TOEFL

Structure & Written Expression

(SKILL 4)
By: Tira Nur Fitria M.Pd
Email: tiranurfitria@gmail.com
 Skill 4
Penggunaan & Letak
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Present participle yaitu VERB + ing:
Bentuk present participle dapat menjadi pengecoh
dalam soal tes Structure TOEFL.
Present participle bisa saja menjadi adjective
(kata sifat) yang umumnya menjelaskan subjek
layaknya Appositive atau menjadi bagian dari kata
keja (verb) ketika di dahului oleh TO BE (am, is,
are).
The man is talking to his friend.: verb-ing VERB
present continuous – VERB kalimat
(The man talking to his friend) has a beard.: verb-ing
SUBJECT kalimat

Pada no. 1 bentuk present participle talking merupakan bagian dari kata
kerja karena di dahului oleh be (is). Sementara no. 2 present participle
talking merupakan sebuah adjective (menjelaskan mengenai laki-laki itu)
dan bukan sebagai bagian dari kata kerja karena tidak di dahului oleh be
seperti kalimat pertama. Kata kerja dari kalimat ke dua yaitu has (the man
has a beard).
Contoh kalimat di bawah ini menggambarkan bagaimana present
participle dapat menjadi pengecoh dalam test Structure TOEFL.
Present participle adalah bentuk -ing dan verb. Present
participle dapat menjadi (1) bagian dan kata kerja atau (2)
adjective. Ia dapat menjadi kata kerja ketika didahului oleh
verb be/to be. Ia dapat menjadi kata sifat (adjective) apabila
tidak disertai dengan bentuk kata kerja be/to be.

❑ Verb: The boy is standing in the corner. (Anak

laki-laki itu sedang berdiri di sudut): VERB
❑ Adjective: (The boy standing in the corner)
was naughty. (Anak laki-laki yang berdiri di
sudut itu nakal): SUBJECT
The boy is standing in the corner
Subject Verb-ing
PRESENT CONTINOUS (to be + Ving)

(The boy standing in the corner) was naughty.

subject verb to be
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Kata Kerja (Bentuk Continuous)
1. Putri is working.
2. She is reading.
3. My mother is singing.
4. She has been waiting him for 2 hours.
5. We are dancing together.
6. My teacher is standing in front of class.
7. My little sisterr is swimming.
8. Puji was cooking alone when I came.
9. We have been studying for 2 hours.
10.Dika will be continuing his study in next year.
 FUNGSI 1 – PART OF A VERB

1. He was studying English.

2. The parents were protesting over
school sanctions.
3. Two employees are speaking to each
other in the lunchroom.
4. I am reading TOEFL material.
PEMBAHASAN:
Contoh no. 1, 2, 3, dan 4 itu memiliki verb yaitu `was`,
`were`, `were`, dan `am`, sesuai urutan. Jadi, yang
menjadi verb sebenarnya adalah `be` bukan `verb-ing`.
o Hanya saja, di textbook grammar umum biasanya
menyatukan `be + verb-ing` sebagai satu kesatuan
(phrase / frasa). Atau, diistilahkan sebagai `verb
phrase`.
o Olehnya, `verb-ing` dalam konteks ini sebagai `part
of a verb`, bukan `main verb` yang bisa berdiri sendiri.
Sebagai Kata Sifat & Subject
❑There is a crying girl over there. (Ada anak
perempuan yang menangis disana.)
❑(That dancing girl) is my friend. (Gadis yang
sedang menari itu adalah teman saya.)
❑You can sit beside that working boy. (Kamu
dapat duduk disamping laki-laki yang sedang
bekerja itu.)
❑I do not know who is the singing girl. (Saya
tidak tahu siapa wanita yang sedang
bernyanyi itu.)
❑She is an interesting girl. (Dia adalah
seorang wanita yang menarik.)
❑Why don’t us join with those jumping girl?
(Kenapa kita tidak bergabung dengan
perempuan yang melompat itu?)
❑We love that smiling face. (Kami suka
wajah yang sedang tersenyum itu.)
 FUNGSI 2 – ADJECTIVE
(5) Any students applying for the scholarship
are required to submit a motivational essay.
(6) The parents protesting over school
sanctions were welcomed to the principal’s
office.
(7) He saw several dozen large birds flying in
the vicinity.
(8) I often see him studying in the library.
PEMBAHASAN:
Penggunaan verb-ing di contoh nomor 1, 2, 3, dan 4
tidak memiliki `be`.
Ketika verb-ing tidak dikuti (atau didahului) `be`, maka
dia dianggap sebagai `adjective` (kata sifat) yang
menjelaskan noun sebelumnya. Misal, `applying for the
scholarship` menjelaskan noun `any students`. `Flying in
the vicinity` menjelaskan noun `several dozen large
birds`.
Bisa kita lihat bahwa ` studying English` dan `working
hard tonight for the exam` itu bisa saja dianggap sebagai
adjective karena tidak didahului `be`.
 FUNGSI 3 – GERUND
Gerund (verb yang dijadikan noun)
o (1) Running could seriously increase your
energy levels.
o (2) I enjoy reading.
(The child now playing in the
yard) is my son.

