LAPORAN

PRAKTIKUM KOMPUTASI BIOMEDIS

Regresi: Linier dan Polinomial

Pelaksanaan Praktikum
Hari : Selasa Tanggal : 17 September 2019 Jam : 08.50 – 10.30

Oleh:
Nama: Fashalli Giovi Bilhaq
NIM: 081711733026

Dosen Pembimbing : Franky Chandra Satria Arisgraha, S.T., M.T.

FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
2019
1. TUJUAN PRAKTIKUM
Menentukan korelasi variable pada suatu fungsi dengan menggunakan
metode regresi

2. DASAR TEORI

Regresi adalah suatu metode untuk memperoleh perkiraan model

matematika (fungsi) dari dua variabel. Regresi yang terbentuk dapat berupa
fungsi linear, polinomial, dan eksponensial sesuai dengan asumsi yang
digunakan.

Figure 6.1. Contoh metode regresi (a) data dimasukkan ke fungsi polinomial Lagrangian ordo
empat, (b) data dimasukkan ke fungsi linear, (c) perbandingan kedua grafik.

Regresi linear adalah sebuah metode regresi yang membentuk

sebuah fungsi sebagai korelasi antara dua variabel yang bergantungan.
Sebagai contoh, xi dan yi adala data dari sebuah pengukuran. Ketika kita
menggunakan regresi linear maka digunakan garis lurus yang dibuat
sedemikian hingga nilai error yang dihasilkan relatif kecil.
 Figure 6.2. Regresi Linear
Secara matematis, fungsi linear dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut.
f ( x )=a+bx
Untuk menemukan nilai a dan b dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan
persamaan berikut.
n ∑ xi = a ∑ yi
[∑ xi ] [ ][
∑ x i2 b ∑ x i y i ]
Dengan menyelesaikan matriks tersebut, nilai a dan b didapatkan dengan
menggunakan persamaan:
n ∑ xi y i−∑ x i ∑ y i
b= 2
n ∑ x i2−(∑ x i)
a= y−bx

3. TUGAS PRAKTIKUM
1. Make a linear regression program based on data as shown below!
X 8 17 20 25 31 42 50 59 65 72 80
Y 100 130 209 276 330 359 420 487 550 645 700

2. Using hemoglobin as a blood substitute: hemoglobin-oxygen binding

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein present in red blood cells that is
responsible for the transport of oxygen (O2) from lungs to individual
tissues throughout the body and removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from
the tissue spaces for transport to the lungs. The hemoglobin molecule
is a tetramer and consists of four subunits, two α chains, and two β
chains. Each α or β polypeptide chain contains a single iron atom
containing heme group that can bind to one O2 molecule. Thus, a
hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four O2 molecules. The subunits
work cooperatively with each other (allosteric binding), such that the
binding of one O2 molecule to one of the four subunits produces a
conformational change within the protein that makes O2 binding to the
other subunits more favourable. The binding equation between
haemoglobin and oxygen is as follows:
HB (O¿¿ 2)n ↔ Hb+O2 ; n=1 , … , 4 ¿
The exchange of O2 and CO2 gases between the lungs and tissue spaces
via the blood occurs due to prevailing differences in the partial
pressures of pO2 and pCO2, respectively. The atmospheric air contains
21% O2. The O2 in inspired air exerts a partial pressure of 158 mmHg
(milimeters of mercury), which then reduces to 100 mmHg when the
inspired air mixes with the alveolar air, which is rich in CO2. Venous
blood that contacts the alveoli contains O2 at a partial pressure of 40
mmHg. The large difference in partial pressure drives diffusion of O2
across the alveolar membranes into blood. Most of the oxygen in blood
enters into red blood cells and binds to haemoglobin molecules to form
oxyhemoglobin. The oxygenated blood travels to various parts of the
body and releases oxygen from oxyhemoglobin. The partial pressure of
oxygen in the tissue spaces depends on the activity level of the tissues
and is lower in more active tissues. The high levels of CO2 in the
surrounding tissue drive entry of CO2 into blood and subsequent
reactions with water to produce bicarbonates (HCO3-). Some of the
bicarbonates enter the red blood cells and bind to haemoglobin to form
carbaminohemoglobin. At the lungs, the oxygenation of blood is
responsible for the transformation of carbaminohemoglobin to
exyhemoglobin or the dissociation of CO2 from haemoglobin, and
conversion of bicarbonates into CO2 and H2O, resulting in CO2 leaving
the blood and entering into the lungs.
The Hill equation describes a mathematical relationship between the
extent of oxygen saturation of haemoglobin and the partial pressure of
O2 in blood. This equation is derived from the application of the law of
mass action to the state of chemical equilibrium of the reaction

