Riset SI - Retno Kusumaningrum

RISET SISTEM INFORMASI
Dr. Retno Kusumaningrum, S.Si., M.Kom.

Perbedaan Antara Riset S1, S2, dan
S3
Prof. Matt Might, The Illustrated Guide to a Ph.D., http://matt.might.net/articles/phd-school-in-pictures/
Versi Indonesia http://robinmalau.com/phd-guide/
Bayangkan sebuah lingkaran yang berisi ilmu pengetahuan manusia:
Ketika menyelesaikan Pendidikan Dasar, Anda tahu sedikit:
Sesudah menyelesaikan SMA, Anda tahu sedikit lebih banyak:
Setelah mendapat gelar Sarjana, anda mendapat keahlian khusus:
Gelar Master memperdalam keahlian khusus Anda:
Membaca artikel penelitian dan melakukan penelitian, membawa Anda
ke ujung ilmu pengetahuan:
Saat Anda berada di perbatasan pengetahuan, Anda fokus atau focus
penelitian atau research interest anda telah terbentuk.
Anda mendorong perbatasan itu selama beberapa tahun (bergantung
pada waktu yang diperlukan bagi anda untuk menyelesaikan studi S3):
Sampai batas boundary tersebut menjadi menggelembung
Gelembung boundary tersebutlah yang disebut sebagai Ph.D.
Pada saat kita lakukan zoom in, yang terlihat adalah sebagai berikut.
Pada saat kita lakukan zoom out, yang terlihat adalah sebagai berikut.
Aspek Utama Riset
• The process of exploring the
unknown, studying and learning 3 ASPEK UTAMA
new things, building new DALAM RISET:
knowledge about things that no ORIGINALITY
one has understood before (ORISINALITAS)
(Berndtsson et al., 2008) CONTRIBUTION
• Research is a considered activity, (KONTRIBUSI)
which aims to make an original NOVELTY
contribution to knowledge (KETERBARUAN)
(Dawson, 2009)
TYPE OF CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Solving New Problem with Old Method
2. Solving Old Problem with New Method
3. Solving New Problem with New Method
4. Proofing Theoretical Concept in Practical
Implementation
5. Creating a low cost technique / system with equal
performance of commercial system
PENELITIAN TANPA KONTRIBUSI (1)
• Penentuan Harga Kebutuhan Pokok di Indonesia

berdasarkan Data Twitter menggunakan metode
Latent Dirichlet Allocation
• Penentuan Harga Kebutuhan Pokok Berbasis Status

Facebook menggunakan metode Latent Dirichlet
Allocation
PENELITIAN TANPA KONTRIBUSI (2)
• Sistem Pengambilan Keputusan Penentuan Siswa

Berprestasi Pada SMA XXX menggunakan metode
Analytical Hierarchy process
• Sistem Pengambilan Keputusan Penentuan Siswa

Berprestasi Pada SMA YYY menggunakan metode
Analytical Hierarchy process
Research Article (Artikel Ilmiah)
Sunu Wibirama Course Material on Scientific Writing
Zifirdaus Adnan & I. Zifirdaus, Merebut Hati Audiens Internasional – Strategi Ampuh Meraih Publikasi di Jurnal Ilmiah
Struktur Global Artikel Ilmiah
• Pola IMRD:
• Introduction – Pendahuluan
• Method – Metode Penelitian
• Results – Hasil Penelitian
• Discussion – Pembahasan / Analisa Hasil Penelitian
• (Conclusion – Kesimpulan)
• Pola Non-IMRD:
• Biasanya untuk Review Articles/Survey Articles
What is our focus today?
Pola IMRD
General Issue in Society General
Alur Cerita Artikel Ilmiah
General Problem
Introduction
Literature Synthesis
Research Problem
Proposed Method / Solution Specific
Results
Analysis and Discussion
Conclusions General
Pola untuk Menuliskan Introduction
Pola CARS (Swales,

