INTI ATOM DAN RADIOAKTIVITAS (KD. 4.

1)

B. Inti Atom
A. Inti Atom 3. a
 Inti atom terdiri dari proton dan neutron, 4. a
keduanya secara bersama disebut nukleon.  Energi Ikat Inti, Defek Massa
A
 Atom dari unsur X dilambangkan dengan Z X , 5. a
C. Inti Atom
dimana 12
Z : Nomor atom yang menyatakan jumlah proton 6. a 6 C
atau elektron dalam atom.  Energi Ikat Inti, Defek Massa
A : Nomor massa yang menyatakan jumlah D. Inti Atom
neutron dan proton (nukleon) dalam atom. 7. a
 Z  A : menyatakan jumlah neutron dalam atom. 8. a
 Satu satuan massa atom (1 sma) didefinisikan  Energi Ikat Inti, Defek Massa
1 12 E. Inti Atom
sebagai 12
massa 6 C . 1 sma = 1,6605  10 27 9. a
kg. 10. a
 Tabel sejumlah partikel.  Energi Ikat Inti, Defek Massa
Tabel 1. Beberapa partikel, simbol, massa, dan muatannya 16
11. Massa atom 8 O adalah 15,995 sma, sedangkan
Partikel Simbol Massa Muatan
massa proton 1,0078 sma dan neutron 1,0087 sma.
0 9,10956 × 10−31 kg +1,602 × 10−19 C Defek massa ketika partikel-partikel tersebut
Elektron −1 e
0,000549 sma membentuk sebuah atom oksigen adalah . . .
A. 0,137 sma B. 0,274 sma
1 1,67261 × 10−27 kg −19
Proton 1p −1,602 × 10 C C. 0,411 sma D. 0,548 sma
1,007276 sma
E. 0,685 sma UN 2010/A-39
1 1,67492 × 10−27 kg
Neutron 0n 0C Jawaban:
1,008665 sma
0 kg , punya  Atom 8 O16 memiliki 8 proton dan 8 neutron . (A
Neutrino ν energi dan 0C = 16, Z = 8, A – Z = 8). s
momentum  Defek massa m adalah massa penyusun inti atom
0 kg , punya dikurangi massa inti atom atau
Antineutrino ν̄ energi dan 0C Δm = Z . m p +( A−Z ).mn − m inti
momentum ⇔ Δm = ( 8 . 1,0078 sma +8.1,0087 sma ) −
4
Alpha 2α 15,995 sma
Gaya Kuat ⇔ Δm = 16,32 sma − 15,995 sma ≡ 0,137 sma 
 Gaya yang mengontrol struktur elektron dan sifat
atom adalah gaya Coulomb. Untuk mengikat
partikel penyusun inti harus ada gaya tarik yang
bereaksi di antara proton dan neutron, karena gaya
Coulomb antara proton bersifat tolak-menolak,
gaya tersebut adalah gaya kuat (the strong force).
 Gaya kuat berjangkauan pendek, yaitu dalam orde
satu femtometer (1015 m).
 , maupun
 aThe Strong Force
 4.001506179125(62) u 6.64465675(29)×10−27 k
1. a
2. a
 Energi Ikat Inti, Defek Massa Jawaban: A.
12. Inti atom yang terbentuk memenuhi reaksi fusi  Reaksi Inti
berikut di bawah ini: 18. a
1 1 2 0
1 p +1 p → 1 d +1 e + E 19. a
1
Diketahui:
Massa proton [ 1 p ] = 1,0078
sma  Manfaat Radioisotop
2
Massa deutron [ 1 d ] = 2,01410 20. Perhatikanlah pernyataan-pernyataan berikut! a
sma (1) Sinar gamma digunakan untuk membunuh sel-
0 sel kanker.
Massa elektron [ 1 e ] = 0,00055 (2) Sinar gamma digunakan untuk mensterilkan
sma alat-alat kedokteran.
1 sma = 931 MeV (3) Sinar alfa digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya
Nilai E (energi yang dibebaskan) pada reaksi fusi di kebocoran suatu pipa.
atas adalah . . . (4) Sinar beta digunakan untuk mendeteksi
A. 0,44 MeV B. 0,68 MeV C. 0,88 MeV kebocoran suatu pipa.
D. 1,02 MeV E. 1,47 MeV UN 2010/B-35 Pernyataan yang merupakan manfaat sinar
13. Perhatikan reaksi fusi di bawah ini! radioaktif yang dihasilkan radioisotop adalah . . .
2 3 4 1
1 H + 1 H → 2 He + 0 n + Q
A. (1), (2), dan (3) B. (1) dan (3) saja
Jika: m H-2 = 2,01400 sma; m H-3 = 2,016000 C. (2) dan (4) saja D. (1). (2), dan (4)
sma; m He-4 = 4,002600 sma; m n = 1,008665 E. (1) dan (4) UN 2010/A/B-40
sma. Banyak energi yang dibebaskan reaksi
adalah . . .
A. 2774,4 MeV B. 2767,5 MeV C. 2186,4 MeV
21. Pernyataan terkait dengan penerapan radioisotop
UN 2009/A-39/B-40
dalam bidang hidrologi:
D. 2005,3 MeV E. 1862,2 MeV
1. mengukur tinggi permukaan cairan dalam wadah
A
Z X tertutup
a 2. mengukur endapan lumpur di pelabuhan
3. menentukan letak kebocoran suatu bendungan
The half life of H-3 (Tritium) is 4,500 days. If we had 4. menentukan penyempitan pada pembuluh darah
12 grams to begin with, how much would there be after Pernyataan yang benar adalah . . .
13,500 days? A. 1, 2, 3, dan 4 B. 2, 3, dan 4 saja
C. 1, 3, dan 4 saja D. 1 dan 4 saja
Number of half lives = 13,500 / 4,500 = 3 E. 2 dan 3 saja UN 2009/A-40/B-39
Mass left after 3 half lives = 12 g × 0·5 × 0·5× 0·5 =
1·5 g Lithium -7 is made up of 3 protons and 4 neutrons.
The mass of Lithium -7 is 7.0160 AMU (atomic mass unit)
The mass of 3 protons is 3 is 3 × 1.0073 = 3.0219 AMU
Notice how we half it three times... 12>6>3>1.5
The mass of 4 neutrons is 4 × 1.0087 = 4.0348 AMU
The mass of constituents of the nucleus = 3.0219 + 4.0348
technetium-99m6 h
= 7.0567 AMU
 a The mass defect = 0.0407 AMU
a The nuclear binding energy of Lithium-7 = 0.0407 × 931 =
14. a 378.91 MEV

