia
$236.4 Bn 6.7 %
$270.4 Bn $413.5 Bn
7.7% 11.8 %
$153.6 Bn 4.4 %
Sumber: GATT
Index Perdagangan Merchandise
Putaran
Uruguay
1400
1986 - 1993
1200
Putaran
1000 Tokyo
1973 - 1979
800
Putaran
600 Kennedy
1964 - 1967
GATT
400 dibentuk
Perdagangan 1992
200 sangat terbatas $3.580Bn 2005
$6,750Bn
0
45
51
57
69
81
93
63
75
21
33
27
39
87
1950 =100 Tahun
Putaran Uruguay
• Transportasi
• Pergudangan
• Pengendalian Inventori/Stok
• Sistim komunikasi / informasi
• Pengepakan
• Manajemen Produksi
Sejarah dan Perkembangan
• Istilah logistik berasal dari militer
• Contoh: logistik pasukan Roma
– suplai makanan dan disimpan dalam gudang-
gudang dlm benteng
– termasuk kuli dan hewan
– senjata lewat rantai suplai, bengkel , tukang
dll
• Contoh Logistik Napoleon
– Layanan logistik dilakukan oleh militer
– Layanan sistim suplai dilakukan dengan
kereta api
Evolusi ‘Supply Chain’
• Sampai 1960’s
– semua fungsi logistik beroperasi secara
independent
• 1970’s sampai awal 1980’s
– integrasi dimulai
– koordinasi terlihat pada sejumlah fungsi logistik
• Saat ini
– total integrasi menjadi sasaran utama
Evolusi “Supply Chain”
Fragmentation Evolving Total
1960 integration integration
1980 2000
Demand forecasting
Purchasing
Requirements planning
Production planning
Materials Management
Manufacturing inventory
Warehousing Logistics supply
chain
Materials handling
Industrial package
Finished goods inventory
Distribution planning Distribution Management
Order processing
Transportation
Customer service
Pencapaian Rantai Pasok yang terpadu
Stage 1: baseline
Material
Purchasing Production Sales Distribution
Control
Materials Manufacturing
Distribution
Management Management
Materials Manufacturing
Distribution
Management Management
Internal supply
Suppliers Customers
chain
Industri Logistik
Geographic
coverage
Globa
l
Internationa
l
National
Regional
Local
Fixed Flexible No assets
Service Today’s assets assets “Hard asset
portfolio focus base”
One-stop Traditional Single
shopping “packages” product
“Everything”
Standardised
mass
Industry
Client contract
Focus
Strategi baru
Geographic
coverage
Regional
Local
Fixed Flexible No assets
Service Future focus assets assets “Hard asset
portfolio base”
One-stop Traditional Single
shopping “packages” product
“Everything”
Standardised
mass
Industry
Supply chain
Client contract Managers
Focus
Vertical industry
service partners
Industri PC (Digital – 1995)
Head Disk Array Monitor
Singapore Taiwan Customer
Disk
New York Spain
Germany Mexico
Colorado
Mexico New England
Malaysia
Ireland
PC Board
Germany USA
Media UK Systems
Canada UK
Singapore Taiwan Massachusetts UK/Ireland
Motherboard
Germany Taiwan
Massachusetts UK Printer Canada
Asia
Mexico Japan
Taiwan Italy
Canada South
Europe
CPU Chip Caroline
Massachusets Memory
Japan Software Pacific Rim
Singapore
Holland Germany
Ireland
UK California
New
Hampshire Hongkong
Logistik meningkatkan daya saing
• It is true that
Companies compete with companies….
…….products compete with products…..
……offerings compete with offerings…..