Subject: The child now playing in the yard

Verb: is
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE: Verb -ing
(The television buying) is expensive.
SUBJECT VERB
(Televisi yang dibeli kemarin mahal)

(The poem writing by Paul) appear in the magazine.

SUBJECT VERB

(Puisi yang ditulis oleh Paul mucul di majalah)

The child _____ playing in the
yard is my son.
a) Now
b) Is (double verb)
c) He (double subject)
d) Was (double verb)
PEMBAHASAN:
Pada kalimat di atas kita bisa melihat bahwa kalimat
tersebut sudah mempunyai subjek (the child) dan verb (is).
Jadi kata present participle playing merupakan sebuah
adjective sehingga tidak butuh be sebelumnya.
Jadi jawaban b) is dan d) was tidak dibutuhkan oleh kalimat
di atas (jawaban salah).
Kalimat di atas sudah sempurna karena sudah mempunyai
subjek dan verb sehingga tidak butuh lagi kata kerja (is/was)
atau subjek (he) sehingga c) he juga salah.
Jadi jawaban paling tepat yaitu a) now (adverb).
After … the assignment, I continue
helping my mother cooking for
dinner.
a. finish
b. finishing
c. finished
d. finishes
e. is finishing
Who is … our coffee?
a. set up
b. setted up
c. set
d. setting up
e. setting
We see the girl … the coconut
tree in her yard.
a. climbing
b. climbs
c. was climbing
d. is climbing
e. climbed
You mean the one ... in front of
the bookstore."
A. parking
B. it parks
C. to be parked
D. parked
E. to park
You mean the one ... in front of
the bookstore."
A. parking
B. it parks
C. to be parked
D. parked
E. to park
 CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
1. The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers.
2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.
3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the
fair.
4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges.
5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.
6. The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously.
7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to
market.
8. Any students desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form.
9. The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of
attention.
10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive.
Pada kalimat 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, dan 10 merupakan bentuk kalimat yang benar (sudah
terdapat subjek dan verb) beserta penggunaan present participle telah benar.
Pada kalimat 2, 4, 6, 9 merupkan bentuk kalimat salah karena mempunyai double verb.

