Muhammad Arif Tiro

Muhammad Darwis
Sukarna
Aswi

Pengenalan

Teori Bilangan

CV. ANDIRA KARYA MANDIRI

Penerbit: Andira Publisher Makassar
 Selama berabad-abad, banyak matematikawan telah
mencoba untuk mencari rumusan yang dapat digunakan
dalam menemukan bilangan prima. Semua bilangan prima
yang lebih besar dari dua jelas merupakan bilangan gasal
(ganjil), sehingga orang percaya bahwa untuk suatu bilangan
prima p, 2p-1 juga merupakan bilangan prima. Persamaan ini
sama halnya dengan persamaan yang diungkapkan oleh
Marsenne, yakni rumus: Mn=2n-1, n>1. Namun, hal tersebut
kemudian terbukti tidak benar. Pada tahun 1536, Regius
membuktikan bahwa bilangan 211-1=2047=23×89; bukan
bilangan prima. Bagaimana kelanjutan persoalan ini? Ikuti
pembahasannya dalam buku “Pengenalan Teori Bilangan”
yang ditulis oleh: Muhammad Arif Tiro, Muhammad Darwis,
Sukarna, dan Aswi. Buku ini menyajikan berbagai hal atau
konsep tentang bilangan. Bilangan prima hanya lah satu di
antara banyak konsep yang dibahas di dalam buku ini.
 Pengenalan
Teori Bilangan

Muhammad Arif Tiro

Muhammad Darwis
Sukarna
Aswi

Good book, good knowledge to good life

CV. ANDIRA KARYA MANDIRI

Penerbit: Andira Publisher Makassar
Pengenalan Teori Bilangan
Hak Cipta © 2008 oleh Muhammad Arif Tiro [et al.]
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang

Edisi: Pertama, 2008

_____________________________________________________
Diterbitkan oleh: Andira Publisher, Makassar.
Jl. Sultan Alauddin III/Lr. 5/No. 45, Makassar 90221
Telepon (0411) 881132/fax (0411) 864883.

Dilarang memperbanyak buku ini dalam bentuk apa pun

tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.

Tiro, Muhammad Arif et al.

Pengenalan Teori Bilangan /Muhammad Arif Tiro et al.– Cet. 1
Makassar: Andira Publisher, 2008

362 hlm; 21 cm
Bibliografi: hlm. 345
Indeks.

ISBN: 978-979-3980-10-2

Kode Penerbit:
AP: MAT-0003-005

1. Aljabar I. Muhammad Arif Tiro

512
 DAFTAR

ISI
Dari Penerbit .................................................................. i
Kata Pengantar .............................................................. iii
Daftar Isi ........................................................................ v

BAB 0 Pendahuluan ................. 1

A. Himpunan ................................................................. 1
1. Himpunan dan keanggotaan ................................ 2
2. Cara menyatakan himpunan .................................. 3
3. Himpunan semesta dan himpunan kosong ........... 4
4. Bilangan kardinal ..................................................... 6
5. Operasi himpunan ............................................... 7
B. Logika ........................................................................ 17
1. Pernyataan .......................................................... 18
2. Kata penghubung “dan”.......................................... 19
3. Kata penghubung “atau” ...................................... 21
4. Ingkaran............................................................... 22
5. Pernyataan majemuk ........................................... 23
6. Tautologi dan kontradiksi ..................................... 25
7. Implikasi atau pernyataan bersyarat .................... 27
8. Biimplikasi ........................................................... 30
C. Kuantor ...................................................................... 31
1. Kuantor universal ................................................. 31
2. Kuantor eksistemsial ............................................... 33
 v 
 3. Hubungan antara pengukuran dan sambungan
logika ......................................................................... 35
D. Kombinatorik ............................................................. 35
1. Notasi faktorial .................................................... 35
2. Permutasi .................................................................. 36
3. Kombinasi ................................................................. 40
4. Teorema binom ........................................................ 42
Latihan 0 .......................................................................... 54