1990)
Tahap 1 – Menetapkan “wilayah” atau bidang kajian
• Langkah 1:
• Membuat klaim sentral (Claiming centrality)
• Langkah 2:
• Membuat generalisasi tentang bidang kajian (Making topic
generalizations)
• Langkah 3:
• Meninjau hasil studi sebelumnya (Reviewing previous research)
Tahap 2 – Menetapkan “daerah khusus” atau topik
kajian
• Langkah 1A:
• Membuat sanggahan terhadap klaim peneliti lain (Counter claiming)
• Langkah 1B:
• Menunjukan celah/kekosongan dalam literature (Indicating gap)
• Langkah 1C:
• Mengajukan pertanyaan (Question raising)
• Langkah 1D:
• Meneruskan tradisi (Continuing a tradition)
Tahap 3 – Menggambarkan kajian sendiri
• Langkah 1A:
• Menyebutkan garis besar tujuan (outlining purposes)
• Langkah 1B:
• Menyatakan studi yang sedang dilakukan (announcing present research)
• Langkah 2:
• Menyebutkan temuan-temuan utama (announcing principal findings)
• Langkah 3:
• Menjelaskan struktur artikel ilmiah (indicating research article structure)
• Langkah 1:
• Langkah 2:
generalizations)
• Langkah 3:
Langkah 1: Membuat klaim sentral (Claiming centrality)
• Membuat klaim sentral maksudnya adalah menunjukkan bahwa

bidang kajian anda penting dilihat dari kacamata audiens
• audiens spesialis internasional,
• audiens multidisiplin internasional,
• audiens nasional
• Oleh karena itu, pilihan jurnal yang akan dikirimi artikel sangat
penting untuk dipahami
• Jika audiens spesialis internasional maka anda harus
menekankan banyaknya minat atau perhatian para
spesialis pada bidang kajian anda.
Audiens Internasional
Contoh:
• The rapid development of Convolutional networks has
revolutionized various vision tasks, enabling us to move
towards more fine-grained understanding of images
• There is a recent surge of interest in neural networks, which
are based on continuous-space representation of the input
and non-linear functions
Dengan contoh-contoh di atas maka bisa diketahui bahwa
bidang kajian dari penelitian anda bukan bidang yang tidak
diminati, melainkan bidang yang banyak peminatnya
• Jika audiens multidisiplin internasional maka anda bisa
merujuk pada hal-hal yang hangat diperbincangkan atau
hal-hal yang menimbulkan kontroversi.
Contoh:
Audiens Multidisiplin
• In fashion industries, obtaining a visual analysis of the

overall production is a key aspect, both in developing
marketing strategies and for helping fashion designers in the
Internasional
creative workflow of new products.

Judul artikel: Fashion Product Classification through Deep
Learning and Computer Vision
• Langkah 1:
• Langkah 2:
generalizations)
• Langkah 3:
Langkah 2: Membuat generalisasi tentang bidang kajian
(Making topic generalizations)
• Membuat generalisasi artinya Anda membuat pernyataan yang
bersifat umum tentang “the current state of knowledge”
atau
• Menunjukkan fenomena penting yang sedang berkembang dalam
suatu masyarakat atau negara.
atau
• Membuat pernyataan yang menekankan seringnya dan rumitnya
suatu isu yg sedang diteliti.
• Langkah 1:
• Langkah 2:
generalizations)
• Langkah 3:
Langkah 3: Meninjau hasil studi sebelumnya (Reviewing
previous research)
• Langkah yang wajib dilakukan, karena kurangnya tinjauan
tentang kajian terdahulu merupakan salah satu
kelemahan yang menjadi alasan kuat untuk penolakan
(rejection).
• Try not to dumb references by saying:
A proposed B, resulting X …..
• Critically analyze and summarize the previous works
kajian
• Langkah 1A:
• Langkah 1B:
• Langkah 1C:
• Langkah 1D:
Tahap 2 – Menetapkan “daerah khusus” atau topik kajian
Langkah 1A: Membuat sanggahan terhadap klaim peneliti lain
(Counter claiming)
• Bagian ini biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan kritik,

