(BIOLOGIC DRUG)
ANA INDRAYATI
FAKULTAS FARMASI USB
anaindrayati@setiabudi.ac.id
08156266891
MATERI
1. Protein terapeutik
2. DNA/RNA terapeutik
3. CRISPR-Cas 9
4. Bakteriofaga sebagai obat
5. Farmakogenomik
OBAT BIOLOGI: obat yang berasal dari makhluk
hidup berupa jaringan, sel, DNA, RNA dan protein
▪ Dunia Farmasi: obat kimia (sintetik) dan obat biologi
▪ Obat biologi: biopharmaceuticals (biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals),
biologic(al) medical product, biologic
▪ Obat biologi non-rekombinan-> diisolasi langsung dari sumber
penghasil
▪Insulin: diekstraksi dari pankreas hewan (sapi dan babi)
▪Artemisinin: diekstraksi langsung dari Artemisia annua
▪ Obat biologi rekombinan-> rekayasa genetika (kloning)
▪Insulin manusia: diproduksi di bakteri Escherichia coli
▪Artemisinin: diproduksi di sel ragi Sacharomyces cerevisiae
Metabolit Sekunder Fakta-fakta dan Permasalahannya
Paclitaxel (kanker Kadar pada kulit batang 0,01-0,02%, 1 g taxol/3 batang
ovarium, payudara, pohon, pengobatan membutuhkan 2 g, dibutuhkan waktu 100
paru-paru, pankreas) tahun untuk mendapatkan pohon dewasa yang cukup besar
untuk dipanen, permintaan pasar 250 kg/tahun. Sintesis kimia
sulit dan sangat kompleks
Artemisia annua
• OBAT BIOLOGI/BIOLOGIC
• OBAT INOVATOR/ORIGINATOR/REFERENCE
• BIOSIMILAR/FOLLOW OF BIOLOGIC (US dan Eropa): similar
(keamanan, kemurnian, profil efikasi) dengan originator> diproduksi
setelah masa paten produk innovator berakhir
• BIOBETTER: better (potensi/efikasi, kemurnian protein, waktu paro
lebih panjang, dosis kecil, imunogenesitas dan toksisitas rendah, efek
samping kecil.
▪ Dapat diproduksi tanpa menunggu berakhirnya masa paten
produk innovator
▪ Komponen active biobetter berbeda dengan produk inovator
▪ Targetnya biobetter sama dengan produk innovator
BIOSMILIAR DAN BIOBETTER:
DERIVATIF DARI BIOLOGIC (ORIGINATOR/INNOVATOR/REFERENCE)
INSULIN NON- INSULIN
REKOMBINAN REKOMBINAN BIOSIMILAR BIOBETTER
(pankreas hewan) (Humulin: innovator)
PERBANDINGAN BIOSIMILAR-BIOBETTER
Biosimilar Biobetter
Keterbatasan: struktur (komponen aktif Tidak ada keterbatasan struktur:
mirip dengan produk innovator) modifikasi kimia/molekuler (komponen
aktif berbeda dengan produk innovator)
Similar: keamanan dan profil Improve: keamanan dan profil
efikasi/potensi efikasi/potensi
Approve: data (comparability data) mirip New drug: data klinik dan non-klinik
dengan produk innovator
KLASIFIKASI 3
PROTEIN
Protein untuk diagnosis: leptin,
TERAPEUTIK glukagon, N-protein (Covid-19)
Produksi Ekstraksi,
Kloning
protein Pemurnian,
Protein Formulasi
Skala besar Karakterisasi
rekombinan
(Fermentasi) protein
Memenuhi
persyaratan:
mutu, efikasi,
safety
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-nmbiology1/chapter/reading-
prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-gene-regulation/
DNA/RNA TERAPEUTIK
RNA ANTISENSE
DNA plasmid
dibungkus dengan
partikel berukuran 1–3
mikron (emas atau
tungsten).