BAB 1 Sistem Angka ............... 61

A. Angka dan Bilangan .................................................. 61
B. Sistem Angka Romawi ............................................... 64
C. Sistem Angka Mesir Kuno .......................................... 66
D. Sistem Angka Babilonia ............................................. 69
E. Sistem Angka Mayan ................................................. 70
F. Sistem Angka Yunani ................................................. 72
1. Sistem angka Yunani kuno (attic) ......................... 72
2. Sistem alfabetis Yunani ............................................ 72
G. Sistem Angka Cina-Jepang ......................................... 73
H. Sistem Angka Hindu-Arab .......................................... 74
1. Sistem angka desimal ........................................... 75
2. Sistem angka nondesimal ........................................ 77
3. Angka untuk pecahan........................................... 80
I. Angka Biner dan Duodesimal ..................................... 82
Latihan 1 .......................................................................... 84

BAB 2 Bilangan Cacah ........... 89

A. Perkembangan bilangan .............................................. 89
B. Operasi Bilangan Asli.................................................... 95
1. Penjumlahan dan pengurangan bilangan cacah .... 96
2. Perkalian dan pembagian bilangan cacah .............. 98
 vi 
 3. Sifat operasi hitung pada bilangan cacah .............. 99
C. Urutan Bilangan Cacah ................................................. 104
Latihan 2 ......................................................................... 107

BAB 3 Bilangan Bulat .......... 111

A. Sifat dasar bilangan bulat ........................................... 111
1. Sifat tertutup ....................................................... 116
2. Sifat komutatif ......................................................... 116
3. Sifat asosiatif............................................................ 118
4. Sifat distributif ......................................................... 118
5. Unsur identitas penjumlahan ................................. 119
6. Unsur identitas perkalian........................................ 119
B. Penjumlahan Bilangan Bulat ....................................... 120
C. Pengurangan Bilangan Bulat....................................... 123
D. Perkalian Bilangan Bulat ............................................. 125
E. Pembagian Bilangan Bulat .......................................... 129
F. Urutan Bilangan Bulat ................................................ 136
Latihan 3 ......................................................................... 143

BAB 4 Induksi matematika . 147

A. Ide Awal Induksi Matematika ..................................... 147
B. Prinsip Induksi Matematika ........................................ 151
1. Prinsip induksi matematika lemah ....................... 151
2. Prinsip induksi matematika kuat .......................... 266
Latihan 4 .......................................................................... 169

 vii 
BAB 5 Keterbagian Bilangan
Bulat ........................... 173
A. Keterbagian................................................................ 173
1. Teorema keterbagian ........................................... 175
2. Algoritma pembagian............................................... 183
B. Faktor Persekutuan Terbesar...................................... 191
C. Kelipatan Persekutuan Terkecil .................................. 205
Latihan 5 .......................................................................... 210

BAB 6 Bilangan Prima ........... 213

A. Sejarah dan Perkembangan Bilangan Prima................ 213
B. Rumus Bilangan Prima................................................ 222
C. Teorema Bilangan Prima ............................................ 226
D. Faktorisasi Tunggal ..................................................... 234
E. Fungsi Tau () dan Sigma ()....................................... 245
1. Fungsi tau ............................................................ 245
2. Fungsi sigma ............................................................. 254
Latihan 6 .......................................................................... 260

BAB 7 Kekongruenan ............ 263

A. Kekongruenan Bilangan Bulat..................................... 264
B. Aplikasi Kekongruenan ............................................. 276
C. Perkongruenan Linier dan Aplikasinya ........................ 282
D. Ciri Habis Dibagi ......................................................... 296
1. Sifat dasar ............................................................ 295
2. Ciri habis dibagi 2 ..................................................... 297
3. Ciri habis dibagi 4 ..................................................... 298
4. Ciri habis dibagi 8 ..................................................... 298
5. Ciri habis dibagi 16 ................................................... 299
6. Ciri habis dibagi 3 ..................................................... 299
 viii 
 7. Ciri habis dibagi 9 .................................................... 300
8. Ciri habis dibagi 5 .................................................... 301
9. Ciri habis dibagi 6 .................................................... 302
10. Ciri habis dibagi 7 .................................................... 302
11. Ciri habis dibagi 11 .................................................. 304
Latihan 7 .......................................................................... 305

BAB 8 Teorema Fermat ,

Wilson, dan Euler .... 309
A. Teorema Fermat ........................................................ 309
B. Teorema Wilson ......................................................... 318
C. Fungsi Phi dan Teorema Euler .................................... 325
Latihan ............................................................................ 343