 a 22. a
15. a
b-decay and the Valley of Stability a 23. A

 Radioaktivitas
16. a  a
17. a
n nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction
is semantically considered to be the process in which two
nuclei, or else a nucleus of an atom and a subatomic (Bq) yang didefinisikan sebagai:1 Bq = 1 peluruhan
particle (such as a proton, or high energy electron) from per detik
outside the atom, collide to produce products different
from the initial particles. In principle, a reaction can involve
t1/2
more than three particles colliding, but because the
= 30 years
probability of three or more nuclei to meet at the same
time at the same place is much less than for two nuclei,
such an event is exceptionally rare. Radioactive decays can
The 137mBa then decays by IT (Isomeric Transition)
be considered to be spontaneous nuclear reactions, in as from the metastable excited state to the ground state
much as there is such a thing as a spontaneous chemical with emission of a gamma (g ) particle:
reaction. However, "nuclear reaction" is a term usually
implying an induced type of nuclear reactions, where two  
particles initially react, and is generally not applied to
radioactive decay.

In writing down the reaction equation, in a way t1/2 = ??

analogous to a chemical equation, one may in addition
give the reaction energy on the right side:

Target nucleus + projectile → Final nucleus +

ejectile + Q.

For the particular case discussed above, the reaction

energy has already been calculated as Q = 22.4 MeV.
Hence:

6 2 2 4
+  →  +  22.4 MeV
3Li  1H  2He 

nuclide : nuklida : Istilah umum untuk semua atom unsur, yang

dibedakan menurut nomor atom, nomor massa, dan tingkat
energi

37m
Ba will be obtained from 137Cs by the decay

Aktivitas radiasi

didefinisikan sebagai jumlah peluruhan yang

terjadidalam satu detik, atau dengan kata lain adalah
laju peluruhan itu sendiri

Sejak tahun 1976 dalam sistem satuan internasional

(SI) aktivitas radiasidinyatakan dalam satuan Bequerel
 1.007276
Hydrogen atom (1p+ + 1 e-) 1.007825
Helium atom (2p+ + 2 n + 2e-) 4.002063
a- particle (2p + 2 n)
+
4.001505
 
We need to be careful to distinguish between the
atomic mass and the nuclear mass.
·        The atomic mass is the mass of an atom
complete with its electrons;
·        The nuclear mass is the mass of the nucleus
alone. To get the nuclear mass we need to take
away the mass of the electrons.
 