C__1. The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers.
I___2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.
C__3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the
fair.
I___4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges.
C__5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship.
I___6. The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously.
C__7. The fruits were rotting because of the moisture in the crates carrying them to
market.
C__8. Any students desiring official transcripts should complete the appropriate form.
I___9. The advertisements were announcing the half-day sale received a lot of
attention.
C__10. The spices flavoring the meal were quite distinctive
 REFERENCES
https://www.intraxenglish.com/participle/
https://www.sekolahbahasainggris.co.id/penjelasan-present-participle-lengkap-dengan-contoh-kalimat/
TOEFL
Structure & Written Expression
(SKILL 5)
By: Tira Nur Fitria M.Pd
Email: tiranurfitria@gmail.com
 Skill 5
Penggunaan & Letak
PAST PARTICIPLE
 VERB 3
Verb 1-2-3: regular vs irregular
Regular: V1,2,3= -d/ed
Irregular: V1,2,3 = tidak teratur
 REGULAR VERB
VERB 1 – 2 – 3
1. Listen – Listened – Listened
2. Watch – Watched – Watched
3. Open – Opened – Opened
4. Close – Closed – Closed
5. Move – Moved - Moved
 IRREGULAR VERB
VERB 1 – 2 – 3
1. Eat – ate – eaten
2. See – saw – seen
3. Know – knew – known
4. Write – wrote – written
5. Take – took - taken
 PAST PARTICIPLE
Past participle yaitu VERB 3:
Bentuk past participle dapat menjadi pengecoh
dalam soal tes Structure TOEFL.
Past participle bisa saja menjadi adjective (kata
sifat) yang umunya menjelaskan subjek layaknya
Appositive atau menjadi bagian dari kata keja
(verb) ketika di dahului oleh:
TO BE (was, were) atau helping verb (Have, has, had)
diikuti Verb 3: PAST PARTICIPLE
 FUNGSI 1 – PART OF A VERB
The family has bought a television.
(Keluarga itu telah membeli sebuah televisi)
The poem was written by Paul.
(Puisi itu telah ditulis oleh Paul)
Pada kalimat pertama bentuk past participle "purchased"
merupakan bagian dari kata kerja karena di dahului oleh
have (has). Sementara yang kedua, past participle
"written" juga merupakan bagian dari kata kerja karena di
dahului oleh be (was).
CONTOH:
1. We (have visited) Makassar ( Kami telah
mengunjungi Makassar )
2. Dina (has finished) her repor ( Dina telah
menyelesaikan laporannya )
3. I (am called) by Dina every day ( Saya ditelpon oleh
Dina setiap hari )
4. English (is being studied) by them right now (
Bahasa inggris sedang dipelajari oleh mereka
sekarang )
5. My car has been repaired by the mechanic ( Mobilku
 FUNGSI 2 – ADJECTIVE
(The television bought yesterday) was expensive.
(Televisi yang dibeli kemarin mahal)
(The poem written by Paul) appeared in the magazine.
(Puisi yang ditulis oleh Paul mucul di majalah)
Dalam kalimat pertama, purchased adalah adjective, bukan verb,
karena tidak disertai bentuk be atau have (dan ada sebuah verb,
"was", dalam kalimat berikutnya). Dalam kalimat kedua, written
adalah adjective, bukan verb, karena tidak disertai bentuk be
atau have (dan ada sebuah kata kerja, "appeared", dalam
kalimat berikutnya).
 FUNGSI 2 – ADJECTIVE
(The television bought yesterday) was expensive.
SUBJECT VERB
(Televisi yang dibeli kemarin mahal)

(The poem written by Paul) appeared in the magazine.

SUBJECT VERB

(Puisi yang ditulis oleh Paul mucul di majalah)

 PAST PARTICIPLE: Verb 3
(The television bought yesterday) was expensive.
SUBJECT VERB
(Televisi yang dibeli kemarin mahal)

(The poem written by Paul) appeared in the magazine.

SUBJECT VERB

(Puisi yang ditulis oleh Paul mucul di majalah)

(The bread _________ baked
this morning) smelled
delicious.
(A) Has (double verb)
(B) Was (double verb)
(C) It (double subject)
(D) just
The bread just baked this
morning) smelled delicious.

Subject: The bread just baked this morning

Verb: smelled

Jawaban: bukan subject/verb

PEMBAHASAN:
baked bukanlan part of a verb, tapi adjective. Verb
dari kalimat diatas adalah smelled dan Subject nya
adalah The bread.
Jawaban (A) dan (B) salah karena baked adjective
dan tidak membutuhkan helping verb.
Jawaban (C) salah karena kalimat diatas sudah
memiliki Subject.
Jawaban terbaik adalah just.
(The packages _____ mailed at
the post office) will arrive
Monday.
a) Have (double verb)
b) Were (double verb)
c) Them (pronoun)
d) Just
(The packages just mailed at
the post office) will arrive
Monday

Subject: The packages just mailed at

the post office
Verb: will arrive
PEMBAHASAN:
Jika di lihat sekilas atau hanya awal kalimatnya saja
bisa-bisa kita terkecoh dengan menganggap mailed itu
sebagai verb dari kalimat padahal kalau kita lihat
kalimatnya selengkapnya maka kita lihat ada verb di
sana yaitu will arrive. Jadi dapat kita ketahui bahwa
mailed itu bukanlah bagian dari verb melainkan sebagai
adjective. Olehnya jawaban a) havedan d) were tidak
dibutuhkan oleh mailed -yang berfungsi sebagai
adjective. Jawaban c) them (objek tidaklah dibutuhkan.
Jadi jawaban paling tepat yaitu d) just (adverb).
1. The food is served in this restaurant is
delicious. (Incorrect)

Analisa:
is served harusnya served saja karena
berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Sedangkan Subject nya adalah The food dan
Verb nya adalah IS.
Kalimat yang benar adalah The food served in
this restaurant is delicious.
2. The plane landed on the
deserted runway. (Correct)