4PL
LLP
Lingkup sourcing Logistik
100% insourced
All logistics functions
Client conducted in-house
100% outsourced
Lingkup sourcing Logistik
100% insourced
All logistics functions
Client conducted in-house
100% outsourced
Solusi 4PL
• Organisasi 4PL umumnya suatu entitas terpisah
(konsultan) yang membentuk ‘joint venture’ atau
kontrak jangka panjang antara klien utama dan
dengan satu atau lebih mitra
• Solusi total end-to-end dilakukan lewat kontrak
4PL dengan penyedia jasa yang berbeda,
mengelolanya dan bertindak sebagai ‘single
point of contact’ pada pelanggan
• Semua aspek dari rantai supplai klien dikelola
oleh 4PL
Solusi 4PL
• Kompetensi yang diberikan oleh 4PL:
– Mengelola lebih dari satu 3PL, baik secara
operasional dan strategik
– Mengelola dan memanfaatkan ketersediaan
pengetahuan
– Teknologi Informasi - memanfaatkan sistim
yang tersedia dan mengintegrasikannya
dengan kemampuan lainnya
• Ukuran sebagai pemain global, kuat di
teknologi Informasi dan bebas aset
• 3PL dapat membentuk suato organisasi seperti
4PL dan disebut sbg LLP
Solusi Lead Logistics Provider
Revenue
in EUR bn
Note: (1) Does not include Wincanton (EUR 0.9 bn revenue) as a significant amount of services is provided to parent/sister
companies
(2) Datamonitor / DPAG estimate which includes about 60% of their “Logistik”-division
Schenker BTL
High
Panalpina P&O Trans European
Kuhne & Nagel MSAS Global LogisticsExel Logistics
TNT Logistics
Geographical Coverage
Deutsche Post
Tibbett & Britten
FransMaas
DFDS
BOC
Distribution
Wincanton
Logistiscs
Low Contract Logistics Specialisation High
Kustomer TNT Logistik
Case Study
LLP Concept in Action – Domestic Level
• LLP operation in Malaysia managing operations from clients factory to end customer,
integrating a previously fragmented operation serviced by 12 logistics providers with a
high level of client input.
SUPPLIERS COLLECTION CONSOLIDATION TRANSPORT EXPORT OCEAN IMPORT INLAND BREAK LINE FEED MANUFACTURE INLAND ASSEMBLY
TRANSPORT FOR TO PORT CLEARANCE SHIPMENT CLEARANCE TRANSPORT BULK OPERATION TRANSPORT PLANT
SHIPPING (BULK) (MODULES)
Germany
UK
France
Spain TNT Europe
Consolidation Port
Portugal Rotterdam
Center - Arnhem
Sweden
Italy
Malta
Shared Facility
Returnable packaging
Port Port Bangkok Warehouse
Brazil Manufacture Customer
Santos
Empty dollies
Korea Port Pusan
Local suppliers
Thailand
• Krisis
Bunga tinggi, kehilangan segmen pasar, naiknya biaya bahan
baku, fluktuasi mata uang, ketidak pastian
• Biaya bahan baku dan produk impor yang tinggi
• Infrastruktur ekspor yang minim, lambat menyikapi permintaan
yang naik
–Shipping, containers
• Infrastruktur Logistik yang tidak fleksibel
Sulit menurunkan biaya dan merubah struktur
• Biaya Logistik tinggi
Kesalah pahaman biaya Logistik
• Kekurangan keahlian bidang logistik
• Transportasi Jalan
Keamanan, biaya, ketersediaan dan keandalan
Komponen Biaya Logistik
Banyak perusahaan mendefinisikan komponen biaya logistik
hanya biaya langsung:
• Biaya Langsung
– Biaya operasi gudang (rent, labor, utilities, stationery,
system, etc.)
– Biaya operasi transportasi (subcontracts, owned vehicles,
depresiasi, perawatan dan perbaikan, etc.)
• Contoh Biaya tidak langsung
– Pengaruh Inventori pada Aliran Cash
– Cost of Capital
– Kerusakan
– Penyusutan
– Kehilangan stok
– Kehilangan Penjualan - Lewat ketidak tersediaan stok dan
dukungan pasar
– dll
Penghematan biaya Logistik
12%
8% Cost of Inventory
Packaging
6% Damage
Shrinkage
4% Management
IT/Comms
2% Transport
Warehouse
0%
Perceived True Cost After
Cost Outsourcing
Pengetahuan yang diperlukan logistik
abad 21
Senior Logistics
Executive
• International
• Broadbased Direct Report
Vision
Managers
• Transportation
• Systems • Transportation Entry Level-
Technology • International
• Customer
College Grad
Service • Transportation
• Warehousing • Computer/
• Inventory Information
Systems
• Logistics
• International
• Customer
Service
Senior Logistics
Executive
• Planning/
Strategy Direct Report
• Leadership Managers
• People Skills
• Computers/ PC Entry Level-
• Forecasting/
Modeling • People Skills
• Forecasting/
College Grad
Modeling
• Info Systems/ • Computer/ PC
Technology • Analytical Tools
• Analytical • Communication
• People Skills