 
Mass Defect
If we add together the mass of an electron and
the mass of a single proton, we get the mass of a
hydrogen atom. Let us do the same for a helium
atom.
Mass and Energy  
  Mass (u) Number Total (u)
1.007276 2 2.014552
1.008665 2 2.017330
  0.000549 2 0.001098
The Atomic Mass unit     4.032980
Kilograms are useful for measuring large masses, but  
like many of the SI units, on the atomic scale they However, if we look in a data book, we see that
are far too big. It’s a bit like a model maker using
the atomic mass is 4.002603 u. There is a
kilometres rather than millimetres.
  difference of 0.030377 u.
The atomic mass unit is far more convenient to use  
with nuclear masses. It uses carbon 12 as a All atoms are lighter than the sum of the masses
reference and is defined as: of the protons, electrons, and neutrons. This is
  the mass defect, which is the difference
Exactly 1/12th the mass of a carbon 12 atom between the total mass of the nucleons and the
  measured mass of the nucleus itself.
The relative atomic mass of an atom is useful. It is  
defined as: To extract a proton or a neutron from the
  nucleus, we have to pull pretty hard. Then we
___Mass of the atom  × 12
find that it will regain its missing mass. We can
Mass of carbon 12 atom
use the idea of binding energy to explain this.
 
The relative atomic mass of atoms is usually very The binding energy is defined as the energy
close to a whole number, which is consistent released when a nucleus is assembled from its
with the idea of a nucleus made up of whole constituent nucleons. It is equal to the energy
numbers of nucleons. needed to tear the nucleus apart into its
  nucleons.
1 atomic mass unit (u) = 1.661 ´ 10-27 kg.  
  So with our helium atom, the missing 0.030377 u
The table shows particle masses in atomic mass is released when the nucleons come together.
units. Note that the numbers are expressed to a That energy has to be put back to split the
large number of significant figures as the changes are nucleus up again.
quite subtle.  
  This brings us onto the strange idea that mass
Particle Mass (u) and energy at the nuclear level are
0.000549 interchangeable and can be related with
1.008665 Einstein’s simple equation:
   If we know the binding energy in a nucleus, and
E = mc 2 the number of nucleons, we can work out the
binding energy per nucleon, which is the
 
average energy needed to remove each nucleon.
[E – energy (J); m – mass (kg); c – speed of light The higher the binding energy per nucleon, the
(m/s)] more stable is the nucleus. For helium (4He) the
  binding energy per nucleon is:
It is important to convert the mass from atomic  
mass units to kilograms. The answer we get is in
Binding energy per nucleon = 28.38 MeV ¸
joules. We can convert this to eV by dividing by
4 = 7.1 MeV
1.6 ´ 10-19 J/eV  
  We can plot a graph of binding energy per
Joules are not convenient units to use at the nucleon against nucleon number.
nuclear level, so we convert to electron volts
(eV) by dividing by 1.6 ´ 10-19 J/eV.
 
A useful conversion factor between mass and
energy is that 1 u = 931.3 MeV
 
Worked Example
rticle Mass (u) Number
1.007276 3
1.008665 4
 
What is the mass defect in atomic mass units (u) and
in kilograms for the lithium nucleus which has 7
nucleons, and a proton number of 3? What is the
binding energy in J and eV? What is the binding
energy per nucleon in eV? The nuclear mass =
7.014353 u.  
Li has a nucleon number of 7 and a proton number of
3, which means there are 3 protons and 4 neutrons.
Now look up the masses for the proton and neutron
from the data. These will be given to you; you are
not expected to remember them.
Add them together to get 7.056488 u
Now take away the nuclear mass from the
number above to get the mass deficit.
7.056488 u - 7.014353 u = 0.042135 u  
Now convert to kilograms: 1 u = 1.661 ´ 10-27 kg
0.042135 u × 1.661 ´ 10-27 kg = 6.9986235 × 10-29
kg  
  Now use E = mc to work out the binding
2

energy:
E = 6.9986235 × 10-29 kg × (3 × 108 m/s)2 = 6.3 ×
10-12 J
In electron volts, this is 6.3 × 10 -12 J ÷ 1.6 × 10-19
eV/J = 3.9 × 107 eV = 39 MeV.  
There are 7 nucleons so the binding energy per
nucleon = 3.9 × 107 eV ÷ 7 = 5.6 × 106 eV  
 
 
Binding Energy Per Nucleon
 limit to the number of nucleons that can be
crammed into a particular space.

