Katakan f(x) = 2x 1
Apabila x mempunyai nilai hampir dengan 2, tanpa mengira sama ada x
mendekati 2 dari kiri (x < 2) atau dari kanan (x > 2), nilai-nilai f(x) yang
berpadanan menjadi hampir dengan satu nombor, iaitu 3.
x<2 x>2
f(1.7) = 2.4 f(2.3) = 3.6
f(1.8) = 2.6 f(2.2) = 3.4
f(1.9) = 2.8 f(2.1) = 3.2
f(1.99) = 2.98 f(2.01) = 3.02
f(1.999) = 2.998 f(2.001) = 3.002
f(x)
f(x) = 2x - 1
2 x
1
Kesimpulan
Sekiranya fungsi f adalah tertakrif bagi semua x berhampiran a (tetapi tidak semestinya
di a), dan f(x) pula boleh dijadikan semakin hampir kepada L bagi semua nilai x yang
berhampiran a. Maka had bagi fungsi ialah L apabila x menghampiri a. Notasi
digunakan ialah
had f ( x ) L
x a
Contoh:
y y
3
2 2 o
1 x 1 x
had f ( x ) 2 had f ( x ) 2
x 1 x 1
PETUA-PETUA HAD
Contoh: f(x) = 7
had 7 7
x 5
2
II. had x n a n , untuk sebarang integer positif n.
x a
x2
Contoh: had x 2 x had x 2 had x 2 2 2 6
x 2 x2
f ( x ) had f (x )
VI. had x a dengan had g( x ) 0
x a g ( x ) had g ( x ) x a
x a
x 2 1 had ( x 2 1) 5
x 2
Contoh: had
x 2 4x 4 had (4 x 1) 7
x 2
3
HAD DARI SATU ARAH
Dalam menilai had bagi satu fungsi, apabila x menghampiri ke satu titik (a), nilai-
nilai x boleh menghampiri titik tersebut dari dua arah yang berlainan.
Had hanya wujud apabila nilai had dari kedua-dua arah adalah sama.
had f ( x ) had f ( x ) had f (x )
xa x a xa
Contoh:
4 x jika x 1
had g ( x )
x 1
4 x jika x 1
g(x)
4
1 x
-4 o
4
had g ( x ) had 4 x 4
x 1 x 1
had g (x ) had 4 x 4
x 1 x 1
Contoh:
x 2 jika x 1
had g( x ) 2 jika x 1
x 1
4 x jika x 1
g(x)
3 o
2
1 o
1 x
had g ( x) had 4 x 3
x 1 x 1
had g ( x) had x 2 1
x 1 x 1
had g ( x) had g ( x)
x 1 x 1
5
Contoh:
2 x 1 jika x 1
had f ( x )
x 1
0 jika x 1
f(x)
1 x
had f ( x ) had (2 x 1) 1
x 1 x 1
had f ( x ) had (2 x 1) 1
x 1 x 1
Perhatikan bahawa
had f ( x ) f (1)
x 1
Contoh:
3x 2 6 jika x2
had f ( x )
x 2
8 x jika x2
had f ( x ) had 8 x 6
x2 x2
had f ( x ) had 3x 2 6 6
x2 x2
6
HAD TAK TERHINGGA
Had tak terhingga: nilai-nilai f(x) meningkat atau menyusut tanpa batasan
apabila nilai x menghampiri satu titik tertentu.
Jika nilai f(x) menokok tanpa batas apabila x menghampiri suatu nombor a,
maka had f (x) . Sekiranya ini berlaku, tidak ada had bagi fungsi tersebut.
x a
Jika nilai f(x) menyusut tanpa batas apabila x menghampiri suatu nombor a,
maka had f ( x ) . Sekiranya ini berlaku, tidak ada had bagi fungsi tersebut.
x a
1
Contoh : had
x 0 x 2
x x2 1
x2
1 1 1
0.5 0.25 4
0.1 0.01 100
0.01 0.0001 10,000
0.001 0.000001 1,000,000
f(x)
7
Apabila x 0, f(x) meningkat tak terhingga. Had tidak wujud pada 0.
1 1 1
had had had
x 0 x2 x0 x2 x 0 x2
Walau bagaimanapun jika had tidak wujud pada suatu nilai, tidak semestinya ia
adalah had tak terhingga.
Contoh:
f(x)
o 3
o 1
2 x
1
Contoh: had
x0 x
Apabila x menghampiri 0 dari kiri:
1. penyebut (x) adalah suatu nombor negatif dan menghampiri 0.
2. hasil bahagi 1 dengan nombor tersebut adalah suatu nombor yang terlalu
kecil.
3. nilai f(x) menyusut tanpa batas.
