Statistika Dasar/Pertanian

FPU620202
Ir. Akhmad Dakhlan, M.P., Ph.D.
Dr. Ir. Arif Qisthon, M.Si.
Dian Kurniawati, S.Pt., M.P.
Definisi
Statistika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari mulai dari pengumpulan
data, pengolahan data sampai kepada pengambilan kesimpulan
berdasarkan data tersebut.

Manfaat Statistika
1. Mendapatkan gambaran mengenai suatu fenomena tertentu
dengan lebih sederhana melalui ukuran-ukuran statistik.
2. Mampu mengambil kesimpulan dengan tingkat kepercayaan
tertentu berdasarkan sampel dari populasi.
3. Dapat melakukan efisiensi biaya melalui sampling.
Manfaat Statistika
4. Dapat membuat pemodelan dari sebuah permasalahan.
5. dapat mengetahui apa saja faktor yang berhubungan dengan
sebuah permasalahan.
6. dapat mengetahui efek dari sebuah variabel
7. Dapat melakukan peramalan data untuk masa mendatang.

Peran Statisika dalam berbagai bidang

1. Dalam bidang politik dan pemerintahan dapat memprediksi calon
yang akan terpilih dalam pemilihan umum melalui quick count.
2. Dalam bidang marketing, dapat mengetahui apa saja yang
mempengaruhi penjualan
Peran Statisika dalam berbagai bidang
3. Dalam bidang keuangan dan ekonomi makro, dapat mengetahui
pengaruh kebijakan makro pemerintah terhadap inflasi, peningkatan
kesejahteraan dan lain-lain.
4. Dalam bidang kedokteran dan farmasi, dapat mengetahui efek
suatu obat terhadap penyakit tertentu.
5. Dalam bidang pertanian, dapat mengetahui bibit yang unggul yang
dapat menghasilkan produktivitas lebih tinggi melalui desain
eksperimen.
6. Dalam bidang Sejarah, sastra, dan budaya dapat mengetahui efek
dari suatu budaya asing terhadap budaya lokal.
Key words
• Data : results of any observations that have been collected
• Statistics : collect, analyse, summarize, interpret, and draw conclusion about
the data
• Descriptive Statistics is statistics relating to the analysis and description of
samples of a population, without making any conclusions for the population
• Inference statistics is statistic that try to make a conclusion for a population
using samples of the population
• Population : the complete set element being studied
• Sample : some subset of a population
• Sampling is the process of taking samples from propulation with certain
techniques
Key Words
Sumber Data
1. Data Primer adalah data/informasi yang diperoleh dari sumber
pertama misalnya melalui survei atau wawancara langsung.
2. Data Sekunder adalah data/informasi yang diperoleh dari
sumber lain misalnya dari laporan keuangan atau kajian pustaka.

Jenis-jenis Variabel
1. Variabel bebas (independent variable) adalah variabel yang
mempengaruhi variabel lain.
2. Variabel terikat (dependent variable) adalah variabel yang
dipengaruhi oleh variabel bebas.
Key Words
• Census : collecting every element of a population, getting information
from whole element of population.
• Survey : collecting data from samples of a population
• Random : picks up data sample randomly, if you take a sample, it
must be collected randomly.

• Parameter: a numerical measure that describes the character of a

population
• Statistic : is a numerical measure that describes the character of a
sample
Key Words
• Example of parameter: Based on the economic census in 2010 there
were 35% of households in Indonesia classified as poor. Well, the 35%
figure is a parameter because it is obtained from the population,
which is all households in Indonesia.
• Example of statistic: Based on the results of a survey of 50 students of
the 2017/2018 UNILA Animal Science students, it was found that
their average Mathematics score was 6.75. This figure of 6.75 is a
statistic because it is given by a sample of 50 students.
Type of Data
• Two types of data: Qualitative and quantitative
• Qualitative (categorical) : The objects being studied are grouped into
categories based on some qualitative trait, non numeric, examples:
colour, gender, race, religion. Zip code? Phone number?
*mathematical operation are meaningless
The resulting data are merely labels or categories
Type of Data
• Quantitative (measurement) : The objects being studied are
“measured” based on some quantitative trait.
• The resulting data are set of numbers, numerical : height, weight,
wages, temperature, time. *math operations are meaningful
Two Types of Quantitative Data
• Discret data: countable or finite: number of egg, dice *usually count
• Continuous data: infinite number (not countable)*usually
measurement: temperature, height
4 Levels of Measurements
• The general method used to classify data is determined by four levels
of measurement, namely nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels.
• In applied statistics, the level of measurement of data is an important
factor in determining the statistical procedures and methods used.
 Nominal

Ordinal
Lowest
Level of
to
Measurements Highest
Interval

Ratio
4 Levels of Measurements
• NOMINAL LEVEL is characterized by data consisting of names, labels,
or categories. Data like this cannot be sorted like from top to bottom,
or vice versa.
• Examples: 1) Yes, no, don't know: usually given on the questionnaire
sheet. 2) Color: the color of the car owned by JPT FP Unila lecturers
(black, red, white, blue, etc.).
• Data obtained at this level cannot be sorted. This data cannot be used
for calculations, for example Yes + do not know = ???, red + black =
??? can't be done.
4 Levels of Measurements
• ORDINAL LEVEL data obtained at this level can be arranged in a
certain order, but the difference in values cannot be determined or
even meaningless at all.
• Examples 1: The final score on student KHS given by Mr. Dakhlan: E,
D, C, C+, B, B+, A. These values can be sorted, for example the value
of A is better than the value of B, but how big is the difference
between A and B cannot be determined. Clearly A-B is not
meaningful.
4 Levels of Measurements
• Example 2: Transparency International Indonesia (TII) recently
announced a corruption perception index (CPI) ranking for 50 cities in
Indonesia. Of the 50 cities, Yogyakarta occupies the cleanest city in
the first rank, followed by Palangkaraya in the second racking, Banda
Aceh in the third rank and so on until Kupang is ranked 50th or
corrupt. The ranking data here is the level of ordinal measurement.
Even though there are numbers here, the difference between ranking
2 and ranking 1, if written in the form 2-1 = 1, has no meaning at all.
4 Levels of Measurements
• INTERVAL LEVEL is like ordinal level with additional properties is that
the difference between the two data has meaning. But this level does
not have a natural zero as a starting point.
• Example 1: TEMPERATURE: body temperature 36 degrees celsius and
37 degrees celsius are examples of data in the interval level. These
values can be sorted and the difference can be determined clearly, in
this example the difference is 1 degree celsius. But, naturally there is
no zero value for starting point of the temperature. A temperature of
0 degrees does not mean there is no heat. It is not true to say that the
body temperature of 40 degrees Celsius is 2 times the temperature of
the body temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.
4 Levels of Measurements
• Example 2: YEAR: year 542, 1000, 2000, 2008 are data in the interval
level. This data can be sorted and the difference between 2 years is
known, but there is no natural zero. That is, time does not start from
year 0.

• RATIO LEVELS is like interval levels, but it has a natural zero point as a
starting point. Data from the ratio level can be compared (there are
differences) and rationalized (division).
• Example 1: PRICE: The prices of student textbooks are data level
ratios where the price of 0 rupiah indicates no price or free.
4 Levels of Measurements
• Example 2: Weight: human body weight is a data level ratio where the
weight of 0 kg states no weight.
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