“Bioremediasi-Fitoremediasi”
• Proses alami
• Mengubah molekul senyawa pencemar organik, bukan hanya
memindahkan
• Beaya paling murah dibandingkan cara yang lain
• Hasil akhir degradasi adalah gas karbon dioksida, air, dan
senyawa-senyawa sederhana yang ramah lingkungan
Kelemahan Bioremediasi
Aromatik
bisiklik
(naftalena)
Teknik dasar dalam bioremediasi
1) Seeding
• Mengoptimalkan populasi dan
aktivitas mikroba indigenous
(bioremediasi intrinsik)
• Penambahan mikroorganisme
exogenous (bioaugmentasi)
2) Feeding
• Memodifikasi lingkungan dengan
penambahan nutrisi (biostimulasi)
• Pengaturan aerasi (bioventing)
KEUNTUNGAN MENGGUNAKAN MIKROBIA UNTUK MENDEGRADASI
SENYAWA PENCEMAR ORGANIK
• Jumlahnya banyak dan ada
dimana-mana
• Jalur metabolisme dalam
aktivitas hidupnya dapat
dimanfaatkan untuk
mendegradasi senyawa
pencemar organik dan
mengubahnya menjadi
senyawa yang lebih aman
(tidak berbahaya)
Bioremediasi Senyawa Organik Pada Skala Mikroskopis
Pengolahan Biologis Lahan Tercemar Senyawa Organik
• Pengolahan lahan tercemar senyawa organik dapat
dikelompokkan ke dalam:
1. In situ (on-site) – pengolahan dilakukan di tempat
pencemaran tanpa pemindahan
2. Ex situ (off-site) – pengolahan dilakukan di tempat lain
sehingga perlu pemindahan
Ex-situ In-situ
Diagram Bioremediasi Lahan Tercemar Senyawa Organik
In Situ Bioremediation
1. Bioventing
• One of the most common approaches in soil
• Supply air and nutrients via wells
• Takes advantage of indigenous microorganisms
2. In situ biodegradation
• Supply air and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions through
contaminated soils or groundwater
3. Biosparging
• Injection of air below the water table-increases groundwater oxygen
concentrations and mixing in saturated zone
4. Bioaugmentation
• Addition of indigenous or exogenous microorganisms
• Limits to use: competition and necessity
5. Biostimulation
• Natural Attenuation or Intrinsic Bioremediation
Ex situ Bioremediation
1. Land farming
• Contaminated soil is excavated and spread over land
• Soil is periodically tilled to improve aeration
• Remediation due to indigenous microorganisms, as well as chemical and physical processes
• Generally limited to the superficial 10–35 cm of soil
• Can reduce monitoring and maintenance costs
2. Composting
• Combines contaminated soil with nonhazardous organic amendants (e.g. manure or agricultural
wastes)
3. Biopiles
• Combination of landfarming and composting
• Control physical losses of contaminants
4. Bioreactors
• Soil and water pumped up from a contaminated plume and processed through an engineered
containment system
• Degradation in a bioreactor is generally greater than in situ because the contained environment is
more controllable and predictable
Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Strategi Bioremediasi
Microorganisms
1. Aerobic bacteria:
• Examples include: Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and
Mycobacterium
• Shown to degrade pesticides and hydrocarbons; alkanes and polyaromatics
• May be able to use the contaminant as sole source of carbon and energy.
2. Methanotrophs:
• Aerobic bacteria that utilize methane for carbon and energy
• Methane monooxygenase has a broad substrate range
• active against a wide range of compounds (e.g. chlorinated aliphatics such as
trichloroethylene and 1,2- dichloroethane)
3. Anaerobic bacteria:
• Not used as frequently as aerobic bacteria
• Can often be applied to bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in river
sediments, trichloroethylene (TCE), and chloroform
4. Fungi:
• Able to degrade a diverse range of persistent or toxic environmental pollutants
Fitoremediasi
Fe Mn Zn Cu Cd
Botanical
μg/gm dry weight
name
soil plant soil plant soil plant soil plant soil plant
Amaranthus 327.7 263.3 198.3 111.2 208.3 145.6 50.6 44.0 8.9 3.0
viridis
Oryza. sativa 338.5 259.0 198.8 114.2 219.5 141.5 53.2 46.4 9.9 4.5
Hibiscus 328.6 279.6 192.8 98.9 225.3 149.0 103.5 53.2 11.4 5.5
esculentus
Spinacea 330.8 336.9 186.2 115.5 227.6 147.2 106.7 59.1 9.4 5.0
oleracea
Konsentrasi Fe, Mn, Zn,Cu dan Cd pada beberapa jenis tanaman pada tanah tidak terkontaminasi
Fe Mn Zn Cu Cd
Botanical name
μg/gm dry weight
soil plant soil plant soil plant soil plant soil plant
Amaranthus 253.4 203.9 130.4 67.1 129.5 67.2 49.2 18.1 1.2 1.2
viridis
Oryza. sativa 260.2 218.5 132.4 58.2 109.7 74.2 40.5 19.6 1.4 0.6
Hibiscus 265.1 217.0 134.6 66.6 117.6 70.1 38.8 20.0 1.6 0.3
esculentus
Spinacea 234.4 268.4 137.0 58.1 99.8 75.2 35.7 19.4 1.4 0.7
oleracea
Kriteria level normal pada tanaman secara umum
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