Daftar Pustaka ....................... 345

Indeks .................................... 349

Penulis ................................... 355

 ix 
 Daftar Pustaka
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Birkhoff, G. & Lane, S. M. 1965. A Survey of Modern
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Burdon, D. M. 1980. Elementery number Theory. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon, inc.
Byrne, J. R. 1967. Number Systems: an elementary
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Coper, C. D. H. Numbers: their Personalities and Properties,
London: John Murray. 1975.
Darwis, M. 2005. Bilangan Asli, Cacah, Bulat, dan
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Diklat Guru Sekolah Dasar Mata Pelajaran
Matematika di LPMP Sulawesi Selatan.
Dharmawi, H., Yuli; & Suyanto, D. P. 2007. Jago Olimpiade
Matematika. Banten: i-publishing
Eves, H. 1964. An Introduction to the History of
Mathematics, revised edition, New York: Rinehart
and Winston, Inc.
Herrhyanto, N. 2003. Teori Peluang Diskrit. Bandung:
Pustaka Setia.
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_prima, (diakses 03
mei 2007)
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_prima_Mersenne,
(diakses 03 mei 2007)
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Internet_Mersenne_Pri
me_Search, (diakses 03 mei 2007)

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346 Pe ngenal an Teor i B i l angan

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorema_kecil_Fermat,
(diakses 03 mei 2007)
Johnsonbaugh, R. 1997. Discrete Mathematics, Prentice
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Kartasasmita, B. 1982. Pengantar Teori Bilangan, Bandung:
ITB.
Keedy, M. L. 1965. Number Systems: A modern introduction,
Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc.
Lipschutz, S. 1988. Matematika Hingga. Jakarta: Erlangga
Liu, C. L. 1977. Elements of Discrete Mahtematics,
Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Mahts Facts. http://sjdw.worldonline.co.uk/learning.html.
electronical books online.
Michael T. 1989. Discrete Mathematics: Applied
Combinatoriecs and Graph Theory. Columbia
University.
Midori & Adeline, Ancient Number Systems.
http://www.internet-at-work.com/hos-mcgrane/
intro.html. diakses: 14 Januari 2008.
Muhsetyo, G. 1997. Dasar-dasar Teori Bilangan. Jakarta:
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Proyek
Pengembangan Guru Sekolah Menengah (PGSM).
Muhsetyo, G., Abadyo, Widagdo, D., & Krisnadi, E. 2003.
Pembelajaran Matematika SD. Pusat Penerbitan
Univeristas Terbuka: Yogyakarta
Munir, R. 2001. Matematika Diskrit. Bandung: Informatika
Bandung.
Niven, I. & Herbert S. Z. 1960. An Introduction to the Theory
of Numbers, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Noormandiri. 2005. Buku Pelajaran Matematika SMA untuk
Kelas XI. Jakarta: Erlangga.
 D af t ar Pust aka 347

Orey, D. C. The Mayan Mat: Mathematical modeling of an

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indiv/o/oreyd/*, diakses: 24 Januari 2008
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Matematika Gaya Baru untuk Guru dan Orangtua:
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Bandung: Erlangga.
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California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc.
Stewart, B. M. 1952. Theory of Numbers, New York: The
Macmillan Company.
Sukarman, H. 2001. Teori Bilangan. Jakarta: Pusat
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Wesner, T. H. & Nustad, H. L. 1992. Intermediate Algebra

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Publishers.
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Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Komputer Universitas
Indonesia