HB (O¿¿ 2)n ↔ Hb+O2 ¿

S=¿ ¿

Equation (1) is the Hill equation, and accounts for the observed
cooperative binding that produces the characteristic sigmoidal shape of
haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve.
 The partial pressure of oxygen that results in occupancy of half of the
oxygen binding sites of haemoglobin is denoted by P50.
Biochemical engineers at several universities have explored the use of
polymerized bovine haemoglobin as a possible blood substitute.
Monomeric haemoglobin is small enough to leak out of capillary
pores; however, by chemically attaching several haemoglobin units
together, the end of product is large enough to be retained within the
circulatory system. Date collected for tetrameric bovine haemoglobin
binding to oxygen are given in the table.
We first examine the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve by
plotting the data . we wish to determine the best-fit values of P50 and n
in the Hill equation for this data set and compare with the values
measured for human haemoglobin. Equation (1) is nonlinear but can be
converted to linear form by first rearranging to:
S ( pO¿¿ 2)n
= … (2)¿
1−S p n50
And then taking the logarithm of both sides to obtain:
S
ln =n ln (pO¿¿ 2)n−n ln pn50 …(3) ¿
1−S
S
Plotting ln ⁡( ) as a function of ln ⁡( pO 2) produces a line with slope
1−S
n and intercept –n ln P50.
Equation (3) is the functional form for the dependency of oxygen
saturation of haemoglobin as a function of the oxygen partial pressure,
and is linear in the regression parameters.

pO2
10 11 12
(mmHg 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 0 0
)
0.1 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
S
8 0 5 0 7 2 4 5 5 6 6 7
Table 1. Fractional saturation of haemoglobin as a function of
partial pressure of oxygen in blood.
Questions:
a. Please derive equation (1) to equation (3)!
b. Make a program of linear regression based on the data above by
following the given information! (Remember: the equation is non-
linear at first, so its needed to be linearized first. Then, input the
data in the linearized equation to get the unknown variables.)
c. Find what is n and P50!
d. Plot the data before and after linearization!
 3. Make a polynomial regression program to solve a nonlinear data
problem!

4. PEMBAHASAN
a. Analisis Masalah
1. Melalui data di bawah ini, buatlah program regresi linear
x = [8, 17, 20, 25, 31, 42, 50, 59, 65, 72, 80]
y = [100, 130, 209, 276, 330, 359, 420, 487, 550, 645, 700]
2. Diturunkan persamaan 1 menuju persamaan 3 sebagai berikut:

Dari persamaan 2 menjadi persamaan 3 diperoleh

Dari persamaan yang dimiliki, persamaan 3 dapat dijabarkan

dengan fungsi f(x) = ax + b, sehingga dapat dikorelasikan
menjadi

3. Dibuat persamaan non linear untuk menentukan regresinya.

Dapat diterapkan regresi polynomial derajat 2, diperoleh
perhitungan menggunakan matriks menjadi:
 b. Flowchart
(Terlampir)
c. Program
(Terlampir)

5. Kesimpulan
Dari hasil percobaan, dapat diketahui bahwa regresi memiliki korelasi
dengan data yang dihasilkan. Korelasi tersebut menyesuaikan dengan
bentuk grafik data yang ada, dapat berbentuk linear dan non linear. Jika
korelasi tersebut berbentuk linear, dapat digambarkan dengan persamaan
matematis f(x)= ax+b. Untuk grafik non-linear, dapat berbentuk derajat
lebih dari 1.
6. Daftar Pustaka
Capra, Steven C and Canale. 1991. Numerical Methods for
Engineers with Personal Computer Applications. New-York: McGraw-
Hill Book Company.
Munir, Rinaldi. 2008. Metode Numerik. Bandung: Informatika
Bandung.
J.W. Eaton, D. Bateman, S. Hauberg, and R. Wehbring. 2017.
GNU Octave. J.W. Eaton: Boston.
King M.R and Mody N.A. 2010. Numerical and Statical Methods
for Bioengineering. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lampiran

Flowchart
Regresi Linear Regresi Non-Linear
Program
Program 1
Program 2
Program 3
Hasil Program

Program 1
Program 2
Program 3