TEORI, MODEL, DALIL DAN

PLAGIARISME
 TEORI
• “Serangkaian bagian atau variabel, definisi, dan
dalil yang saling berhubungan yang
menghadirkan sebuah pandangan sistematis
mengenai fenomena dengan menentukan
hubungan antar variabel, dengan menentukan
hubungan antar variabel, dengan maksud
menjelaskan fenomena alamiah”1).
• “Menurut Labovitz dan Hagedorn teori
bagaimana dan mengapa variable-variabel saling
berhubungan” 1)
1) John W Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative & Quantitative Approach,
(London: Sage, 1993) hal 120
 PATUT DICATAT
• Itulah sebabnya mengapa umumnya riset
menghubungkan antara satu variabel yang
satu dengan lain atau dengan kata lain ada
pola hubungan sebab akibat yang terjadi di
antaranya
• Riset yang memberikan Teori dilandasi oleh
adanya hubungan fungsional di antara
variabelnya
• Dalam ilmu pengetahuan Teori bisa disebut
sebagai model
 CIRI YANG MUDAH
DIKENALI DALAM RISET
• Dilandasi adanya keingintahuan
• Adanya kejujuran dalam mengungkap fakta
• Logis atau Ilmiah
• Adanya rujukan hasil riset sebelumnya sebagai
dasar untuk mengaitkan suatu fenomena dengan
fenomena lainnya
• Etikanya : rujukan harus ditulis dalam sebuah
laporan riset atau tulisan ilmiah (Etika Umum),
jika tidak akan dicap plagiat
 DALIL
• “Dalil adalah suatu hal yang menunjuk pada apa yang
dicari; berupa alasan, keterangan dan pendapat yang
merujuk pada pengertian, hukum dan hal-hal yang
berkaitan dengan apa yang dicari”2).
• “Dalam Islam dalil dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu dalil
nagli yang adalah Al-Quran dan hadis Nabi dan dalil
aqli yang adalah pemikiran ulama “2).
• “Al-Quran dan hadis Nabi disebut dalil nagli karena
isinya diambil dari Nabi Muhammad SAW dan
sahabatnya”.[2)

2) Hassan Sadhily. Ensiklopedi Indonesia. Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve. p. 734.

 MENCARI POLA HUBUNGAN
VARIABEL
• Hukum
• Dalil
• Teori
• Hubungan Sebab Akibat menurut
pendekatan statistik
• Hubungan sebab akibat menurut akal sehat
dan intuisi
• Hubungan sebab akibat yang tidak dapat
dijelaskan oleh akal sehat
 MODEL
• Representasi dari obyek nyata yang diamati
perilakunya
• Terdiri dari input yang memiliki banyak
elemen dan atribut
• Elemen tersebut memiliki fungsi tersendiri
• Tiap elemennya berkaitan satu dengan lainnya
• Adanya tujuan tertentu yang ingin dicapai dari
model tersebut
BERIKAN CONTOH MODEL
 PENELITIAN SARJANA & PASCASARJANA

• SARJANA : Menerapkan suatu teori untuk dapat

menjawab persoalan yang dihadapi
• PASCASARJANA : Menemukenali teori-teori yang
ada untuk mencari hal yang baru baik dari sisi :
– Metode
– Bahan atau input baru
– Proses baru atau memperbaiki yang lama
– Mengungkap teori baru atau membantah teori yang
lama
BUKAN LAPORAN ILMIAH KALAU
• Tidak ada kutipan sumber dari hasil
riset orang lain
• Tidak logis
• Tidak menggunakan metode tertentu
yang dipilih
• Tidak ditunjang oleh data dan
informasi
 MENGUTIP TANPA MENYEBUT
SUMBER = PLAGIAT
• Riset harus berkembang
• Mengandalkan pada hasil yang dilaporkan
orang lain dengan risetnya
• Riset harus memberi dampak besar bagi
kehidupan umat manusia
• Bentuk apresiasi kepada peneliti adalah
menuliskan sumber pengarangnya
• Makin banyak dikutip makin baik.... Citation
Index dan Impact Factor
 PLAGIAT
• Plagiat menurut istilah dalam kamus Oxford
Dictionaries (Oxford University Press, 2013),
adalah “semua praktek yang intinya adalah
mengambil pekerjaan atau karya orang lain
atau ide-ide orang lain tanpa memberi tahu
atau menginformasikan pemiliknya, yang diakui
sebagai miliknya sendiri”.