keterbatasan, atau kelemahan dari penelitian-penelitian
sebelumnya
• Dalam penulisan biasanya diawali dengan kata-kata
sanggahan seperti:
However, nevertheless, yet, unfortunately, dll
kajian
• Langkah 1A:
• Langkah 1B:
• Langkah 1C:
• Langkah 1D:
Tahap 2 – Menetapkan “daerah khusus” atau topik kajian
Langkah 1B: Menunjukan celah/kekosongan dalam literature
(Indicating gap)
• Celah/kekosongan yang disampaikan pada bagian ini
harus didukung dengan penjelasan-penjelasan mengenai
tinjauan studi terdahulu yang telah disampaikan pada
Langkah 3 pada Tahap 1
kajian
• Langkah 1A:
• Langkah 1B:
• Langkah 1C:
• Langkah 1D:
• Langkah 1A:
• Langkah 1B:
• Langkah 2:
• Langkah 3:
Langkah 1A: Menyebutkan garis besar tujuan (outlining
purposes)
• Menjelaskan tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian
yang dilaporkan pada artikel ilmiah anda
• Contoh kalimat-kalimat yang bisa digunakan:
• The purposes of this study are ….
• This study was designed in order to ….
• dll
• Langkah 1A:
• Langkah 1B:
• Langkah 2:
• Langkah 3:
Langkah 1B: Menyatakan studi yang sedang dilakukan
(announcing present research)
• Jika penulis tidak menjabarkan tujuan studinya dalam
bentuk tujuan, maka dapat diberikan penjelasan
mengenai apa yang dilakukan
• This study investigated ….
• In this study …. were studied
• dll
• Langkah 1A:
• Langkah 1B:
• Langkah 2:
• Langkah 3:
Langkah 2: Menyebutkan temuan-temuan utama
(announcing principal findings)
• Penulis dapat menyebutkan temuan-temuan utamanya,
tetapi hal ini tidak merupakan keharusan.
• The main findings of this study are….
• This study found the following ….
• The results of this research are as follows ….
• dll
• Langkah 1A:
• Langkah 1B:
• Langkah 2:
• Langkah 3:
Langkah 3: Menjelaskan struktur artikel ilmiah
(indicating research article structure)
• Menyebutkan struktur artikel ilmiah juga bukan
merupakan keharusan. Akan tetapi jika bagian ini
dituliskan maka akan membantu pembaca
• This article follows the following structure.
• The structure of this article is as follows.
• This article is structured in the following way.
• dll.
General Issue in Society
General Problem
Research Problem
Proposed Method / Solution
Results Scientific Data Visualizations
Conclusions
Scientific Data Visualizations
What is Scientific Data Visualizations?
• Scientific data visualization uses graphs, charts, and images

to communicate scientific research.
• It is important to choose the right graph and chart types that
make the data easier to understand.
• Poor data visualization choices can lead to designs that
confuse your audience or make them ignore the results of
your research.
Three Techniques for Effective Data Visualizations
Technique 1 Technique 2 Technique 3
Data Purpose Target Audience Data Storytelling

Technique 1 – Data Purpose
1. Identify the purpose of data

2. Choose the graph that best matches the purpose
There are 4 main purpose categories:
• Explain purpose
• Compare, Contrast, or Show a Change
• Establish a Relationship
• Other
Explain Purpose
• Type of diagram is used to
show the sequential steps of a
process.
• Flow Charts map out a process
using a series of connected
symbols, which makes the
process easy to understand and
aids in its communication to
Flow Chart
other people.
• Flow Charts are useful for
explaining how a complex
and/or abstract procedure,
system, concept or algorithm
work.
• Type of diagram is used to
show the sequential steps of a
process.
• Flow Charts map out a process
using a series of connected
symbols, which makes the
process easy to understand and
aids in its communication to
Infographic
other people.
• Flow Charts are useful for
explaining how a complex
and/or abstract procedure,
system, concept or algorithm
work.
• Gantt Charts display a list of • The duration of each activity is
activities (or tasks) with their represented by the length of a
bar plotted along this timescale.
duration over time, showing
when each activity starts and • The start of the bar is the
beginning of the activity and the
ends. end of the bar is when the
• Gantt Charts useful for activity should finish.
planning and estimating how • Color-coding the bars can be used
long an entire project might to categories the activities into
Gantt Chart
take. groups.
• To show the percentage of
• Gantt Charts are drawn within completion of an activity, a bar
a table: rows are used for the can be partially filled in, shaded
activities and columns are used differently or use a different color,
as the timescale. to differentiate between what is
done and what is left to do.
• Connecting arrows can be used
to show which tasks are
dependent on each other.
• Symbols can also be placed
within a Gantt Chart to signify
milestones
• A vertical line running through
(Cont’d)
the chart is used to highlight

the current date.
Illustration Diagrams are
graphics that display an image,
or images, accompanied by
either notes, labels or a legend,
in order to:
• Explain concepts or methods
• Describe objects or places
Illustration
• Show how things work, move

or change
• Help provide additional insight
into the subject displayed.
(Cont’d)
• A Timeline is a graphical way of
displaying a list of events in
chronological order.
• Some Timelines work on a
scale, while others simply
display events in sequence.
• The main function of Timelines
is to communicate time-related
Timeline
information, either for analysis

or to visually present a story or
view of history.
Compare, Contrast, or Show a Change
• A Bar Chart uses either
Bar Chart
horizontal or vertical bars
(column chart) to show
discrete, numerical
comparisons across
categories.
• One axis of the chart shows
the specific categories being
compared and the other axis
represents a discrete value
scale.
• Bar Charts are distinguished
from Histograms, as they do
not display continuous
developments over an
interval
• This chart is used to display
Line Chart
quantitative values over a
continuous interval or time
period.
• A line chart is most
frequently used to show
trends and analyze how the
data has changed over time.
• Line chart are drawn by first
plotting data points on a
Cartesian coordinate grid,
and then connecting a line
between all of these points.
Typically, the y-axis has a
quantitative value, while the
x-axis is a timescale or a
sequence of intervals.
• A Box and Whisker Plot (or
Box & Whisker