 
From this graph we can see the following:
 The vast majority of nuclides have a
binding energy of 8 MeV per nucleon.
 Helium has a particularly high value of
binding energy per nucleon, much
higher than the light isotopes of
hydrogen.
 There is a trend for nuclides of
nucleon numbers in multiples of 4 to
be particularly stable (i.e. have a high
binding energy).
 Fe is the most stable nuclide.
 The largest nuclides tend to be less
stable, with slightly lower binding
energies per nucleon.
 
Iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon
so is the most stable nucleus. If we look at large
nuclei (greater than iron), we find that the
further to the right (greater nucleon number)
the less stable the nuclei. This is because the
binding energy per nucleon is getting less. The
explanation for this observation lies in that the
strong nuclear force that binds the nucleus
together has a very limited range, and there is a
Radioactive Decay and Binding Energy and neatly arranged rows of neutrons and
Radioactive decay happens when an unstable protons; they are microscopic bedlam.
nucleus emits radiation. It becomes more  
stable. The daughter nuclei always have a The strong nuclear force acts between
higher binding energy per nucleon than the neighbouring nucleons. 
parent nucleus.  
 
Let us look at alpha decay:  
 

 
 
Mass of the thorium nucleus = 227.97929 u
The nucleons are not linked with the same
Mass of the radium nucleus = 223.97189 u
neighbours all the time.  Instead they are
Mass of the alpha particle (helium nucleus) =
constantly swapping about.  However the enough
4.00151 u
of the nucleons linked to stop the repulsive
 
electromagnetic force tearing the nucleus apart.
Mass on the left hand side = 227.97929 u
 
Mass on the right hand side = 223.97189 u +
Now we imagine the nucleus as a wobbly drop:
4.00151 u = 227. 97340 u
 
 
The right hand side has a mass defect =
227.97929 u - 227. 97340 u = 0.00589 u
 
The mass defect can be written in kilograms and
the energy can be expressed in joules, but
nuclear physicists use a useful little dodge. The  
energy equivalence of 1 u = 931.5 MeV. So the Now if the nucleus gets to this shape
energy given out by this decay is:  
E = 931.5 ´ 0.00589 = 5.49 MeV.
 
This is a beta decay:

 
 
Fission  
If we look at the graph with binding energy per The nucleus flies apart in two fragments:
nucleon, we observe that the large nuclei have a  
lower binding energy per nucleon. This means
that they are less stable. This lack of stability is
usually shown by radioactive decay, which
occurs in a predictable way. Very rarely a large
nucleus will split up spontaneously into
fragments. This splitting of the nucleus is called  
fission. The detail of the mechanism that drives this
  process is complicated and is based on
The easiest way to explain this is to consider the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.  A similar
nucleus as a “wobbly drop”. Nuclei are not tidy model can be used to explain how alpha decay
works.
   
We can induce fission in large nuclei such as
uranium-235.  The most common isotope of
uranium, U-238, does not split easily, but the
235 isotope does.  We induce fission by
“tickling” the nucleus with a “thermal”
neutron.  The neutron has to have the right
kinetic energy:
 Too little kinetic energy means that the
neutron will bounce off the nucleus;   Nuclear fission has
 Too much kinetic energy means that the NOTHING whatever to do with radioactive
neutron will go right through the nucleus. decay.  However the parent nucleus may decay
 Just right means that the neutron will be by normal radioactive decay processes, and the
captured by the strong force, which is daughter nuclei may well be radioactive.  This is
attractive between nucleons.  The a common bear trap.
neutron gives the nucleus enough energy  
to resonate, and this will make the The daughter fragments may well be highly
nucleus neck as shown above unstable, and decay by radioactivity. These
  form the dangerous fall-out of an atomic bomb
  detonation, or the waste from a nuclear power
The tickled nucleus flies apart into a number of station. Either way, they form some of the
fragments, leaving on average three neutrons nastiest muck known to mankind.
left over. These too are able to tickle other   
nuclei and make them split. Each neutron A thermal neutron is one
spawns three more neutrons in each fission, so that has a kinetic energy
we get a chain reaction.   of about 1 eV. How fast
  does a thermal neutron
travel?
 