Sumber : Oxford University Press. 2013. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved from :

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/plagiarism?q=plagiarism
• Menurut Collin (2003), Plagiat
adalah bentuk penyalinan karya
orang lain, yang kemudian
dinyatakan sebagai karya sendiri

Collin, Peter. 2003. Easier English Student Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
38 Soho Square London W1D 3HB
AUTO PLAGIAT (SELF PLAGIARISM)
• Auto plagiat (Self-Plagiarism) didefinisikan sebagai
plagiarisme dalam bentuk yang lain, yang dilakukan
oleh seorang penulis yang menulis kembali karyanya,
baik secara keseluruhan maupun menggunakan
kembali beberapa bagian dari tulisannya, yang
pernah ditulis sebelumnya, untuk kemudian dijadikan
sebagai sebuah karya yang baru (iParadigm. 2011)
_____________________
iParadigm. 2011. White Paper. The Ethics of Self Plagiarism. 1111 Broadway, 3rd Floor
Oakland, CA 94607. retrieved from : http://www.ithenticate.com/Portals/92785/media/ith-
selfplagiarism-whitepaper.pdf
 CONTOH KASUS

• Hasil review proposal

penelitian yang diajukan
melalui LPPM –UNPAD dari
salah seorang penilai
menunjukkan bahwa 7 dari
11 proposal yang http://www.iconarchive.com/tag/sad

dievaluasi terindikasi
plagiat (63,6%)
 CARA MENGHINDARI PLAGIAT
Dalam tutorial Cardiff University (2007) disebutkan
beberapa langkah untuk menghindari plagiat
1. Membiasakan diri untuk sering menulis yang baik
2. Bila tidak dapat dihindari untuk mengutip secara langsung dari karya
orang lain, berikan tanda kutip (“.....” ) untuk kata atau kalimat yang
dikutip, kemudian jangan lupa cantumkan sumber kutipan dan
tahunnya. “…. Bla bla bla …” (Dendi, 2013).
3. Buatlah Parapharase (mengganti kalimat asli pengarang dengan
kalimat sendiri) , seperti di atas, jangan lupa mencantumkan sumber
kutipannya.
4. Gunakan pengetahuan yang bersifat umum
5. Hasil kutipan diberi informasi siapa yang dirujuk (nama, tahun) dan
ditulis dalam daftar pustaka (end note) atau pada footnote

Sumber : Cardiff University. 2007. Avoiding Plagiarism. Retrieved from : https:/ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/tutorial/

 CONTOH KUTIPAN LANGSUNG
• Contoh untuk Gaya Hardvard diberi tanda “....” LALU
Kutip nama pengarang, tanggal atau tahun publikasi,
halaman, dimana kutipan tersebut dijumpai (Translasi
dari : https:/ilrb.cf.ac.uk/plagiarism/tutorial/)

• “Angklung diciptakan oleh seorang seniman sunda

yang tinggal di Kota Bandung” (Agum, 1999, p.1)

Referensi
• Agum, D. 1999. Angklung. Suara Hati Press. Bandung.
Halaman 1.
FOOTNOTE
ENDNOTE
 PARAPHRASE
Cara menghindari kutipan
langsung dengan mengubah
kalimat pengarang dengan
kalimat sendiri, namun dengan
tetap mencantumkan sumber
sitasi dari pengarang aslinya
 BUAT PARAPHRASE DARI KALIMAT
DALAM PARAGRAF SBB
• Dari hasil analisis data lapangan diperoleh
informasi sebagai berikut : Rata-rata luas
lahan usaha tani di Kabupaten Karawang
untuk petani pemilik penggarap 1,96 ha
sementara di Indramayu 0,85 ha. Untuk
petani penyakap rata-rata luas lahan usaha
tani di Karawang 1,00 ha dan di Indramayu
0,35 ha. (Kastaman, 2012)
Kastaman, Roni. 2012. Analisis Ekonomi Usaha Tani Padi Sawah, Suatu Refleksi Kesejahteraan Petani Jawa Barat. Jurnal
teknotan Vol.6 Nomor 3. September 2012. ISSN 1978-1067. Fakultas Teknologi Industri Pertanian UNPAD.pp.874
 CONTOH PARAPHRASE - NYA
• Hasil penelitian Kastaman (2012)
menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata luas
lahan usaha tani yang dimiliki petani
di Kabupaten Karawang lebih besar
daripada di Indramayu, baik untuk
petani pemilik penggarap maupun
petani penyakap
Kastaman, Roni. 2012. Analisis Ekonomi Usaha Tani Padi Sawah, Suatu Refleksi Kesejahteraan Petani Jawa Barat. Jurnal
teknotan Vol.6 Nomor 3. September 2012. ISSN 1978-1067. Fakultas Teknologi Industri Pertanian UNPAD. Pp.874
PENGETAHUAN YANG BERSIFAT UMUM

