a1x + b1y = c1 a b1 x c
maka 1 = 1
b 2 y
Jika
a2x + b2y = c2 a 2 c 2
x 1 b2 b1 c 1
y =
ad bc a 2 a 1 c 2
a1x + b1y = c1 a1 b1
Jika a2x + b2y = c2 maka D = = a1b 2 b1a 2
a2 b2
c1 b1
Dx = = c1b 2 b1c 2
c2 b2
a1 c1
Dy = = a1c 2 c1a 2
a2 c2
Dx Dy
Maka x = dan y=
D D
Untuk lebih jelanya, ikutolah contoh soal berikut ini:
01. Tentukan penyelesaian sistem persamaan 2x – 3y = 8 dan x + 2y = –3
dengan metoda:
(a) Invers matriks (b) Determinan
Jawab
2x – 3y = 8 2 3 x 8
maka
x + 2y = –3 1 2 y 3
Matriks 1
(a) Dengan metoda invers matriks diperoleh
2 3 x 8
1 2 y = 3
x 1 2 3 8
y = 4 (3) 1 2 3
x 1 2 3 8
y = 7 1 2 3
x 1 16 9
=
y
7 8 6
x 1 7
y = 7 14
x 1
y = 2
Jadi x = 1 dan y = –2
(b) Dengan metoda determinan matriks diperoleh
2 3
D = = (2)(2) – (–3)(1) = 4 + 3 = 7
1 2
8 3
Dx = = (8)(2) – (–3)( –3) = 16 – 9 = 7
3 2
2 8
Dy = = (2)( –3) – (8)(1) = –6 – 8 = –14
1 3
Dx 7
Maka x = = = 1
D 7
Dy 14
y = = =2
D 7
1 2
02. Tentukan penyelesaian sistem persamaan y = x + 5 dan x + 6 = y
2 3
dengan metoda:
(a) Invers matriks (b) Determinan
Jawab
1
y= x + 5 (2) 2y = x + 10 –x + 2y = 10
2
2
x + 6 = y (3) 3x + 18 = 2y 3x – 2y = –18
3
–x + 2y = 10
3x – 2y = –18
Matriks 2
Maka
1 2
D = = (–1)(–2) – (2)(3) = 2 – 6 = –4
3 2
10 2
Dx = = (10)(–2) – (2)( –18) = –20 – (–36) = 16
18 2
1 10
Dy = = (–1)(–18) – (10)(3) = 18 – 30 = –12
3 18
Dx 16
Maka x = = = –4
D 4
Dy 12
y = = =3
D 4
Matriks 3
(b) Dengan metoda determinan matriks diperoleh
3 2
D = = (3)(1) – (–2)(2) = 3 + 4 = 7
2 1
4 2
Dx = = (4)(1) – (–2)(5) = 4 + 10 = 14
5 1
3 4
Dy = = (3)(5) – (4)(2) = 15 – 8 = 7
2 5
Dx 14
Maka x = = = 2
D 7
Dy 7
y = = =1
D 7
Matriks 4
a1 d1 c1
Dy = a 2 d2 c 2 = a1.d2.c3 + d1.c2.a3 + c1.a2.d3 – c1.d2.a3 – a1.c2.d3 – d1.a2.c3
a3 d3 c3
a1 b1 d1
Dz = a 2 b2 d 2 = a1.b2.d3 + b1.d2.a3 + d1.a2.b3 – d1.b2.a3 – a1.d2.b3 – b1.a2.d3
a3 b3 d3
Dx Dy Dz
Sehingga nilai x = , y= dan z =
D D D
Untuk lebih jelasnya, ikutilah contoh soal berikut ini:
01. Tentukanlah himpunan penyelesaian sistem persamaan linier
2x – 3y + 2z = –3
x + 2y + z = 2 dengan menggunakan metoda determinan
2x – y + 3z = 1
Jawab
2 3 2 3 2 2 3
2
D = 1 2 1 = 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3
Dy = 1 2 1 = 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
Dy = (2)(2)(3) + (–3)(1)(2) + (2)(1)(1) – (2)(2)(2) – (2)(1)(1) – (–3)(1)(3)
Dy = 12 – 6 + 2 – 8 – 2 + 9
Dy = 7
2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
Dz = 1 2 2 = 1 2 2 1 2
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
Matriks 5
Dz = (2)(2)(1) + (–3)(2)(2) + (–3)(1)(–1) – (–3)(2)(2) – (2)(2)(–1) – (–3)(1)(1)
Dz = 4 – 12 + 3 + 12 + 4 + 3
Dz = 14
D 14
Jadi x = x = = –2
D 7
Dy 7
y= = = 1
D 7
D 14
z= z = = 2
D 7
Matriks 6
Dz = (1)(–1)(3) + (2)(–1)(1) + (2)(1)(1) – (2)(–1)(1) – (1)(–1)(1) – (2)(1)(3)
Dz = –3 – 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 – 6
Dz = –6
D 6
Jadi x = x = = –2
D 3
Dy 9
y= = = 3
D 3
D 6
z= z = = –2
D 3
Matriks 7
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
Dz = 0 1 1 = 0 1 1 0 1
2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0
Dz = (1)(1)(1) + (–2)(1)(2) + (–3)(0)(0) – (–3)(1)(2) – (1)(1)(0) – (–2)(0)(1)
Dz = (1) + (–4) + (0) – (–6) – (0) – (0)
Dz = 1 – 4 + 0 + 6 – 0 – 0
Dz = 3
D 3
Jadi x = x = = 1
D 3
Dy 6
y= = = 2
D 3
D 3
z= z = = –1
D 3
Untuk menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linier tiga variabel dengan invers matriks