 

Kinetic energy = 1 eV =
1.6 ´ 10-19 J ()
 

Mass of a neutron =
1.008665 ´ 1.661 ´ 10-27
kg = 1.675 ´ 10-27 kg
()
 

v2 = 2Ek/m = 2 ´ 1.6 ´
 
There is a mass defect in the products of the
10-19 J = 1.91 ´ 108
fission so energy is given out. In an m2/s2()
uncontrolled chain reaction, the energy is given 1.675 ´
out in the form of a violent explosion, which is -27
10 kg
many times more powerful than the explosive
decomposition of TNT. In an atomic bomb, the  
mass that is converted to energy is about 20  
grams. 

v = 13 800 m/s ()
 Compared to the speed of many particles in
nuclear and particle physics, this speed is pretty
sluggish.
small space by powerful magnetic fields. Fusion
has occurred, but the energy put in to cook the
gases enough to make them fuse is far greater
than the energy got out by a fusion reaction.
The only use that fusion has been put to is in a
thermonuclear device.  The third bomb from
the left is a genuine thermonuclear device, now
on display (with the nasty bits taken out).  The
amount of hydrogen required in the bomb below
(430 kilo-tonnes) would fill a small party
balloon. 

 
A common bear trap is to say that nuclei are
smashed to pieces by neutrons. The neutrons
tickle the nucleus; they do not hammer it.
 
Some students confuse fission and fusion and use
the “fussion”.  It will be marked wrong in the
exam, so don’t.
 
 
Fusion
Fusion means joining nuclei together, every
alchemist’s dream. It is easier said than done.
The idea is that light nuclei are joined
together, increasing the binding energy per
nucleon. This will result in lots of energy being
given out. A possible reaction is:
 

It is not simply a case of sticking some
deuterium and tritium together and shaking it
up. Each nucleus has to have sufficient energy
to:
 Overcome electrostatic repulsion from the
protons;
 Overcome the repulsive strong force
which is found outside the region of the
strong force.
 
This means that the gases have to be heated to a
very high temperature, 100 million Kelvin. As all
matter at this temperature exists as an ionised
gas (plasma), it has to be confined in a very
 
Some scientists claim to have found fusion at low
temperatures. They had a strange chemical
reaction, but it was not fusion.
 
Fusion, if it could be made to work, has a
number of advantages over fission:
 Greater power per kilogram of fuel used;
 Raw materials are cheap and readily
available;
 No radioactive elements are made by the
reaction.
 
The downside is that materials that make up the There are actually four possible fusion reactions which
reactor will be irradiated with neutrons which could take place in a reactor fuelled by Deuterium
will make them radioactive. only.
 
   
Summary 2
Atomic Mass Unit: H1    +      2H1    ⇒    3He2    +   1 n0     +    @3.3 MeV
1/12 th the mass of a carbon atom 2
  H1    +      2H1    ⇒    3H1      +    1 H1    +    @4.0 MeV
 
Mass defect:    2H1    +      3H1    ⇒    4He2    +    1 n0    +    @17.6
Difference between the mass of nucleons MeV
separately and together within a nucleus.
Difference between the two sides of a nuclear    2H1    +     3He2   ⇒    4He2    +   1 H1    +    @18.6
interaction equation. MeV
 
Energy worked out by E = ockcroft and Walton had used an
mc2.                                                     accelerator to split atoms of lithium. This
  was the first nuclear disintegration that was
Binding Energy: entirely under human control. The reaction
Energy equivalent of the mass defect in a they had observed was:
nucleus. Binding energy per nucleon increases
in more stable nuclei.
 
Fission
Splitting of a nucleus. Rarely spontaneous.
Occurs after the nucleus has been tickled with a
neutron
 
Fusion 
Joining together of two light nuclei to make a
heavier nucleus.

Li + H = He + He + 17 MeV

The combined mass of the resulting helium

nuclei is actually slightly less than the
combined mass of the original lithium and
hydrogen nuclei. The very small change in
mass becomes energy, its amount
calculated using Einstein's famous equation
E = mc². Cockcroft and Walton measured
the speed of the two helium nuclei and
found that the loss could be accounted for
by this mass difference, so their
experiment was the first verification of
Einstein's law, E = mc².