• Beberapa terapi gen telah disetujui oleh FDA US, termasuk
Kymriah® untuk leukemia, Luxturna™ untuk penyakit
genetik pada retina, Zolgensma® untuk Spinal Muscular
Atrophy, eteplirsen untuk Duchene Muscular Dystrophy,
Trikafta® untuk cystic fibrosis, dan Zynteglo™ untuk
talasemia yang masih dalam pertimbangan
CRISPR-Cas9
TEKNOLOGI MENGEDIT GEN
• Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs)
• Transcription activator-effector nucleases (TALENs)
• Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats-Cas 9 (CRISPR-Cas 9)
Paling populer
faster, more precise, more efficient, and more cost-
effective
Teknologi mengedit genom semakin popular
• Berpotensi digunakan untuk mencegah dan
mengobati berbagai penyakit (monogenic:
hemophilia, anemia bulan sabit, dan sistik
fibrosis), (kompleks: kanker, kardiovakskuler, DM,
HIV/AIDS, penyakit saraf dll)
SEJARAH CRISPR-CAS 9
• Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas 9
• 1987 ditemukan pada bakteri E. coli-> 20 tahun berikutnya (2007)-> CRISPR_Cas 9
sistem imun pada bakteri dan archaebakteri
• Sistem imun: faga (bakteriofaga) dan plasmid
• Infeksi faga-> CRISPR memotong bagian kecil dari DNA faga-> menyimpan
potongan DNA faga-> infeksi faga berikutnya-> mengenali dan melawan faga
ANA INDRAYATI
FAKULTAS FARMASI USB
anaindrayati@setiabudi.ac.id
MULTIDRUG-RESISTEN (MDR)
XDR: Extensively Drug Resistant
▪ Metisilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
XDR TB adalah TB yang
(MRSA)
disebabkan oleh strain yang
▪ Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)
▪ Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter resistensi terhadap isoniazid dan
baumannii (CRAB) rifampisin, disertai resisten
▪ Multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa terhadap salah satu fluorokuinolon
▪ Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended dan salah satu dari tiga obat
spectrum β-lactamases
injeksi lini kedua (amikasin,
▪ Carbapenemase-producing
kapreomisin atau kanamisin)->
Enterobacteriacea
lebih FATAL dibandingkan MDR
• BAKTERIOFAGA (FAGA) adalah virus yang
menginfeksi bakteri (dan archaebacteria)
• Bakteriofaga ditemukan secara terpisah oleh
Frederick W. Twort (Inggris, 1915) dan Felix
d’Herelle (Prancis, 1917)
• Bacteriophage, meaning “bacteria eater,” :
bakteriosid (membunuh bakteri)
• Bakteriofaga menyebabkan bakteri lisis
(menganggu metabolisme) > bakteri mati
• Non-living biological (tergantung sel inang),
materi genetik DNA atau RNA yang dilindungi
oleh protein kapsid
BIG HERO
RESEPTOR (‘PINTU MASUK’) FAGA KE DALAM SEL BAKTERI
MEKANISME PERTAHANAN
BAKTERI THD INFEKSI FAGA: RESEPTOR FAGA: SPESIFIK (GAMBAR)
▪ Mengubah struktur reseptor
(tidak dikenali faga)
▪ DNA faga dipotong-potong
dengan gunting molekuler
clustered regularly interspaced
palindromic repeats/CRISPR
associated system
(CRISPR/Cas) system
UPAYA FAGA :
▪ Bermutasi sehingga tetap
dapat masuk melewati
reseptor yang telah berubah
strukturnya
▪ Anti CRISPR/Cas system)
▪ Specificity: Bacteriophages are generally very specific in their host range, which promises less harm to
our microbiota. However, this specificity also means that for most clinically relevant infections, a mixture
of different phage will have to be used to address the polymicrobial nature of the infection
▪ Bactericidal: lytic phages infect their target host bacteria and cause cell death, in comparison to certain
bacteriostatic antibiotics
▪ Active on-site propagation: bacteriophages increase in concentration in situ as they propagate in the
presence of bacterial host (infectious agents). Unlike antibiotics, which often require frequent doses to
kill the bacteria efficiently, only one bacteriophage is theoretically needed to target a single
corresponding host bacterium (single-hit kinetics). It is possible to administer a single low-dose of
phage, which will then propagate itself, given the existing bacterial density as an active therapy,
resulting in continued bacterial adsorption and killing
▪ Low inherent toxicity: bacteriophages are primarily composed of nucleic acid and proteins that have
been studied to be non-toxic with the use of highly purified phage preparations [
▪ Enormous diversity: phage is found in diverse abundances across the biosphere and therefore isolating
and purifying new phages, necessary to target a known pathogenic bacteria, is achievable even when
bacteria evolve resistance
▪ Formulation and application versatility: multiple strains of phages can be added together into a
“phage cocktail” to target multiple bacteria of interest with a broader killing spectrum.
▪ Narrow potential for antibiotic cross-resistance: the mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics
and phage are entirely different. Thus, bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics may be targeted and
treated with the use of phage therapy, and vice-versa, presenting combination therapies as an
attractive strategy .
