Pasar
Oligopoli
-‐
Oligopoly
M arket
Struct
ure-‐
11
Ciri-‐ciri
Empat
Struktur
Pasar
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Introduction
An
oligopoly
is
an
industry
dominated
by
a
few
@irms
that,
by
virtue
of
their
individual
sizes,
are
large
enough
to
in@luence
the
market
price.
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Oligopoli
0 Oligopoli
–
Persaingan
di
antara
golongan
kecil
0 Industri
didominasi
oleh
sejumlah
kecil
perusahaan
besar
0 Banyak
perusahaan
menyusun
industri
0 Hambatan
masuk
yang
tinggi
0 Produk
dapat
terdiferensiasi
dengan
tinggi
–
merk
atau
homogen
0 Persaingan
non-‐harga
0 Stabilitas
harga
di
dalam
pasar
-‐
kinked
demand
curve
?
0 Potensial
untuk
kolusi
?
0 Laba
abnormal
0 Derajat
salingtergantungan
yang
tinggi
antar
perusahaan
0 Contoh
:
0 Supermarket,
Industri
perbankan,
Bahan
Kimia,
Minyak,
obat
kedokteran,
penyiaran
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Some Oligopolistic Industries
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Five
Forces
model
A
model
developed
by
Michael
Porter
that
helps
us
understand
the
@ive
competitive
forces
that
determine
the
level
of
competition
and
pro@itability
in
an
industry.
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Oligopoli
0 Faktor-‐faktor
yang
menyokong
kolusi
0 Perusahaan
sedikit
0 Terbuka
dengan
masing-‐masing
yang
lain
0 Metode
produksi
dan
biaya
rata-‐rata
mirip
0 Produk
serupa
0 Perusahaan
dominan
0 Hambatan
masuk
signi@ikan
0 Pasar
stabil
0 Tidak
ada
ukuran
pemerintah
yang
mengekang
kolusi
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Mengukur
Oligopoli
0 Rasio
Konsentrasi
–
proporsi
pangsa
pasar
yang
dihitung
dengan
jumlah
perusahaan
teratas
:
0 Rasio
konsentrasi
(CR)
5
perusahaan
adalah
80
%
-‐
berarti
bahwa
5
perusahaan
besar
menguasai
80%
pangsa
pasar
0 Rasio
konsentrasi
(CR)
3
perusahaan
adalah
72%
-‐
3
perusahaan
utama
menguasai
72%
pangsa
pasar
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Struktur
Pasar
0 Duopoli
:
0 Industri
didominasi
oleh
dua
perusahaan
besar
0 Kemungkinan
munculnya
pemimpin
harga
(price
leader)
–
pesaing
akan
mengikuti
keputusan
penetapan
harga
yang
dibuat
oleh
pemimpin
harga
0 Hambatan
yang
tinggi
untuk
masuk
0 Laba
abnormal
mungkin
sekali
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OLIGOPOLY
MODELS
1. The
Collusion
Model
When
@irms
collude,
either
explicitly
or
tacitly,
they
jointly
maximize
pro@its
by
charging
an
agreed-‐to
price
or
by
setting
output
limits
and
splitting
pro@its.
The
result
is
the
same
as
it
would
be
if
one
@irm
monopolized
the
industry:
The
@irm
will
produce
up
to
the
point
at
which
MR
=
MC,
and
price
will
be
set
above
marginal
cost.
0
A
group
of
@irms
that
gets
together
and
makes
price
and
output
decisions
jointly
is
called
a
Cartel.
0 E.g.
:
Organization
of
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries
(OPEC)
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OLIGOPOLY
MODELS
2. The
Price-‐leadership
Model
Oligopoly
leads
to
a
result
similar
but
not
identical
to
the
collusion
model.
In
this
organization,
the
dominant
@irm
in
the
industry
sets
a
price
and
allows
competing
@irms
to
supply
all
they
want
at
that
price.
An
oligopoly
with
a
dominant
price
leader
will
produce
a
level
of
output
between
what
would
prevail
under
competition
and
what
a
monopolist
would
choose
in
the
same
industry.
An
oligopoly
will
also
set
a
price
between
the
monopoly
price
and
the
competitive
price.
0 Price
Leadership.
A
form
of
oligopoly
in
which
one
dominant
@irm
sets
prices
the
industry
follow
its
pricing
policy.
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OLIGOPOLY
MODELS
3. The
Cournot
Model
based
on
three
assumptions:
① that
there
are
few
@irms
in
an
industry,
② that
each
@irm
takes
the
output
of
the
other
as
a
given,
and
③ that
@irms
maximize
pro@its.
0 The
model
holds
that
a
series
of
output-‐adjustment
decisions
leads
to
a
@inal
level
of
output
between
that
which
would
prevail
under
perfect
competition
and
that
which
would
be
set
by
a
monopoly.
0 The
original
Cournot
model
focused
on
an
oligopoly
with
only
two
@irms
producing
identical
products
and
not
colluding.
A
two-‐@irm
oligopoly
is
known
as
a
duopoly
.
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GAME
THEORY
0 Game
theory
analyzes
the
behavior
of
@irms
as
if
their
behavior
were
a
series
of
strategic
moves
and
countermoves.
0
Game
theory
is
a
sub@ield
of
economics
that
analyzes
the
choices
made
by
rival
@irms,
people,
and
even
governments
when
they
are
trying
to
maximize
their
own
well-‐being
while
anticipating
and
reacting
to
the
actions
of
others
in
their
environment.
0 It
helps
us
understand
the
problem
of
oligopoly
but
leaves
us
with
an
incomplete
and
inconclusive
set
of
propositions
about
the
likely
behavior
of
individual
oligopolistic
@irms.
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Payoff
Matrix
for
Advertising
Game
• Both
players
have
a
dominant
strategy.
• If
B
does
not
advertise,
A
will
because
$75,000
beats
$50,000.
• If
B
does
advertise,
A
will
also
advertise
because
a
pro@it
of
$10,000
beats
a
loss
of
$25,000.
• A
will
advertise
regardless
of
what
B
does.
• Similarly,
B
will
advertise
regardless
of
what
A
does.
• If
A
does
not
advertise,
B
will
because
$75,000
beats
$50,000.
• If
A
does
advertise,
B
will
too
because
a
$10,000
pro@it
beats
a
loss
of
$25,000.
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The
Prisoners’
Dilemma
• Both
players
have
a
dominant
strategy
and
will
confess.
If
Rocky
does
not
confess,
Ginger
will
because
going
free
beats
a
year
in
jail.
• Similarly,
if
Rocky
does
confess,
Ginger
will
confess
because
5
years
in
the
slammer
is
better
than
7.
• Rocky
has
the
same
set
of
choices.
If
Ginger
does
not
confess,
Rocky
will
because
going
free
beats
a
year
in
jail.
• Similarly,
if
Ginger
does
confess,
Rocky
also
will
confess
because
5
years
in
the
slammer
is
better
than
7.
Both
will
confess
regardless
of
what
the
other
does.
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TUGAS
:
Payoff
Matrixes
for
Left/Right–Top/Bottom
Strategies
(dikumpulkan
saat
Quiz
2)
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OLIGOPOLY
AND
ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE
0 Concentration
in
markets
often
leads
to
price
above
marginal
cost
and
output
below
the
ef@icient
level.
0 Market
concentration,
however,
can
also
lead
to
gains
from
economies
of
scale
and
may
promote
innovation.
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