8
x 1
x
0.01 100
0.001 1000
0.0001 10000
x 1
x
0.01 100
0.001 1000 0 x
0.0001 10000
9
Contoh:
2
Dapatkan had
x 1 x 1
Apabila x 1 dari kanan (0.9, 0.99, …), penyebut (x + 1) adalah suatu
nombor positif dan menghampiri 0. Hasil bahagi 2 dengan nombor tersebut
adalah suatu nombor yang terlalu besar.
2
had tidak wujud.
x 1 x 1
Atau lebih terperinci:
2
had
x 1 x 1
Had pada ketakterhinggaan: mengetahui nilai yang didekati oleh f(x) apabila x
menokok/menyusut tanpa batas.
had f ( x ) atau had f (x )
x x
1 1
Contoh: had had
x x x x
x f(x) x f(x)
1000 0.001 1000 0.001
10000 0.0001 10000 0.0001
100000 0.00001 100000 0.00001
1000000 0.000001 1000000 0.000001
Contoh :
4
Dapatkan had
x (x 5)3
Apabila x , (x – 5)3 , hasil bahagi 4 dengan nombor yang terlalu besar
adalah menghampiri 0.
10
4
had 0
x ( x 5)3
1
Contoh: Dapatkan had 1
x x
1 1
Apabila x , 0 , 1 1
x x
1
had 1 1
x x
x 2 25 (5) 2 25 0 0
Contoh: had , mempunyai bentuk
x 5 x5 55 0 0
( x 5)( x 5)
had had x 5 10
x 5 x5 x 5
Bentuk Tak Tentu
11
Contoh:
3x 2 6x 3
had 3
, mempunyai bentuk
x 4x 6
Bahagikan pengatas dan pembawah dengan x3
3x 2 6 x 3
3
3 3
had x 3 x x
x 4x 6
x3 x3
3 6 3
2 3
had x x x
x 6
4 3
x
000
0
40
Lebih mudah:
3x 2 6x 3 3x 2 3
had 3
had 3
had 0
x 4x 6 x 4x x 4 x
Contoh:
2x 2 x 3
had , mempunyai bentuk
x 3x 2 5
2x 2 2 2
had 2
had
x 3x x 3 3
12
Contoh:
x 4 3x
(i) had , mempunyai bentuk
x 5 2 x
x4 x3
had had
x 2 x x 2
x 4 3x
(ii) had , mempunyai bentuk
x 5 2x
x4 x3
had had
x 2 x x 2
x
(iii) had 2
, mempunyai bentuk
x (3x 1)
x x 1
= had 2
had 2
had 0
x 9x 6 x 1 x 9 x x 9 x
ASIMPTOT
Satu fungsi f mungkin mempunyai keluk yang menyusuri atau mendekati satu
garis lurus tanpa memotong garis tersebut.
Konsep had tak terhingga dan had pada ketakterhinggaan boleh dijadikan
panduan untuk menentukan asimptot.
13
Contoh:
f(x)
2
y=0 f (x)
x 3
Asimptot
mengufuk
0 3 x
x=3
Asimptot
mencancang
Kita juga dapati had f ( x ) 0 dan had f (x ) 0 . Oleh itu garis y = 0 adalah
x x
asimptot mengufuk.
Takrifan Asimptot
- had f ( x )
xa
- had f ( x ) b
x
14
Contoh :
Dapatkan asimptot mencancang dan mengufuk jika ada, bagi
4
y
x 3
4
had
x 3 x 3
Konsep had tak terhingga
4
had
x 3 x 3
Asimptot mencancang, x = 3
4
had 0
x x 3
Konsep had pada ketakterhinggaan
4
had 0
x x 3
Asimptot mengufuk, y = 0
3 x
Contoh :
Dapatkan asimptot mencancang dan mengufuk jika ada, bagi
3x 5
y
x2
3x 5 3x 5
had had
x2 x2 x2 x2
Asimptot mencancang x = 2
15
3x 5 3x
had had 3 atau
x x 2 x x
3x 5 3x
had had 3
x x 2 x x
Asimptot mengufuk y = 3
y
2 x
Contoh :
Dapatkan asimptot mencancang dan mengufuk jika ada, bagi
4x 2
f (x)
x2 9
4x 2 4x 2
had had
x 3 x2 9 x 3 x2 9
4x 2 4x 2
had had
x 3 x2 9 x 3 x2 9
Asimptot mencancang, x = 3 dan x = –3
4x 2 4x 2
had had had 4 4
x x 2 9 x x 2 x
4x 2 4x 2
had had had 4 4
x x 2 9 x x 2 x
Asimptot mengufuk y = 4
16
f(x)
3 3 x
17