▪ Biofilm clearance: phages have been demonstrated to lyse and penetrate through some biofilms
that have shown resistance to antibiotics. This is partially attributed to the presence of
depolymerases and lysins that can chew through the biofilm extracellular polymeric matrix.
▪ Low environmental impact: bacteriophages are natural components of the environment that can be
naturally evolved (as opposed to genetic modification), thus easing public acceptance of phage
therapy. Furthermore, because this natural product is composed primarily of proteins and nucleic
acids, unused phage materials can easily be inactivated and discarded
▪ Relatively low discovery and production cost: the costs associated with the discovery, isolation, and
purification of bacteriophages are significantly decreasing with the progression of screening and
sequencing technologies
TERAPI FAGA PADA PASIEN CF YANG TERINFEKSI BAKTERI
Burkholderia cepacian PENYEBAB PNEUMONIA
• LISTEX is used in the clean rooms of cheese, meat, and poultry processing plants to inhibit the growth of
Listeria on products such as luncheon meats and hot dogs. The phage preparation is not declared as an
ingredient on the label of a treated product. Additional products are being developed to reduce
Campylobacter on chicken and Salmonella on fish, cheese, and meats.
FARMAKOGENOMIK:
The Right Drug to the Right Person
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI RESPON
INDIVIDU TERHADAP OBAT
MULTIFAKTOR ▪Kehamilan
▪ Kepatuhan minum obat ▪Rute/cara pemberian obat
▪ Usia penderita ▪Gaya hidup
▪ Tingkat keparahan penyakit
▪Kondisi nutrisi
▪ Interaksi antar obat
▪Fungsi ginjal dan hati penderita
▪ Interaksi makanan dengan obat
▪ Formulasi obat ▪Penyakit yang menyertai penyakit utama
(komorbiditas)
▪ Jenis kelamin
▪ Polutan (asap rokok) ▪GENETIK-> BERAPA BESAR PENGARUH
FAKTOR GENETIK???
FARMAKOGENOMIK
▪ Kombinasi ilmu farmakologi dan genomik (mempelajari gen dan
fungsinya)
▪ Farmakogenomik: difokuskan pada pemahaman bagaimana variasi
genetik mempengaruhi respon individu terhadap obat
▪ Obat-obatan dapat dibuat khusus, disesuaikan dengan susunan
genetik setiap individu
▪ Meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi obat
▪ Meminimalkan efek samping atau efek toksiknya
FARMAKOGENOMIK
▪ Kombinasi ilmu farmakologi dan genomik
(mempelajari gen dan fungsinya)
▪ Farmakogenomik: difokuskan pada pemahaman
bagaimana variasi genetik mempengaruhi respon
individu terhadap obat
▪ Obat-obatan dapat dibuat khusus, disesuaikan
dengan susunan genetik setiap individu
▪ Meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi obat
▪ Meminimalkan efek samping atau efek toksiknya
▪ Apakah 33.000 gen tersebut
mempengaruhi respon individu
terhadap obat?
▪ Gen-gen apa saja?
▪ drug metabolizing enzyme
▪ drug transporting protein
▪ drug receptor protein
DRUG METABOLIZING ENZIM
▪ Approximately 60 cytochrome P450 genes in humans
▪ 70 to 80 percent of enzymes involved in drug metabolism
▪ CYP450: bound to membranes within a cell (cyto) and contain a heme pigment
(chrome and P) that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm when exposed to
carbon monoxide
▪ Primarily found in liver cells (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria)
▪ Functions:
▪ Synthesis and breakdown of various molecules and chemicals within
cells
▪ Synthesis of many molecules including steroid hormones, certain fats
(cholesterol and other fatty acids)
▪ Metabolize external substances, such as medications that are ingested,
and internal substances, such as toxins that are formed within cells
▪ Depending on the gene and the polymorphism, drugs can be metabolized quickly
or slowly
DRUG TRANSPORTER
• Drug transporters primarily control the movement of all drugs and their
active or inactive metabolites into or out of cells.
• Polymorphisms of drug transporter genes can modify the absorption,
distribution, and excretion rates, and ultimately safety and efficacy of the
administered drugs
• The ABC and solute-carrier (SLC) transporters are two super-families of
transport proteins are ubiquitous membrane-bound transport proteins that
are involved in the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs
• In ABC transporter superfamily of drug transporters, 49 genes have been
identified, which are divided into seven subfamilies from ABCA to ABCG
DRUG RECEPTOR PROTEIN
TERIMA KASIH