Analisa:
Subject is The place and Verb is
landed
Deserted adalah adjective
3. The unexpected guests arrived
just at dinnertime. (Correct)

Analisa:
unexpected adalah adjective.
Subject nya adalah guests dan Verb
nya arrived.
4. The courses are listed in the catalogue
are required courses. (Incorrect)

Analisa:
are listed seharusnya hanya listed dan
berfungsi sebagai adjective bukan part of a
verb.
Subject nya adalah courses dan verbnya are
required.
5. The teacher found the lost exam.
(Correct)

Analisa:
lost adalah adjective.
Subject nya adalah teacher
sedangkan verbnya adalah found.
6. The small apartment very crowded
and disorganized. (Incorrect)

Analisa:
Kalimat diatas tidak mempunyai verb of
be, is.
Kalimat yang benar adalah The small
apartment is very crowded and
disorganized.
7. The photographs developed
yesterday showed Sam and his friends.
(Correct)

Analisa:
developed berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Subject nya adalah photographs dan verb
nya adalah showed.
8. The locked drawer contained the
unworn jewels. (Correct)

Analisa:
locked dan unworn berfungsi sebagai
adjective.
Subject nya adalah drawer dan verbya
adalah contained.
9. The tree was blown over in the storm
was cut into logs. (Incorrect)

Analisa:
was blown seharusnya adalah blown saja dan
berfungsi sebagai adjective bukannya part of a
verb.
Kalimat yang benar seharusnya adalah The
tree blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
10. The students registered in this
course are listed on that sheet of paper.
(Correct)

Analisa:
registered berfungsi sebagai adjective.
Subject nya adalah students dan verbnya
adalah are listed.
The price of tomatoes in
the country has … by 50%.
A. rised
B. risen
C. rose
Have you fixed the … chair
yet?
A. broken
B. broke
C. break
I had my car … recently.
A. repair
B. repairt
C. repaired
The customer’s … more
money than the available
balance.
A. withdraw
B. withdrawn
C. withdrew
The meat was … in a
laboratory.
A. grown
B. grew
C. growed
He had … smoking
before his stroke.
A. quit
B. quited
C. quitted
Police told him that his
bike had been …
A. stolen
B. stealed
C. stoled
She is reading a book
… by anonymous.
A. writen
B. wrote
C. written
I’ve just … a permanent
resident.
A. becomed
B. become
C. became
❑I (be)……….at mosque.
❑He (wait)………the bis very long.
❑She (begin)……when her mother
came.
❑(study)……when Lisa called me.
❑He (lock)……the door before I left
my home.
❑Mr. Tio (send)……..me an email before he
called me yesterday.
❑The truck (crash)……a girl before it finally
stopped.
❑My sister (eat, already)….. by the time I got
home.
❑I (live)…………in Bandung when I was junior
high school.
❑He (watch)……..the television when her
daughter cried.
❑She (buy)……….the book before you
suggested me to buy it.
❑She (check)………the list of equipment
before she traveled.
❑My father (tell)………me that my grand
mother died before you did.
❑My mother (prepare)…….. all of my needs
before I went to Bandung.
❑My grandmother (burry)………. before I
could see her for the last time.
 CORRECT OR INCORRECT?
1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted.
2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s
exam.
4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many
hours.
5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
6. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by police.
7. The pizza is served in this restaurant is the tastiest in the country.
8. The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several
prerequisites.
9. All the tenants were invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the apartment
complex.
10. Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next
day
I__ 1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted.
C__2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
I___3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam.
C__4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many hours.
I___5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
C__6. Those suspected in the string of robberies were arrested by police.
I___7. The pizza is served in this restaurant is the tastiest in the country.
I___8. The courses are listed on the second page of the brochure have several
prerequisites.
C__9. All the tenants were invited to the Independence Day barbecue at the apartment
complex.
C__10. Any bills paid by the first of the month will be credited to your account by the next
day.

Keterangan:
Pada kalimat 2, 4, 6, 9, dan 10 merupakan bentuk kalimat yang benar (sudah terdapat
subjek dan verb) beserta penggunaan past participle telah benar. Pada kalimat 1, 3, 5, 7, 8
merupakan bentuk kalimat salah karena mempunyai double verb.
 REFERENCES
http://preparationtoefl.blogspot.com/2011/08/be-careful-of-past-participle-skill-5.html