Akumulasi titanium :
Paru-paru, saluran pencernaan, hati,
jantung, limpa, ginjal dan otot jantung
Gangguan Saluran Pencernaan Gangguan Sistem Kardiovaskuler Sistem Syaraf dan Otak
Mengganggu pencernaan dan ↑ Sitokin Inflamatori (TNF-a, Olfactory bulb & Hipocampus
penyerapan makanan INF-g dan IL-8)
Paparan dan toksisitas titanium telah banyak dipelajari. Pada studi invivo dan invitro efek titanium pada
manusia seperti perubahan siklus sel, penyempitan membrane nucleus, apoptosis dan dapat
menyebabkan kerusakan DNA (Acar et al., 2015; Coccini et al., n.d.) Titanium (TiO2 NP) dapat masuk
kedalam tubuh melalui inhalasi, injeksi, kontak kulit dan penyerapan di saluran pencernaan, dan dapat
ditemukan di berbagai organ dalam. Pada Studi invivo, menunjukkan bahwa setelah inhalasi atau
paparan oral, titanium akan terakumulasi antara lain di paru-paru, saluran pencernaan, hati, jantung,
limpa, ginjal dan otot jantung. Titanium juga akan mengganggu homoestasis glukosa dan lipid. (Bahadar
et al., n.d.; Song et al., 2016). Titanium merupakan salah satu nanopartikel yang dapat mengganggu
pencernaan dan penyerapan komponen makanan, yang dapat menyebabkan tubuh kekurangan unsur
makro dan mikro nutrient (McClements et al., 2016). Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa titanium
memiliki efek negative pada system kardiovaskuler, respon inflamasi yang dipicu oleh titanium
merupakan salah satu penyebab kerusakan system kardiovaskuler, Titanium meningkatkan sitokin
inflamasi di dalam darah yaitu TNF-α, INF-g dan IL-8 (Gui et al., 2011). Karena ukurannya yang kecil,
partikel nano mampu melewati Blood Brain Barier (BBB), saat titanium masuk melalui inhalasi akan
terakumulasi di tiga daerah yang berbeda dari saluran pernafasan yaitu hidung, faring, trakea dan alveoli
di paru-paru. Melalui saraf sensorik akan terakumulasi di area otak seperti olfactory bulb dan
hipokampus.(Allen, 2016; Bramini et al., 2014). Di otak, titanium dapat menyebabkan oksidasi protein,
kerusakan oksidatif, penurunan kapasitas antioksidan dan peningkatan produksi reactive oxygen species
(ROS) (Feng et al., 2015)
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