JENIS STUDI EPIDEMIOLOGI

Oleh:

FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG

1
 EPIDEMIOLOGI
Ilmu yg mempelajari masalah
kesh. pd sekelompok manusia

FREKUENSI PENYEBARAN FAKTOR DETERMINAN

Merumuskan Hipotesa
•Menemukan/ Orang (Man) Uji Hipotesa
identifikasi Tempat (Place) Tarik Kesimpulan
•Mengukur Waktu (Time)

EPIDEMIOLOGI EPIDEMIOLOGI
DESKRIPTIF ANALITIK

dr.M.S.Adi
 JENIS STUDI EPIDEMIOLOGI

STUDI DESKRIPTIF
STUDI ANALITIK
a. Observasional:
1. Kohort ( cohort )
2. Kasus – kontrol ( case - control )
3. Kros – seksional ( cross – sectional )
b. Eksperimental :
1. Uji klinis ( clinical trial )
2. Uji lapangan ( field trial )
3. Uji perlakuan komunitas (community intervention trial )

M.S.Adi,MD,MSc,PhD 3
JENIS STUDI EPIDEMIOLOGI ( lanjutan )

STUDI DESKRIPTIF

Studi yang menggambarkan suatu kejadian

penyakit/ masalah kesehatan berdasarkan
karakteristik orang (person ), tempat ( place )
dan waktu ( time ). Menjawab pertanyaan Who,
What, When.

STUDI ANALITIK

Studi yang menjelaskan mengapa penyakit/

masalah kesehatan timbul. Mencari sebab-akibat.
Menjawab pertanyaan Why.

M.S.Adi,MD,MSc,PhD 4
STUDI DESKRIPTIF

STUDI KASUS ( Case report )

Laporan secara detail tentang suatu kasus penyakit atau
masalah kesehatan (ditinjau dari berbagai sudut disiplin ilmu)

SERI KASUS ( Case series )

Pengembangan dari ‘case-report’, penggambaran dari
karakteristik-karakteristik beberapa pasien/individu yang
terkena kasus penyakit/masalah kesehatan.

STUDI EKOLOGI ( Correlational study )

Menggunakan data dari seluruh kelompok/populasi untuk
membandingkan frekuensi/kejadian penyakit antar kelompok
pada periode waktu yang sama atau pada satu populasi tetapi
berbeda waktu.

M.S.Adi,MD,MSc,PhD 5
JENIS STUDI EPIDEMIOLOGI ( lanjutan )

STUDI OBSERVASIONAL
Studi dimana peneliti hanya MENGAMATI ada/tidaknya
faktor risiko/paparan pada subjek yang diteliti.
Peneliti TIDAK melakukan suatu perlakuan / intervensi

STUDI EKSPERIMENTAL
Studi dimana peneliti MELAKUKAN perlakuan/intervensi
(pemberian faktor risiko/paparan) pada subjek yang akan
diteliti

M.S.Adi,MD,MSc,PhD 6
 OBJECTIVE OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY

To evaluate trends in health and disease and allow

comparisons among counties and subgroups within
countries.

To provide a basis for planning, provision and evaluation of

services.

To identify problems and generate hypotheses to be studied

by analytic methods.
 DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY

RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE AND LESS TIME-

CONSUMING THAN ANALYTIC STUDIES.

THEY DESCRIBE :
- Who gets sick and/or who does not.
- Where rates are highest and lowest.
- Temporal pattern of the disease;
a. Seasonality
b. Secular trends which are affected by :
Secular trends which are affected by:

b.1. Changes in diagnostic technique

b.2 . Changes in the accuracy of
denominator
b.3. Changes in the age distribution of the
population
b.4. Changes in survival from improved
treatment or disease mutation
b.5. Changes in actual disease incidence
POSSIBLE REASONS FOR CHANGES IN TRENDS

A. ARTIFACTUAL
* Errors in the numerator due to :
- Changes in recognition of disease
- Changes in the rules and procedures for
classification of causes of death
- Changes in the classification code of causes of
death
- Changes in accuracy of reporting age at death

* Errors in the denominator due to error in the

enumeration of the population.
 POSSIBLE REASONS FOR CHANGES IN TRENDS ( cont. )

B. REAL

* Changes in age distribution of the population

* Changes in survivorship
* Changes in incidence of disease resulting
from :
- Genetic factors
- Environmental factors
TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE (epidemiologic) STUDY

CASE REPORTS/CASE STUDY and CASE SERIES

CORRELATIONAL STUDIES (Ecological Study)

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES (descriptive)

 CASE REPORTS

Case reports (case series) :

report of a single individual or a group of
individual with the same diagnosis.

Advantages : Can generate hypotheses and describe new syndrome

Limitation : Can not test for statistical association because there is no
comparison group
 CORRELATIONAL STUDIES

Correlational studies ( ecological studies) use measures that

represent characteristics of entire population to describe
outcomes in relation to some factors of interest such as age,
time, utilization of service or exposures.

Advantages :
- First step in investigating possible exposure-disease relationship
- Can be done quickly and inexpensively
Limitations :
- Inability to link exposure with disease in particular individual
- Lack of ability to control for the effect tof confounding factors
- Represent average exposure level rather than actual individual
values
 CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES

Cross-sectional studies (prevalence studies) measure

disease and exposure simultaneously in a well-defined
population. Provide information on prevalence of disease
or health problem.

Advantages :
- ‘Quick’ , requiring only ‘one-time’ examination
- Less expensive than some other study design

Limitation :
- Can not determine whether exposure preceded or resulted
from the disease
- It deals only with survicors, and those surviving to be found as
cases.
- Ecological fallacy.