Indeks

A basis, 62
berbahagia, 215
Algoritma pembagian, 183, berkekurangan, 214
184, 188, 189, 190, 194, berlimpah, 214
203, 227 berpola, 217
Al-Khowarizmi, 91, 92 bersahabat, 216
Anteseden, 28 biner, 62, 82, 83, 95, 116
Arab, 64, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77, 91 ganjil, 91, 149, 219, 220,
Asimetris, 106, 138 262, 290, 344
Asosiatif, 101, 103, 115, 116, kardinal, 6, 7, 15, 55
121, 122, 124, 125, 132, kuadrat, 217
134, 142, 143, 200 kubik, 218
Asosiatif perkalian, 132, mungil, 215
134 narsis, 215
attic, 72 negatif, 92
palindrom, 216
B poligon, 217
Babilonia, 69, 70, 84, 85 rasional, 58, 93, 94, 109
Basis, 69, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, riil, 4, 7, 32, 34, 57, 58, 94,
82, 86, 90, 92, 221, 225 109, 288
Bersifat segitiga, 218
asosiatif, 102, 108 sempurna, 214
komutatif, 100, 108, 129 setengah sempurna, 215
tertutup, 96, 99, 100, 103, sosial, 216
108, 123, 131, 176, 177, tetrahedral, 218
178, 182 tidak rasional, 94
biimpilkasi, 31 Binom, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51,
Bilangan 58, 171, 311
aneh, 219
349
350 Penge nal an Teor i B i l angan

C Fermat, 146, 224, 308, 309,

310, 311, 312, 313, 314,
Cina, 73, 74, 84, 85, 87, 291, 317, 323, 341
317 Fibonacci, 92, 107, 110
Ciri habis dibagi, 297, 298, 299, Fungsi
300, 301, 302, 304 aritmetika, 324
counter example, 32 ganda, 324, 329, 330, 331,
333
D multiplikatif, 329
Desimal, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, phi, 326, 329
81, 83, 90, 273 sigma, 245, 254
Diophantus/Diofantus, 91, tau, 245, 254
107, 264, 289, 290, 291 Fungsi
Disjungsi, 19, 35 Phi, 324
Dividend, 188 Tau, 245
Divisor, 188, 193
Duodecimal, 82
G
Gabungan, 7, 8, 93
E Garis bilangan, 114, 115, 137
Ekuivalen, 6, 35, 55, 268, 341 Guatemala, 70
Elemen, 2, 185
Esensial, 98
H
Euclides, 203, 204, 211, 214, Hasil bagi, 130, 134, 174, 188,
227, 241, 242, 243 210
Euler, 172, 308, 324, 325, 326, himpunan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12,
331, 338, 340, 341 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 111, 114,
Euthimetric, 220 115, 205, 267, 268, 325,
326, 336
F bagian, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16,
Faktor persekutuan terbesar 17, 54, 109, 161, 162,
(FPB), 173, 191, 192, 193, 169, 222
194, 195, 196, 197, 198, bagian sejati, 2
226, 199, 203, 205, 208, kosong, 4, 5, 12
211, 226, 231, 232, 260, semesta, 4, 5, 12, 14, 54
336 terhingga, 6
Faktorial, 35, 36 tidak terhingga, 6, 7

Hindu, 64, 67, 73, 74, 75, 77,
90, 92, 110
Hipotesis, 17, 28, 30, 151, 153,
161, 166, 167, 168, 183,
236, 293
Honduras, 70
hukum
Asosiatif, 14
de Morgan, 15
distributif, 14, 15, 16, 17
Idempoten, 14
Identitas, 14, 17, 103, 108,
116, 119, 121, 122, 125,
139, 141, 142, 143
Kelengkapan, 14, 17
Komutatif, 14
I Kombinasi, 20, 35, 40, 41, 42,
Ijir, 61
Implikasi, 27, 28, 29, 30
Ingkaran, 3, 22, 23, 29, 34, 35,
57, 220
invers, 29, 30, 112, 116, 121,
122, 124, 125, 128, 129,
139, 140, 141, 142, 143
Irisan, 9, 10, 205
irrefleksif, 106, 138
J Komutatif perkalian, 132, 134
Jepang, 73, 74, 84, 87
K Konsekuen, 28
Kanonik, 231, 239, 250, 251,
257, 260, 261, 329, 330,
333
I ndek s 351
Kekongruenan, 263, 264, 266,
268, 271, 274, 276, 278,
279, 282, 306, 307, 310,
311, 314, 319, 320, 321,
322, 324, 338, 339, 340,
341
Kelipatan Persekutuan Terkecil
(KPK), 173, 205, 206, 207,
208, 209, 210, 211, 231,
232, 260
Keterbagian, 173, 175, 176,
177, 178, 179, 181, 182,
186, 196, 207, 263, 269,
270, 271, 279, 281, 284,
296
Ketunggalan, 98, 112, 138,
186, 237
43, 45, 53, 58, 72, 92
Kombinatorik, 1, 35
Komplemen, 12, 174, 210, 260
Komposit, 219, 220, 221, 227,
228, 229, 230, 231, 232,
233, 238, 242, 243, 260,
313, 314, 317, 326, 335
Komutatif, 103, 115, 116, 122,
124, 130, 132, 134, 142,
199
Kondisional, 27
Konjungsi, 19, 20, 35
Konklusi, 28, 30
Kontradiksi, 25, 26, 57, 169,
183, 190, 191, 196, 229,
234, 242, 310, 320
Kontraposisi, 29, 30, 284
352 Penge nal an Teor i B i l angan