dilakukan dengan tahapan berikut ini :
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
Jika a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 diperoleh persamaan matriks
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
a1 b1 c1 x d1
y = d
a 2 b2 c2 . 2
a 3 b3 c 3 z d 3
A . B = C
B = A 1 . C
Karena A adalah matriks koefisien berordo (3 x 3) maka A 1 adalah invers perkalian
matriks berordo (3 x 3). Berikut ini tatacara menentukan invers matriks ordo (3 x 3)
a 1 b 1 c1
Misalkan A = a 2 b 2 c 2 maka langkah-langkah menentukan invers matriks
a 3 b 3 c 3
adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Menentukan minor matriks A untuk baris p dan kolom q (Mpq)
b2 c2 a2 c2
M11 = = b2c3 – c2b3 M12 = = a2c3 – c2a3
b3 c3 a3 c3
a2 b2 b1 c1
M13 = = a2b3 – b2a3 M21 = = b1c3 – c1b3
a3 b3 b3 c3
a1 c1 a1 b1
M22 = = a1c3 – c1a3 M23 = = a1b3 – b1a3
a3 c3 a3 b3
Matriks 8
b1 c1 a1 c1
M31 = = b1c2 – c1b2 M32 = = a1c2 – c1a2
b c a2 c2
2 2
a1 b1
M33 = = a1b2 – b1a2
a2 b2
Matriks 9
Pertama akan ditentukan minor matriks, yaitu
3 1
M11 = = (–3)(1) – (1)( –1) = –3 + 1 = –2
1 1
1 1
M12 = = (1)(1) – (1)(1) = 1 – 1 = 0
1 1
1 3
M13 = = (1)(–1) – (–3)(1) = –1 + 3 = 2
1 1
1 2
M 21 = = (1)(1) – (–2)(–1) = 1 – 2 = –1
1 1
1 2
M 22 = = (1)(1) – (–2)(1) = 1 + 2 = 3
1 1
1 1
M 23 = = (1)(–1) – (1)(1) = –1 – 1 = –2
1 1
1 2
M 31 = = (1)(1) – (–2)(–3) = 1 – 6 = –5
3 1
1 2
M 32 = = (1)(1) – (–2)(1) = 1 + 2 = 3
1 1
1 1
M 33 = = (1)(–3) – (1)(1) = –3 – 1 = –4
1 3
C 22 = (1) 2 2 M 22 = (1)(3) = 3
C 32 = (1) 3 2 M 32 = (–1)(3) = –3
Matriks 10
2 0 2
Matriks kofaktornya :
C= 1 3 2
5 3 4
Matriks 11
Matriks koefisien untuk sistem persamaan linier diataas adalah :
2 2 3
A = 1 1 3 sehingga
2 1 2
Pertama akan ditentukan minor matriks, yaitu
1 3
M11 = = (1)(2) – (1)(3) = 2 – 3 = –1
1 2
1 3
M12 = = (–1)(2) – (3)(–2) = –2 + 6 = 4
2 2
1 1
M13 = = (–1)(1) – (1)(–2) = –1 + 2 = 1
2 1
2 3
M 21 = = (2)(2) – (3)(1) = 4 – 3 = 1
1 2
2 3
M 22 = = (2)(2) – (3)(–2) = 4 + 6 = 10
2 2
2 2
M 23 = = (2)(1) – (2)(–2) = 2 + 4 = 6
2 1
2 3
M 31 = = (2)(3) – (3)(1) = 6 – 3 = 3
1 3
2 3
M 32 = = (2)(3) – (3)(–1) = 6 + 3 = 9
1 3
2 2
M 33 = = (2)(1) – (2)(–1) = 2 + 2 = 4
1 1
Kemudian menentukan kofaktor matriks
C 22 = (1) 2 2 M 22 = (1)(10) = 10
Matriks 12
C 31 = (1) 31 M 31 = (1)(3) = 3
C 32 = (1) 3 2 M 32 = (–1)(9) = –9
1 4 1
Matriks kofaktornya : C = 1 10 6
3 9 4
Matriks 13
06. Tentukanlah himpunan penyelesaian sistem persamaan linier
2x – 2y – z = 3
3x + y + 2z = 7 dengan menggunakan metoda inver matriks
2x + 3y + 4z = 8
Jawab
Matriks koefisien untuk sistem persamaan linier diataas adalah :
2 2 1
A = 3 1 2 sehingga
2 3 4
Pertama akan ditentukan minor matriks, yaitu
1 2
M11 = = (1)(4) – (2)(3) = 4 – 6 = –2
3 4
3 2
M12 = = (3)(4) – (2)(2) = 12 – 4 = 8
2 4
3 1
M13 = = (3)(3) – (1)(2) = 9 – 2 = 7
2 3
2 1
M 21 = = (–2)(4) – (–1)(3) = –8 + 3 = –5
3 4
2 1
M 22 = = (2)(4) – (–1)(2) = 8 + 2 = 10
2 4
2 2
M 23 = = (2)(3) – (–2)(2) = 6 + 4 = 10
2 3
2 1
M 31 = = (–2)(2) – (–1)(1) = –4 + 1 = –3
1 2
2 1
M 32 = = (2)(2) – (–1)(3) = 4 + 3 = 7
3 2
2 2
M 33 = = (2)(1) – (–2)(3) = 2 + 6 = 8
3 1
Kemudian menentukan kofaktor matriks
Matriks 14
C 21 = (1) 21 M 21 = (–1)(–5) = 5
C 22 = (1) 2 2 M 22 = (1)(10) = 10
C 32 = (1) 3 2 M 32 = (–1)(7) = –7
2 8 7
Matriks kofaktornya : C = 5 10 10
3 7 8
Matriks 15
x 1
y = 2
z 3
Matriks 16