Box Plot) is a convenient way
of visually displaying the data
distribution through their • Box Plots can be drawn either
quartiles. vertically or horizontally.
• The lines extending parallel • Box Plots have the advantage
from the boxes are known as of taking up less space, which
the “whiskers”, which are is useful when comparing
used to indicate variability distributions between many
outside the upper and lower groups or datasets.
quartiles.
• Outliers are sometimes
plotted as individual dots that
are in-line with whiskers.
Here are the types of
(Cont’d)
observations one can make
from viewing a Box Plot:
• What the key values are, such
as: the average, median, 25th
percentile, etc.
• If there are any outliers and
what their values are.
• If the data is symmetrical or
not.
• How tightly is the data
grouped.
• If the data is skewed and if so,
in what direction.
• Bubble Charts use a Cartesian
Bubble Chart
coordinate system to plot points
along a grid where the X and Y
axis are separate variables.
• Bubble Charts are typically used
to compare and show the
relationships between categorized
circles, by the use of positioning
and proportions.
• Too many bubbles can make the
chart hard to read, so Bubble
Charts have a limited data size
capacity.
• Stacked Area are used to
Stacked Area
display the development of
quantitative values over an
interval or time period, except
for displaying multiple data
series that start each point
from the point left by the
previous data series.
• The entire graph represents
the total of all the data
plotted.
• Stacked Area Graphs also use
the areas to convey whole
numbers, so they do not work
for negative values.
• Overall, they are useful for
comparing multiple variables
changing over time.
• Pie Charts help show
Pie Chart
proportions and percentages
between categories, by
dividing a circle into
proportional segments.
• Each arc length represents a
proportion of each category,
while the full circle represents
the total sum of all the data,
equal to 100%.
• Pie Charts are ideal for giving
the reader a quick idea of the
proportional distribution of
the data.
Establish a Relationship
• Also known as Network Graph,
Network Map, Node-Link
Diagram.
• This type of visualization shows
how things are interconnected
through the use of nodes and link
lines to represent their
connections and help illuminate
the type of relationships between
a group of entities.
Network Diagram
• The two types of Network

Diagrams are "undirected" and
"directed".
• Undirected Network Diagrams only
display the connections between
entities,
• Directed Network Diagrams show if
the connections are one-way or
two-way through small arrows.
• Heatmaps visualize data through • All the rows are one category
variations in coloring. (labels displayed on the left or
right side)
• When applied to a tabular • All the columns are another
format, Heatmaps are useful for category (labels displayed on the
cross-examining multivariate top or bottom).
data, through placing variables in • The cells are the intersections of
the rows and columns and the rows and columns, which can
either contain categorical data or
coloring the cells within the table. numerical data.
• Heatmaps are good for showing • A legend is required alongside a
variance across multiple Heatmap in order for it to be
Heatmap
successfully read.
variables, revealing any patterns, • Categorical data is color-coded,
displaying whether any variables • Numerical data requires a color
are similar to each other, and for scale that blends from one color to
another, in order to represent the
detecting if any correlations exist. difference in high and low values
(Cont’d)
• There are several type of maps:
• Dot map, Connection map, Flow
map, etc.
• Dot maps are a way of detecting
spatial patterns or the
distribution of data over a
geographical region, by placing
equally sized points over a
geographical region.
• Connection Maps are drawn by
connecting points placed on a
map by straight or curved lines.
• Flow Maps geographically show
Maps
the movement of information or

objects from one location to
another and their amount.
(Cont’d)
• Radar Charts are a way of
comparing multiple
quantitative variables.
• This makes them useful for
seeing which variables have
similar values or if there are
any outliers amongst each
Radar Charts
variable.
• Radar Charts are also useful for
seeing which variables are
scoring high or low within a
dataset, making them suited
for displaying performance.
• Mosaic Chart is a multi-series
chart for visualizing the
percentage relationships
between points along both the
X and Y axes using categorical
scales.
• Points in a Mosaic Chart
occupy the entire data bounds.
• The area of each point
Mosaic Chart
corresponds to its contribution

to a total of all data points (like
in a Pie Chart).
• Both X and Y axes in the Mosaic
Chart type are always
categorical/ordinal.
• A Venn Diagram is a diagram that
visually displays all the possible
logical relationships between a
collection of sets.
• Each set is typically represented
with a circle.
• Contained within each set is a
collection of objects or entities
Venn Diagram
that all have something in

common.
• When sets overlap, it’s known as
the intersection area. This is
where entities that have all the
qualities of the overlapping sets.
Other
If the data visualization purpose does not fall into one of the
categories above, then you may have the challenge of using a non-
standard graphing method to illustrate your results
https://datavizcatalogue.com/search.html