• Suatu fakta yang secara umum telah

dikenal luas dan telah menjadi milik
publik (umum ) tanpa dijelaskan asal
usul sumbernya
• Contoh :
–Produk Hukum
–Icon
–Simbol dalam Flow Chart
 LATIHAN
• Berikut adalah contoh latihan untuk
menunjukkan mana plagiat dan mana yang
bukan.
• Bahan berikut diambil dari sumber :
• http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
• Untuk memudahkan bagi yang tidak membawa
komputer & modem untuk koneksi internet, apa
yang tertulis dalam situs dipindahkan dalam slide
berikut :
 KASUS 1
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
[Barbara]
• During the 1960s the nation put human Brown (1997) argued, “If we
beings into space and eventually sent them declare our intention to send
to the moon and back. History has a man to Mars before 2010,
recorded this effort not only as an we will be affording the
enormous technological achievement but human race the opportunity
also as an example of Americans’ ability to to realize an ancient dream.”
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
Getting to the moon was important, but Plagiarism ?? click here for
the real frontier has always been Mars. If the answer
we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the
human race the opportunity to realize an
ancient dream. The technology necessary
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN 1
• Example 1 (Barbara):
• No, Barbara has not plagiarized. She has
properly quoted the statement and properly
attributed it to the author. The attribution
style used here is the most commonly used
style in the sciences.

Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html

 KASUS 2
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
[Talisha]
• During the 1960s the nation put human
beings into space and eventually sent
K.N. Brown stated, “If we
them to the moon and back. History has declare our intention to
recorded this effort not only as an send a man to Mars
enormous technological achievement but before 2010, we will be
also as an example of Americans’ ability to affording the human race
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
Getting to the moon was important, but
the opportunity to realize
the real frontier has always been Mars. If an ancient dream.” (3)
we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the Plagiarism ?? click here
human race the opportunity to realize an for the answer
ancient dream. The technology necessary
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN 2
• Example 2 (Talisha):
• No, Talisha has not plagiarized. Talisha has
properly quoted the statement and properly
attributed it to the author. The attribution
used here is the second type generally used in
the sciences (primarily non-US journals),
which uses a number in brackets which
corresponds to a number in the reference list.

Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html

 KASUS 3
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
• During the 1960s the nation put human
[Vijay]
beings into space and eventually sent Brown (1997) thinks
them to the moon and back. History has that a manned Mars
recorded this effort not only as an
enormous technological achievement but mission this decade
also as an example of Americans’ ability to will give people a
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
Getting to the moon was important, but
worthwhile goal to
the real frontier has always been Mars. If achieve.
we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the
human race the opportunity to realize an Plagiarism?? click
ancient dream. The technology necessary here for the answer
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN 3
• Example 3 (Vijay):
• No, Vijay has not plagiarized. The idea in
Vijay’s sentence correctly reflects Brown’s idea
and is properly attributed to Brown
(1997). No quotation marks are needed,
because the wording has not been taken
verbatim from Brown.

Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html

 KASUS 4
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
• During the 1960s the nation put human
[Eduardo]
beings into space and eventually sent Brown thinks that “*i]f we
them to the moon and back. History has declare our intention to
recorded this effort not only as an send a man to Mars
enormous technological achievement but before 2010...,” people
also as an example of Americans’ ability to
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
will have a worthwhile
Getting to the moon was important, but goal to achieve (3).
the real frontier has always been Mars. If
we declare our intention to send a man to Plagiarism?? click here for
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the the answer
human race the opportunity to realize an
ancient dream. The technology necessary
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN 4
• Example 4 (Eduardo):
• No, Eduardo has not plagiarized. The clause
taken from Brown’s original sentence is
properly quoted by Eduardo, and the
attribution to Brown (1997) is correct. A
teacher might disapprove of a Eduardo putting
a verbatim quotation in his paper, but that
would be a different issue from plagiarism.

Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html

 KASUS 5
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
Maria]
• During the 1960s the nation put human
beings into space and eventually sent
Brown (1997) thinks that
them to the moon and back. History has if we declare our
recorded this effort not only as an intention to send a man
enormous technological achievement but to Mars before 2010,
also as an example of Americans’ ability to people will have a
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
Getting to the moon was important, but
worthwhile goal to
the real frontier has always been Mars. If achieve.
we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the Plagiarism ?? click here
human race the opportunity to realize an for the answer
ancient dream. The technology necessary
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN 5
• Example 5 (Maria):
• Yes, Maria has plagiarized. The string of words
"if we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010" should be in quotation
marks because it was taken verbatim from
Brown's paper. Again, a teacher might
disapprove of Maria putting a verbatim
quotation in her paper, but that would be a
different issue from plagiarism.,
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 KASUS 6
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
[Kevin]
• During the 1960s the nation put human
beings into space and eventually sent
“If we declare our
them to the moon and back. History has intention to send a man
recorded this effort not only as an to Mars before 2010, we
enormous technological achievement but will be affording the
also as an example of Americans’ ability to human race the
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
Getting to the moon was important, but
opportunity to fulfill an
the real frontier has always been Mars. If ancient dream.”
we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the Plagiarism ?? click here for
human race the opportunity to realize an the answer
ancient dream. The technology necessary
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN
• Example 6 (Kevin):
• Yes, Kevin has plagiarized. Although he has properly
used quotation marks, the violation arises because he
did not indicate the source of the quoted material. (In
other words, we don’t know that the passage came
from Brown, 1997). However, the quotation marks
presumably indicate Kevin’s intention to give credit,
and the lack of attribution is probably an
oversight. This is generally not a strong reason to flunk
Kevin, but he should still be marked off and given a
strong warning. Avoiding plagiarism requires careful
attention to one's work.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 KASUS 7
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
• During the 1960s the nation put human
[Amanda]
beings into space and eventually sent If we declare our
them to the moon and back. History has intention to send a man
recorded this effort not only as an to Mars before 2010, we
enormous technological achievement but will be affording the
also as an example of Americans’ ability to
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
human race the
Getting to the moon was important, but opportunity to fulfill an
the real frontier has always been Mars. If ancient dream.
we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the Plagiarism ?? click here
human race the opportunity to realize an
ancient dream. The technology necessary
for the answer
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN 7
• Example 7 (Amanda):
• Yes, Amanda has plagiarized. In fact, this is
flagrant plagiarism. Amanda has lifted an entire
sentence from Brown (1997), and did not enclose
it in quotation marks nor give Brown credit. We
must assume that Amanda intends us to think
that the words and ideas are hers. The severest
punishment should be administered for flagrant,
deliberate plagiarism (see the pertinent pages of
the Georgia State Undergraduate Catalog or the
Student Handbook).

Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html

 KASUS 8
• Brown's (1997) final paragraph:
• During the 1960s the nation put human [Melanie]
beings into space and eventually sent A manned Mars
them to the moon and back. History has
recorded this effort not only as an
mission this decade
enormous technological achievement but will give people a
also as an example of Americans’ ability to worthwhile goal to
cooperate to achieve a national goal.
Getting to the moon was important, but achieve.
the real frontier has always been Mars. If
we declare our intention to send a man to
Mars before 2010, we will be affording the
Plagiarism ?? click
human race the opportunity to realize an here for the answer
ancient dream. The technology necessary
to accomplish this already exists; all we
need now is the will to go.
Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html
 JAWABAN 8
• Example 8 (Melanie):
• Yes, Melanie has plagiarized because she did not give
Brown credit for ideas. This is a common infraction and
one that many students (maybe most people) don’t
understand and don’t agree with. No quotation marks are
necessary, but all the ideas in Melanie’s sentence
originated with Brown (1997). Brown has basically three
concepts in her paragraph: (1) we should launch a manned
mission to Mars, (2) we should do it within the present
decade, and (3) doing this would give us a great sense of
accomplishment. All three ideas appear in Melanie's
sentence.
•

Plagiarism Exercise Retrieved from http://www2.gsu.edu/~geotel/plagiarism.html

 Telusur informasi untuk menghindari
plagiarisme Via On-Line
• Contoh pemeriksaan melalui software atau situs
on-line :
– www.plagscan.com
– www.plagiarsma.net
– www.turnitin.com
– www.duplichecker.com
– www.crossrefme.com
– http://searchenginereports.net/articlecheck.aspx
– www.copytracker.org
– Lain-lain bisa di cari melalui search engine di internet
(google.com, yahoo.com, msn.com, dll.
 CONTOH KASUS
Periksalah apakah tulisan dalam paragraf ini terindikasi plagiat ataukah
tidak ?

• Pada dekomposisi anaerob atas limbah, beberapa organisme anaerobik

bekerja bersama untuk mengkonversi bahan organik dalam limbah dan
menjadikannya hasil akhir yang stabil. Kelompok mikroorganisme pertama
sangat peka pada polimer hidrolyzing organic dan lipid untuk blok bangunan
dasar yang terstruktur seperti asam lemak, monosakarida, asam amino dan
senyawa-senyawa lain yang terkait.

• Bakteri anaerobik kelompok kedua memfermentasikan produk yang

teruraikan oleh kelompok mikroorganisme pertama menjadi asam organik
yang lebih sederhana, yang paling sering adalah asam asetat. Kelompok
mikroorganisme kedua ini dikenal sebagai mikroorganisme non
metanogenik, terdiri atas bakteri anaerobik fakultatif dan obligat yang
sering diidentifikasikan di beberapa literatur sebagai acidogen atau
 TELUSURI VIA :
• http://google.co.id
• Atau via :
• http://duplichecker.com
• Untuk duplichecker, sensitivitas
telusur tidak sebaik google (database
terbatas dan lebih sensitif untuk
yang berbahasa Inggris)