Konvers, 29, 30, 105
Kuantor, 31, 32, 33
eksistensial, 31, 33
universal, 31, 32
L 56, 57, 97, 133, 134, 135,
Logika, 1, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24,
26, 29, 30, 31, 35
M
Mayan, 70, 71, 84
Mesir, 66, 67, 68, 69, 84, 86
Permutasi, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
309, 310, 331, 332, 338,
339, 341
Pernyataan, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24,
25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34,
136, 168, 174, 281
Premis, 28
Prinsip urutan, 185
Q
Quotient, 188

N R
Nilai mutlak, 182, 183
Nondesimal, 77, 78, 79, 82
O
Obsolete digamma, 85
P Atkin, 222
Pemadanan, 6, 268
Pembagi, 19, 99, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 183,
188, 192, 214, 215, 216,
219, 221, 245, 246, 247,
248, 249, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254, 256, 258, 259,
273, 326, 331
Perkongruenan, 263, 264, 282,
283, 284, 285, 286, 287,
288, 289, 291, 292, 293,
294, 295, 296, 307, 308,
317, 320, 322
Refleksi, 119, 268
Remainder, 188
Romawi, 64, 65, 66, 68, 84
S
Saringan
Eratosthenes, 222, 234
Selisih, 11, 12
Sexagesimal, 69
Sifat
asosiatif, 97, 101, 102, 118,
133, 134, 135, 136, 139,
140, 141, 176, 178, 179,
180, 198, 199, 235
distributif, 102, 118, 119
komutatif, 97, 99, 100, 101,
102, 117, 133, 135, 136,
139, 200
tertutup, 99, 104, 105, 115,
116, 120, 121, 122, 123,
125
 I ndek s 353

trikotomi, 106, 137 Transitif, 104, 106, 119, 128,

Simetris, 104, 119, 268 129, 138, 140, 268, 279,
Sisa pembagian, 183, 188, 194, 285
227, 279, 312, 315, 316, Triple, 211
317, 342
Sophie Germain, 224 W
Substitusi, 104, 120, 121, 122, Wilson, 308, 317, 319, 320,
126, 324 324, 343
Sung Dinasty, 86
Y
T
Yunani, 64, 72, 73, 75, 84, 85,
Tautologi, 25, 26, 57 86, 91, 222
Thimaridas rectilinier, 220


350
354 Penge nal an Teor i B i l angan

Blaise Pascal was the third of Étienne Pascal's

children and his only son. Blaise's mother died when
he was only three years old. In 1632 the Pascal
family, Étienne and his four children, left Clermont
and settled in Paris. Blaise Pascal's father had
unorthodox educational views and decided to teach
his son himself. Étienne Pascal decided that Blaise
was not to study mathematics before the age of 15
and all mathematics texts were removed from their
house. Blaise however, his curiosity raised by this,
started to work on geometry himself at the age of 12.
He discovered that the sum of the angles of a triangle
are two right angles and, when his father found out,
he relented and allowed Blaise a copy of Euclid.
At the age of 14 Blaise Pascal started to accompany
his father to Mersenne's meetings. Mersenne
belonged to the religious order of the Minims, and his
cell in Paris was a frequent meeting place for
Gassendi, Roberval, Carcavi, Auzout, Mydorge,
Mylon, Desargues and others. Soon, certainly by the
time he was 15, Blaise came to admire the work of
Desargues. At the age of sixteen, Pascal presented a
single piece of paper to one of Mersenne's meetings
in June 1639. It contained a number of projective
geometry theorems, including Pascal's mystic
hexagon.