Technique 2 – Target Audience
Choose the design based on the target audience

There are 3 common research audiences:
• Scientific Audience
• Business Audience
• Public Audience
• This audience may include Common Scientific Data
grant reviewers, laboratory Visualizations:
members, and academic • Bar Graphs
committees.
• Line Graphs
Scientific Audience
• These groups will often require

detailed information in your • Box and Whisker Plots
graphs with clear designs that • Scatter Plots with Bars
help communicate the research • Heat Maps
results.
• Scientific Illustrations
• You may need to choose graph
types that allow for details
such as statistical significance,
number of subjects, and
comparisons to controls.
• The business audience may Common Business Data
include tech, biotech, and Visualizations:
pharmaceutical companies. • Bar Graphs
• This audience uses data to • Line Graphs
Business Audience
inform their business decisions

and you should choose eye- • Pie Charts
catching graphs that quickly • Tables
show the most important • Graphs with additional graphic
conclusions of the dataset. designs (such as arrows, large
• This can include additional numbers, etc.)
graphic designs that show the
main point of the data such as
arrows or numbers that stand
out from the image.
• A public audience responds Common Public Data
best to simple information Visualizations:
presented in an engaging way, • Infographics
so you will likely want to
choose graphs that limit detail • Pie Charts
and focus on the big picture of • Bar Graphs
Public Audience
the data story. • Maps

• This can include using • Diagrams
illustrations, maps, and
infographics that show the • Videos
results without having to read • Illustrations
the details or text.

Technique 3 – Data Storytelling
A third method that you can use to create effective scientific data
visualizations is to write a story and design a graph or illustration that
tells the story.
Stories contain four main elements:
• characters,
• setting,
• conflict, and
• resolution.
(Cont’d 1)
• Step 1. List the Characters. Create a short list of the most

important players in your data story.
• Step 2. Define the Setting. The setting of a data story could be the
methods, the scientific tools used, or the scientific background
information.
• Step 3. Describe the Conflict. Conflicts in data stories are often
focused on describing a decrease or increase after a scientific
experiment. If there isn’t a clear conflict such as data showing a
robust change, you can skip this element and instead just go
straight to describing the resolution or results of the research.
(Cont’d 2)
• Step 4. Propose a Resolution. In data storytelling, the resolution is

a synonym for the results. Everything in the story is leading to the
main result that you want your audience to understand at the end.
General Issue in Society
General Problem
Research Problem
Proposed Method / Solution
Results
Conclusions

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RISET SISTEM INFORMASI

Dr. Retno Kusumaningrum, S.Si., M.Kom.

• Penentuan Harga Kebutuhan Pokok di Indonesia

• Penentuan Harga Kebutuhan Pokok Berbasis Status

• Sistem Pengambilan Keputusan Penentuan Siswa

• Sistem Pengambilan Keputusan Penentuan Siswa

Proposed Method / Solution Specific

Analysis and Discussion

Pola CARS (Swales,

• Membuat klaim sentral maksudnya adalah menunjukkan bahwa

• In fashion industries, obtaining a visual analysis of the

creative workflow of new products.

• Bagian ini biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan kritik,

Proposed Method / Solution

Results Scientific Data Visualizations

Analysis and Discussion

• Scientific data visualization uses graphs, charts, and images

Technique 1 Technique 2 Technique 3

Data Purpose Target Audience Data Storytelling

1. Identify the purpose of data

the chart is used to highlight

• Show how things work, move

information, either for analysis

Box & Whisker

• The two types of Network

the movement of information or

corresponds to its contribution

that all have something in

Technique 1 Technique 2 Technique 3

Data Purpose Target Audience Data Storytelling

Choose the design based on the target audience

• These groups will often require

inform their business decisions

the data story. • Maps

Technique 1 Technique 2 Technique 3

Data Purpose Target Audience Data Storytelling

• Step 1. List the Characters. Create a short list of the most

• Step 4. Propose a Resolution. In data storytelling, the resolution is

Proposed Method / Solution

Analysis and Discussion

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